The DOI matches its Crossref record; 164 of the 164 references it cites were found in a registry or an index; 6 of the 136 sources its claims cite were checked for support.
Defaunation in the Anthropocene
Open accessAbstract
We live amid a global wave of anthropogenically driven biodiversity loss: species and population extirpations and, critically, declines in local species abundance. Particularly, human impacts on animal biodiversity are an under-recognized form of global environmental change. Among terrestrial vertebrates, 322 species have become extinct since 1500, and populations of the remaining species show 25% average decline in abundance. Invertebrate patterns are equally dire: 67% of monitored populations show 45% mean abundance decline. Such animal declines will cascade onto ecosystem functioning and human well-being. Much remains unknown about this “Anthropocene defaunation”; these knowledge gaps hinder our capacity to predict and limit defaunation impacts. Clearly, however, defaunation is both a pervasive component of the planet’s sixth mass extinction and also a major driver of global ecological change.
Overview
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
64 Sources not found · 25 Own interpretation · 18 No full text of the sources · 14 Not checked yet · 4 No basis given · 3 Supported · 3 Own result · 2 Partly supported · 1 Supported so far · accuracy not yet measured
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“Across vertebrates, 16% to 33% of all species are estimated to be globally threatened or endangered (17,18)”
§ Defaunation in the Anthropocene > Defaunation: a pervasive phenomenon
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [17] 17. IUCN, The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species <www.iucnredlist.org> (2013)
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Supportedcites [18] 18. M. Hoffmann et al., Science 330, 1503 (2010). source
The “Status, trends, and threats” section states that, accounting for uncertainty from Data Deficient species, between 16% and 33% of all vertebrate species are classified as Threatened. This directly supports the cited estimate. (LLM, conf=0.95)
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Not matched
Every source the paper cites for this claim was checked and supports it.
In the paper
“The long-established major proximate drivers of wildlife population decline and extinction in terrestrial ecosystems, namely overexploitation, habitat destruction, and impacts from invasive species remain pervasive (18).”
§ Defaunation in the Anthropocene > Multiple, unaddressed drivers of defaunation
What the sources say
- Supportedcites [18] 18. M. Hoffmann et al., Science 330, 1503 (2010). source
The opening summary (p. 1503) identifies agricultural expansion, logging, overexploitation, and invasive alien species as main drivers of biodiversity loss among mammals, birds, and amphibians. The “Confronting threats” section adds that conservation has not yet offset any major driver of increased extinction risk. Agricultural expansion and logging substantiate the claim’s reference to habitat destruction. (LLM, conf=0.93)
boosteddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Supported
The sources with a verdict support this claim; the rest weren’t checked yet, have no full text we could read, or their verdicts aren’t rated yet.
In the paper
“None of these major drivers have been effectively mitigated at the global scale (14,18).”
§ Defaunation in the Anthropocene > Multiple, unaddressed drivers of defaunation
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [14] 14. S. H. Butchart et al., Science 328, 1164 (2010). source
- Supportedcites [18] 18. M. Hoffmann et al., Science 330, 1503 (2010). source
In “Confronting threats” (page not supplied), the paper says that deteriorations outnumber improvements for every threat assessed and concludes that conservation has not yet offset any major driver of increased extinction risk. This supports the claim at the global scale, within the paper’s scope of vertebrate extinction risk. (LLM, conf=0.93)
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“the effects of defaunation will be much less about the loss of absolute diversity than about local shifts in species compositions and functional groups within a community (80).”
§ Defaunation in the Anthropocene > Synthesis and ways forward
What the sources say
- Partly supportedcites [80] 80. M. Dornelas et al., Science 344, 296 (2014). sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Conclusions (page not available) describe the replacement of large herbivores by smaller mammals and arthropods, and the ‘Effects of large mammals on small mammals’ section reports changes in vegetation and consumer abundance. These support local shifts in the community, but the paper does not establish that such shifts matter more than losses of absolute diversity or make a general comparison of the two effects of defaunation. (LLM, conf=0.83)
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Partly supported
Every source the paper cites for this claim was checked and supports it.
In the paper
“and few major human pathogens seem to fit the criteria that would make such a relationship pervasive (71).”
§ Defaunation in the Anthropocene > Water quality.
What the sources say
- Supportedcites [71] 71. C. L. Wood, K. D. Lafferty, G. DeLeo, H. S. Young, A. M. Kuris, Ecology 95, 817http://dx.doi.org/10.1890/13-1041.1 (2014). source
In “Predicting the Biodiversity–Disease Relationship” (page not available), the authors project that biodiversity would reduce the prevalence of only 12% of the infectious disease species they assessed. They conclude that negative biodiversity–disease relationships may be relatively uncommon, supporting the citing sentence’s hedged claim. Their assessment covers common pathogenic human protozoan and metazoan parasites, not viruses or bacteria. (LLM, conf=0.90)
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Supported
Every source the paper cites for this claim was checked and supports it.
In the paper
“However, the impacts of defaunation on disease are far from straightforward (71)”
§ Defaunation in the Anthropocene > Water quality.
What the sources say
- Supportedcites [71] 71. C. L. Wood, K. D. Lafferty, G. DeLeo, H. S. Young, A. M. Kuris, Ecology 95, 817http://dx.doi.org/10.1890/13-1041.1 (2014). source
The Introduction says that biodiversity loss is likely to produce both “winners and losers” among parasites. “Where Do We Go From Here?” adds that the biodiversity–disease relationship may be nonlinear and either positive or negative. These passages support the claim that the disease effects of defaunation are not straightforward; page numbers were not provided. (LLM, conf=0.92)
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Supported
None of the sources cited for this claim could be matched to a paper in Crossref, so there is nothing to check it against.
In the paper
“Of a conservatively estimated 5-9 million animal species on the planet, we are likely losing ~11,000 to 58,000 species annually (15,16).”
§ Defaunation in the Anthropocene > Defaunation: a pervasive phenomenon
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [15] 15. C. Mora, A. Rollo, D. P. Tittensor, Science 493, 295 (2013).
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not matchedcites [16] 16. B. R. Scheffers, L. N. Joppa, S. L. Pimm, W. F. Laurance, Trends Ecol. Evol. 27, 501 (2012).
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Not matched
In the paper
“with populations of many iconic species such as elephant (Fig S1B) rapidly declining towards extinction (19).”
§ Defaunation in the Anthropocene > Defaunation: a pervasive phenomenon
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [19] 19. Materials and methods are available in the Supplementary Materials.
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Not matched
None of the sources cited for this claim could be matched to a paper in Crossref, so there is nothing to check it against.
In the paper
“Among terrestrial vertebrates 322 species have become extinct since 1500, while populations of the remaining species show 25% average decline in abundance.”
- Also stated in: § Defaunation: a pervasive phenomenon · plain
“Across vertebrates, 16% to 33% of all species are estimated to be globally threatened or endangered (17,18), and at least 322 vertebrate species have become extinct since 1500 (a date representative of onset of the recent wave of extinction, as formal definition of the start of the Anthropocene still being debated) (17,19,20) (Table S1).”
§ Defaunation in the Anthropocene > Abstract
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [17] 17. IUCN, The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species <www.iucnredlist.org> (2013)
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not matchedcites [19] 19. Materials and methods are available in the Supplementary Materials.
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not matchedcites [20] 20. G. Ceballos, A. García, P. R. Ehrlich, J. Cosmol. 8, 1821 (2010).
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Rests on an assumption: The year 1500 is a representative starting point for the recent wave of extinction.
- Also stated in: § Defaunation: a pervasive phenomenon · plain
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Invertebrate patterns are equally dire: 67% of monitored populations show 45% mean abundance decline.”
§ Defaunation in the Anthropocene > Abstract
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: unclear — It is unclear why the paper says it holds.
- It may state two separate claims as one. 24
- Probably not a substantial claim. 8
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In our evaluation of mammals (1437 species) and birds (4263 species), the number of species per 10,000 km 2 in decline (IUCN population status “decreasing”) varied across regions from a few to 75 in mammals and 125 in birds (Fig 2), with highest numbers in tropical regions.”
§ Defaunation in the Anthropocene > Patterns of defaunation
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Of all insects with IUCN documented population trends, 33% are declining, with strong variation among Orders 19).”
§ Defaunation in the Anthropocene > Synthesis and ways forward
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [19] 19. Materials and methods are available in the Supplementary Materials.
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
In the paper
“counts of threatened species do not necessarily translate into extinction risk, much less ecological impact (13).”
§ Defaunation in the Anthropocene > Abstract
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [13] 13. A. Ø. Mooers, D. P. Faith, W. P. Maddison, PloS one 3, e3700 (2008).
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“These extinctions altered ecosystem processes and disturbance regimes at continental scales, triggering cascades of extinction thought to still reverberate today (3,4).”
§ Defaunation in the Anthropocene > Abstract
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [3] 3. C. E. Doughty, A. Wolf, Y. Malhi, Nat. Geosci. 6, 761 (2013).
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [4] 4. J. L. Gill et al., Science 326, 1100 (2009). source
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
In the paper
“Similar to other mass extinction events, the effects of this”
§ Defaunation in the Anthropocene > Abstract
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [2] 2. M. Cardillo et al., P. Roy. Soc. Lond. B. Bio. 275, 1441 (2008).
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Clearly, however, defaunation is both a pervasive component of the planet's sixth mass extinction, and also a major driver of global ecological change.”
§ Defaunation in the Anthropocene > Abstract
boosteddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Much remains unknown about this”
§ Defaunation in the Anthropocene > Abstract
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Loss of invertebrate biodiversity has received much less attention and data are extremely limited.”
§ Defaunation in the Anthropocene > Defaunation: a pervasive phenomenon
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“We live amidst a global wave of anthropogenically driven biodiversity loss: species and population extirpations and, critically, declines in local species abundance.”
§ Defaunation in the Anthropocene > Abstract
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“some animal species are able to persist in highly modified habitats”
§ Defaunation in the Anthropocene > Abstract
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
In the paper
“Moreover, several newer threats have recently emerged, most notably anthropogenic climate disruption, which will likely soon compete with habitat loss as the most important driver of defaunation (44).”
§ Defaunation in the Anthropocene > Multiple, unaddressed drivers of defaunation
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [44] 44. O. E. Sala et al., Science 287, 1770 (2000). source
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“While most declining species are affected by multiple stressors, we still have a poor understanding of the complex ways in which these drivers interact, and of feedback loops that may exist (7,11).”
§ Defaunation in the Anthropocene > Multiple, unaddressed drivers of defaunation
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [7] 7. A. D. Barnosky et al., Nature 486, 52 (2012). source
- Not matchedcites [11] 11. B. W. Brook, N. S. Sodhi, C. J. Bradshaw, Trends Ecol. Evol. 23, 453 (2008).
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“While defaunation is a global pattern, geographic distribution patterns are also decidedly non-random (28).”
§ Defaunation in the Anthropocene > Patterns of defaunation
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [28] 28. S. Pimm et al., Science 344, 1246752 (2014). source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim could be matched to a paper in Crossref, so there is nothing to check it against.
In the paper
“However, increasingly sophisticated approaches help to predict which species are likely to be at risk, and to map latent extinction risk (38), holding great promise both for managing defaunation and identifying likely patterns of ecological impact (39).”
§ Defaunation in the Anthropocene > Patterns of defaunation
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [38] 38. M. Cardillo, G. M. Mace, J. L. Gittleman, A. Purvis, P. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 103, 4157 (2006).
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not matchedcites [39] 39. H. Hillebrand, B. Matthiessen, Ecol. Lett. 12, 1405 (2009).
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
In the paper
“For instance, among vertebrates, more amphibians (41%) are currently considered threatened than birds (17%), with mammals and reptiles experiencing intermediate threat levels (27).”
§ Defaunation in the Anthropocene > Patterns of defaunation
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [27] 27. J. Schipper et al., Science 322, 225 (2008). source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“However, these 'extinction models' have made little impact on conservation management, in part because trait correlations are often idiosyncratic and context dependent (31).”
§ Defaunation in the Anthropocene > Patterns of defaunation
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [31] 31. M. Cardillo, E. Meijaard, Trends Ecol. Evol. 27, 167 (2012).
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Ironically, the cryptic nature of defaunation has strong potential to soon become very non-cryptic, rivaling the impact of many other forms of global change in terms of loss of ecosystem services essential for human well-being.”
§ Defaunation in the Anthropocene > Synthesis and ways forward
boostedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“we need to focus on predicting the systematic patterns of winners and losers in the Anthropocene and identify the traits that characterize them, as this will provide information on the patterns and the links to function that we can then act upon.”
§ Defaunation in the Anthropocene > Synthesis and ways forward
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“we emphasize that defaunation is about much more than species loss.”
§ Defaunation in the Anthropocene > Synthesis and ways forward
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“However, most efforts to quantify this relationship have focused largely on effects of reduced producer diversity, which may typically have much lower functional impacts than does consumer loss (49,50).”
§ Defaunation in the Anthropocene > Consequences of defaunation
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [49] 49. J. Reiss, J. R. Bridle, J. M. Montoya, G. Woodward, Trends Ecol. Evol. 24, 505 (2009).
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [50] 50. B. J. Cardinale et al., Nature 486, 59 (2012). source
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Ongoing declines in populations of animals such as nematodes, beetles, or bats, are considerably less evident to humans”
§ Defaunation in the Anthropocene > Synthesis and ways forward
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Ultimately, both reduced and more evenly distributed global resource consumption will be necessary to sustainably change ongoing trends in defaunation and, hopefully, eventually open the door to refaunation.”
§ Defaunation in the Anthropocene > Synthesis and ways forward
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. It may state two separate claims as one.
- Rests on an assumption: Continued human population growth and increasingly uneven per-capita consumption ultimately drive all these threats.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“yet arguably are more functionally important”
§ Defaunation in the Anthropocene > Synthesis and ways forward
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
In the paper
“One recent study in Madagascar suggested that loss of wildlife as a food source will increase anemia by 30%, leading to increased mortality, morbidity and learning difficulties (66).”
§ Defaunation in the Anthropocene > Water quality.
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [66] 66. C. D. Golden et al., P. Natl. Acad. Sci. 108, 19653 (2011).
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
- Rests on an assumption: In many parts of the world, wild animal food sources are a critical part of the diet, particularly for the poor.
- Not matched
In the paper
“Insect pollination, needed for 75% of all the world's food crops, is estimated to be worth ~10% of the economic value of the world's entire food supply (52).”
§ Defaunation in the Anthropocene > Impacts on ecosystem functions and services
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [52] 52. N. Gallai, J.-M. Salles, J. Settele, B. E. Vaissière, Ecological Economics 68, 810 (2009).
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
In the paper
“Similarly, declines in bird pollinators in New Zealand led to strong pollen limitation, ultimately reducing seed production and population regeneration (55) (Fig 5H).”
§ Defaunation in the Anthropocene > Impacts on ecosystem functions and services
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [55] 55. S. H. Anderson et al., Science 331, 1068 (2011). source
boosteddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“This review indicates that a widespread and pervasive defaunation crisis, with farreaching consequences, is upon us.”
§ Defaunation in the Anthropocene > Synthesis and ways forward
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Large animals, including ungulates, hippos, and crocodiles, prevent formation of anoxic zones through agitation and affect water movement through trampling (64).”
§ Defaunation in the Anthropocene > Water quality.
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [64] 64. J. P. Wright, C. G. Jones, A. S. Flecker, Oecologia 132, 96 (2002).
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
In the paper
“For instance, global declines in amphibian populations increase algae and fine detritus biomass, reduce nitrogen uptake, and greatly reduce whole stream respiration (Fig 5E; (63)).”
§ Defaunation in the Anthropocene > Water quality.
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [63] 63. M. Whiles et al., Ecosystems 16, 146 (2013). source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Large wildlife removal also causes major effects on ecosystem functions and services (Panel D), including changes to fire intensity (Fi); cattle production in both dry (C-D) and wet seasons (C-W); disease prevalence (D); infectivity of arbuscular mycorrhizae fungi (AMF); photosynthetic rates (Ph); and transpiration rates (TR).”
§ Defaunation in the Anthropocene > Synthesis and ways forward
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [81] 81. F. Keesing, T. P. Young, Bioscience 64, 487 (2014).
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plaindirectSingle case- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
The paper relies on this without support.
The year 1500 is a representative starting point for the recent wave of extinction.
“(a date representative of onset of the recent wave of extinction, as formal definition of the start of the Anthropocene still being debated)”
The paper relies on this without support.
In many parts of the world, wild animal food sources are a critical part of the diet, particularly for the poor.
“In many parts of the world, wild animal food sources are a critical part of the diet, particularly for the poor.”
The paper relies on this without support.
The indirect evolutionary effects of defaunation on species not directly impacted by human defaunation are still poorly studied.
“Still poorly studied are the indirect evolutionary effects of defaunation on other species, not directly impacted by human defaunation.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Arthropod pests are responsible for 8-15% of the losses in most major food crops.
“For example, arthropod pests are responsible for 8-15% of the losses in most major food crops.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Continued human population growth and increasingly uneven per-capita consumption ultimately drive all these threats.
“continued human population growth and increasingly uneven per-capita consumption, which ultimately drive all these threats”
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
The source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“the literature reflects broad agreement among environmental scientists that biases lead to underestimating the number of species that have gone extinct in the past few centuries”
From Accelerated modern human–induced species losses: Entering the sixth mass extinction (2015) · cites this paper as [8]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“Hundreds of species and myriad populations are being driven to extinction every year (1–8).”
From Biological annihilation via the ongoing sixth mass extinction signaled by vertebrate population losses and declines (2017) · cites this paper as [2]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“A growing body of evidence indicates that current species extinction rates are higher than the pre-human background rate (8–15)”
From Accelerated modern human–induced species losses: Entering the sixth mass extinction (2015) · cites this paper as [8]
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“This suggests that, even if there was not ample sign that the crisis extends far beyond that group of animals, today’s planetary defaunation of vertebrates will itself promote cascading catastrophic effects on ecosystems, worsening the annihilation of nature (2, 3, 46).”
From Biological annihilation via the ongoing sixth mass extinction signaled by vertebrate population losses and declines (2017) · cites this paper as [2]
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“In sum, by losing populations (and species) of vertebrates, we are losing intricate ecological networks involving animals, plants, and microorganisms (e.g., refs. 2, 8, 18, 45, 46).”
From Biological annihilation via the ongoing sixth mass extinction signaled by vertebrate population losses and declines (2017) · cites this paper as [2]
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“However, given that such medium and large species are the most seriously threatened by the predominant proximate drivers of defaunation (2, 3), the likely bias against small-sized species should not affect our overall interpretation of results.”
From Biological annihilation via the ongoing sixth mass extinction signaled by vertebrate population losses and declines (2017) · cites this paper as [2]
In the citing paper
“Fourth, species at the brink have been pushed to a critical conservation status because of human activities, where habitat loss and fragmentation, illegal trade, overexploitation, introduced domestic and wild species, toxification, and pollution have played a major role (10, 13–15, 30, 46, 52, 53).”
From Vertebrates on the brink as indicators of biological annihilation and the sixth mass extinction (2020) · cites this paper as [14]
In the citing paper
“They occur mostly in heavily populated regions such as tropical Asia, where major ongoing biodiversity losses are well known (10, 13–15, 30, 46, 52, 53).”
From Vertebrates on the brink as indicators of biological annihilation and the sixth mass extinction (2020) · cites this paper as [14]
In the citing paper
“More recently, climate disruption is becoming a major cause of species endangerment (10, 11, 14–17).”
From Vertebrates on the brink as indicators of biological annihilation and the sixth mass extinction (2020) · cites this paper as [14]
In the citing paper
“Thus, moving onto the brink is an important part of the process of defaunation (14).”
From Vertebrates on the brink as indicators of biological annihilation and the sixth mass extinction (2020) · cites this paper as [14]
In the citing paper
“However, the number of studies on insect trends with sufficient replication and spatial coverage are limited [10, 23–25] and restricted to certain well-studied taxa.”
From More than 75 percent decline over 27 years in total flying insect biomass in protected areas (2017) · cites this paper as [24]
In the citing paper
“Many top predators are both overexploited and strong controllers of nutrient cycling, water quality and other ecosystem services9,77,80–82.”
From Linking the influence and dependence of people on biodiversity across scales (2017) · cites this paper as [82]
In the citing paper
“Increasingly, the simple theoretical prediction that fragmentation reduces species richness is being modified to account for species identity through models that focus on how species vary in their traits (4, 21, 36, 48, 57, 58).”
From Habitat fragmentation and its lasting impact on Earth’s ecosystems (2015) · cites this paper as [58]
In the citing paper
“Most forms of global change known to reduce population sizes and biodiversity will be exacerbated by fragmentation (58, 60), including climate change (61), invasive species (62, 63), hunting (64), pollution [including light, noise, and chemicals (65)], and altered disturbance regimes (66).”
From Habitat fragmentation and its lasting impact on Earth’s ecosystems (2015) · cites this paper as [58]
Citations
Cites
Global Biodiversity Scenarios for the Year 2100
Sala, O. E., Stuart Chapin, F., III, Armesto, J. J., Berlow, E., Bloomfield, J., Dirzo, R., Huber-Sanwald, E., Huenneke, L. F., Jackson, R. B., et al. (2000) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.287.5459.1770 · Cited by 9,280
Self-citationBiodiversity loss and its impact on humanity
Cardinale, B. J., Duffy, J. E., Gonzalez, A., Hooper, D. U., Perrings, C., Venail, P., Narwani, A., Mace, G. M., Tilman, D., Wardle, D. A., et al. (2012) · Nature · doi:10.1038/nature11148 · Cited by 7,457
Global pollinator declines: trends, impacts and drivers
Potts, S. G., Biesmeijer, J. C., Kremen, C., Neumann, P., Schweiger, O., & Kunin, W. E. (2010) · Trends in Ecology & Evolution · doi:10.1016/j.tree.2010.01.007 · Cited by 6,458
OERKE, E.-C. (2006) · The Journal of Agricultural Science · doi:10.1017/s0021859605005708 · Cited by 5,283
Global Biodiversity: Indicators of Recent Declines
Butchart, S. H. M., Walpole, M., Collen, B., van Strien, A., Scharlemann, J. P. W., Almond, R. E. A., Baillie, J. E. M., Bomhard, B., Brown, C., Bruno, J., et al. (2010) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.1187512 · Cited by 4,892
Self-citationHas the Earth’s sixth mass extinction already arrived?
Barnosky, A. D., Matzke, N., Tomiya, S., Wogan, G. O. U., Swartz, B., Quental, T. B., Marshall, C., McGuire, J. L., Lindsey, E. L., Maguire, K. C., et al. (2011) · Nature · doi:10.1038/nature09678 · Cited by 4,400
Trophic Downgrading of Planet Earth
Estes, J. A., Terborgh, J., Brashares, J. S., Power, M. E., Berger, J., Bond, W. J., Carpenter, S. R., Essington, T. E., Holt, R. D., Jackson, J. B. C., et al. (2011) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.1205106 · Cited by 4,087
Status and Ecological Effects of the World’s Largest Carnivores
Ripple, W. J., Estes, J. A., Beschta, R. L., Wilmers, C. C., Ritchie, E. G., Hebblewhite, M., Berger, J., Elmhagen, B., Letnic, M., Nelson, M. P., et al. (2014) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.1241484 · Cited by 3,667
The biodiversity of species and their rates of extinction, distribution, and protection
Pimm, S. L., Jenkins, C. N., Abell, R., Brooks, T. M., Gittleman, J. L., Joppa, L. N., Raven, P. H., Roberts, C. M., & Sexton, J. O. (2014) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.1246752 · Cited by 3,542
Parallel Declines in Pollinators and Insect-Pollinated Plants in Britain and the Netherlands
Biesmeijer, J. C., Roberts, S. P. M., Reemer, M., Ohlemüller, R., Edwards, M., Peeters, T., Schaffers, A. P., Potts, S. G., Kleukers, R., Thomas, C. D., et al. (2006) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.1127863 · Cited by 3,189
Research works printed but not linked: 6
- Mora C., Rollo A., Tittensor D. P., Science 443, 295 (2013).
- Ceballos G., García A., Ehrlich P. R., J. Cosmol. 8, 1821 (2010).
- Myers N., Int. Wildl. 5, 5 (1975).
- Aebischer N., Potts G., Methods 38, 4 (1990).
- Moore N., Odonatologica 20, 203 (1991).
- Lyons S. K., Smith F. A., Brown J. H., Evol. Ecol. Res. 6, 339 (2004).
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Items 2,201–2,300 of 4,205
de Wit, L. A., & Ricketts, T. H. (2021) · Frontiers in Public Health · doi:10.3389/fpubh.2021.680986 · Cited by 8
Arnberg, M. P., Frank, S. C., Blaalid, R., et al. (2022) · Ecology and Evolution · doi:10.1002/ece3.8503 · Cited by 8
“Anthropogenic pressures on ecosystems continue to rise (Dirzo et al., 2014) and humans are likely disrupting key ecosystem functions, for example those provided by vertebrate scavengers (MateoTomás et al., 2017; Sebastián- González et al., 2019, 2020).”
BackgroundLearning from Africa's herbivores
Gill, J. L. (2015) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.aad6760 · Cited by 8
A road for a promising future for China’s primates: The potential for restoration
Chapman, C. A., & Chapman, C. A. (2018) · 动物学研究 · doi:10.24272/j.issn.2095-8137.2018.032 · Cited by 8
“Recent estimates suggest that 11 000-58 000 species are lost each year and that surviving vertebrate species have declined in abundance by 25% since 1970 (Dirzo et al., 2014) .”
BackgroundWalker, A. K., Vélez, P., & González, M. C. (2017) · Encyclopedia of Life Sciences · doi:10.1002/9780470015902.a0027209 · Cited by 8
Trends in Biodiversity: Insects
Wagner, D. L. (2017) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-809665-9.09819-0 · Cited by 11
Camtrap DP: An open standard for the FAIR exchange and archiving of camera trap dataPreprint
Bubnicki, J. W., Norton, B., Baskauf, S., Bruce, T., Cagnacci, F., Casaer, J., Churski, M., Cromsigt, J. P. G. M., Farra, S. D., Fiderer, C., et al. (2023) · doi:10.32942/x2bc8j · Cited by 8
Uthoff, C., & Ruxton, G. D. (2022) · Journal of Insect Behavior · doi:10.1007/s10905-022-09797-1 · Cited by 7
Sánchez‐Vialas, A., Calatayud‐Mascarell, A., Recuero, E., et al. (2023) · Insect Conservation and Diversity · doi:10.1111/icad.12671 · Cited by 7
“Consequences of this global-scale footprint have plunged the Earth into the sixth wave of mass extinction, affecting not only organisms but the entire biodiversity continuum, from ecosystems to genes and their evolutionary processes (Dirzo et al., 2014; Latta, 2008; Moritz, 1999, 2002).”
BackgroundPrimate extinction, the legacy of 40 years' road expansion in Colombia
Ceia‐Hasse, A., Thomson, M., Noguera‐Urbano, E. A., Carrillo-Restrepo, J. C., Cruz-Rodríguez, C. A., Ayram, C. A. C., Ochoa-Quintero, J. M., & Rosa, I. M. D. (2023) · Animal Conservation · doi:10.1111/acv.12901 · Cited by 9
“…understanding of species relations with the environment, to predict their responses more adequately in face of global environmental change and to support decision making (e.g., Lee & Jetz, 2010; Dirzo et al ., 2014; Akc (cid:1) akaya et al ., 2016; Bro-tons et al ., 2016; Ceia-Hasse et al ., 2017).”
BackgroundEtana, B., Atickem, A., Fashing, P. J., Tsegaye, D., Beenhouwer, M. D., Lens, L., Bekele, A., & Stenseth, N. C. (2024) · Global Ecology and Conservation · doi:10.1016/j.gecco.2024.e02991 · Cited by 7
Lopes, R. M., Comarú, M. W., Pierini, M. F., de Souza, R. A., & Hauser‐Davis, R. A. (2024) · Frontiers in Communication · doi:10.3389/fcomm.2024.1297246 · Cited by 7
Restrepo-Cardona, J. S., Kohn, S., Renjifo, L. M., et al. (2024) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-024-63947-3 · Cited by 7
Status and trends in United States terrestrial mammal research since 1900
Readyhough, T. S., Butler, A. R., Stephens, R. B., Hall, L. M., Heit, D. R., Poisson, M. K. P., & Moll, R. J. (2024) · Mammal Review · doi:10.1111/mam.12367 · Cited by 8
Gutiérrez‐Zapata, S., Santoro, S., Gegundez-Arias, M. E., Selva, N., & Calzada, J. (2024) · Global Ecology and Conservation · doi:10.1016/j.gecco.2024.e03109 · Cited by 15
Mapping ignorance to uncover shortfalls in the knowledge on global Orthoptera distribution
CASTRO-SOUZA, R. A., Tessarolo, G., Stropp, J., Diniz‐Filho, J. A. F., Ladle, R. J., Szinwelski, N., Hortal, J., & Sobral‐Souza, T. (2024) · npj Biodiversity · doi:10.1038/s44185-024-00059-1 · Cited by 9
Signatures of local adaptation and maladaptation to future climate in wild Zizania latifolia
Zou, Y., Yang, W., Zhang, R., et al. (2024) · Communications Biology · doi:10.1038/s42003-024-07036-1 · Cited by 7
“Of these,fewer than 300 are considered to be fully domesticated 5,6 .”
Insect Decline—Evaluation of Potential Drivers of a Complex Phenomenon
Grevé, M. E., Marx, M. T., Eilmus, S., Ernst, M., Herrmann, J. D., Baden, C. U., & Maus, C. (2024) · Insects · doi:10.3390/insects15121021 · Cited by 9
“Insect decline is a complex phenomenon that has currently been reported globally and entails declines in a variety of dimensions, such as insect abundance, biomass, and biodiversity [1–3]; however, the decline is not consistent across regions, habitats, and taxa [4,5].”
Identifying conservation gap in biodiversity hotspot area: Single flagship species or multi-species?
Wang, M., Gan, J. Y., Guo, G., Breuste, J., & Li, Y. (2025) · Journal for Nature Conservation · doi:10.1016/j.jnc.2025.126835 · Cited by 7
The Indigenous Range of the Tiger ( Panthera tigris )
Sanderson, E. W., Miquelle, D. G., Harihar, A., Breitenmoser, U., Breitenmoser‐Würsten, C., Cooper, D. M., Faziolahi, K., Fisher, K., Goodrich, J. M., Gray, T. N. E., et al. (2025) · Diversity and Distributions · doi:10.1111/ddi.13947 · Cited by 8
“Given the widespread defaunation of modern times (Dirzo et al. 2014), we think one goal of conservation is to maintain the indigenous range of a species by alleviating anthropogenic threats (Sanderson et al. 2002; Redford et al. 2011; Akçakaya et al. 2018).”
A review of great ape behavioural responses and their outcomes to anthropogenic landscapes
Gilbert, M. A., & Kalan, A. K. (2025) · Primates · doi:10.1007/s10329-025-01180-w · Cited by 7
“Estimates place the annual loss of animal species at approximately 11–58,000 species per year, and approximately 60% of extant primate species are at risk of extinction due to unsustainable human activity (Dirzo et al. 2014; Estrada et al. 2017).”
Assessing ecosystem integrity in protected areas: A systematic review of methods and applications
Feng, Y., Cao, Y., Chan, M. Y., et al. (2025) · Biological Conservation · doi:10.1016/j.biocon.2025.111057 · Cited by 7
Museomics of an extinct European flat oyster population
Ewers, C., Brandis, D., da Silva, N. A., Hayer, S., Immel, A., Moesges, Z., Susat, J., Torres-Oliva, M., & Krause‐Kyora, B. (2025) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-025-96743-8 · Cited by 7
Moi, D. A., Saito, V. S., Quirino, B. A., Alves, D. C., Agostinho, Â. A., Schmitz, M. H., Bonecker, C. C., Barrios, M., Kratina, P., Perkins, D. M., et al. (2025) · Nature Ecology & Evolution · doi:10.1038/s41559-025-02696-6 · Cited by 9
“These findings underline the importance of exploring size spectra to elucidate how global change drivers compromise the delivery of services in natural environments 31,32 .”
International tourism and global biodiversity risks
Chen, Y., Wu, F., Zhang, D., & Ji, Q. (2025) · Annals of Tourism Research · doi:10.1016/j.annals.2025.103982 · Cited by 9
do Nascimento, L. F., Guimarães, P. R., Evans, J., & Kissling, W. D. (2025) · Global Change Biology · doi:10.1111/gcb.70263 · Cited by 7
“For instance, large-bodied species are more vulnerable to extinction driven by anthropogenic pressures (Dirzo et al. 2014), and the loss of extremely large-bodied mammals (megafauna and megaherbivores) has been shown to impair essential eco-system services like seed dispersal (Pires et al. 2018).”
Targeted conservation actions are required to save species from extinction
Zhao, Y., Liu, J., Wang, F., Zhang, Y., & Ma, Z. (2025) · Biological Conservation · doi:10.1016/j.biocon.2025.111340 · Cited by 11
Informing sea otter reintroduction through habitat and human interaction assessment
Kone, D., Tinker, M. T., & Torres, L. G. (2020) · Endangered Species Research · doi:10.3354/esr01101 · Cited by 7
“Throughout history, humans have exploited wild - life populations, and these activities may partially explain Earth’s sixth mass extinction (Barnosky et al. 2011, Dirzo et al. 2014).”
BackgroundStatus of the Alligator Snapping Turtle, Macrochelys temminckii, in West Tennessee
Garig, D. F., Ennen, J. R., Hyder, S. J., et al. (2021) · Chelonian Conservation and Biology · doi:10.2744/ccb-1471.1 · Cited by 7
Leveraging palaeoproteomics to address conservation and restoration agendas
Peters, C., Richter, K. K., Svenning, J., & Boivin, N. L. (2022) · iScience · doi:10.1016/j.isci.2022.104195 · Cited by 8
Geodiversity and Tourism Sustainability in the Anthropocene
Chakraborty, A. (2022) · Tourism and Hospitality · doi:10.3390/tourhosp3020031 · Cited by 7
“Moreover, aside from the number of species under threat, there is the ongoing simplification of ecosystems and intra-species mortality, termed as defaunation [9,77,78].”
BackgroundNiitepõld, K., Parry, H. A., Harris, N. R., Appel, A. G., de Roode, J. C., Kavazis, A. N., & Hood, W. R. (2022) · Journal of Experimental Biology · doi:10.1242/jeb.244431 · Cited by 7
Assessing the representation of species included within the Canadian Living Planet Index
Currie, J., Burant, J. B., Marconi, V., Blain, S. A., Emry, S., Hébert, K., Xie, G., Moore, N. A., Wang, X., Brown, A., et al. (2022) · FACETS · doi:10.1139/facets-2022-0063 · Cited by 7
Datta-Roy, A. (2022) · Human Ecology · doi:10.1007/s10745-022-00327-3 · Cited by 7
Williams, P. J., & Brodie, J. F. (2022) · Conservation Biology · doi:10.1111/cobi.14014 · Cited by 7
“Large vertebrates are being extirpated across the tropics due to unsustainable hunting and habitat fragmentation, which affects the myriad tree species that interact with these animals (Dirzo et al., 2014; Kurten, 2013).”
BackgroundGross, R., & Heinsohn, R. (2023) · Diversity · doi:10.3390/d15030451 · Cited by 9
Effects of disturbances and environmental changes on an aridland riparian generalist
Blais, B. R., Johnson, S. L., & Koprowski, J. L. (2023) · PeerJ · doi:10.7717/peerj.15563 · Cited by 7
“Monitoring species responses to disturbances and assessing vulnerabilities to changing systems is essential for mitigating extinction risks and informing effective conservation management of natural resources (Dirzo et al., 2014; Pacifici et al., 2015).”
BackgroundMa, T., Liang, Y., Li, Z., Liu, B., Wu, M. M., Lau, M. K., & Feng, Y. X. (2023) · Frontiers in Ecology and Evolution · doi:10.3389/fevo.2023.1153448 · Cited by 7
Leão, E. R., Hingst‐Zaher, E., Savieto, R. M., Patrício, K. P., de Oliveira, L. B., Catissi, G., Lima, L. M., Borba, G. B., Bomfim, S. B., & de Abreu, F. B. (2023) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1226197 · Cited by 11
Evcin, Ö. (2023) · Environmental Monitoring and Assessment · doi:10.1007/s10661-023-12003-0 · Cited by 7
“The continuation of economic development and the reduction of biodiversity as a result of increased human impact are inevitable (Dirzo et al., 2014; Fraser et al., 2019; Li et al., 2010; Sijtsma et al., 2020; Young et al., 2005).”
BackgroundLevenson, H. K., Metz, B. N., & Tarpy, D. R. (2024) · Annals of the Entomological Society of America · doi:10.1093/aesa/saae001 · Cited by 7
Dai, Y., Xia, W., Zhu, Y., Hacker, C., Wang, X., & Li, D. (2024) · Ecology and Evolution · doi:10.1002/ece3.11270 · Cited by 6
“Since the 1970s, there has been an estimated 25% decline in vertebrate animal populations (Dirzo et al., 2014 ).”
BackgroundEwald, J. A., Potts, G. R., Aebischer, N. J., Moreby, S. J., Wheatley, C. J., & Burrell, R. A. (2024) · Insect Conservation and Diversity · doi:10.1111/icad.12742 · Cited by 7
“Several papers covering the changing fortunes of insects and other invertebrates (Dirzo et al., 2014; Hallmann et al., 2017) have raised concern about the long-term conservation status of insects and associated invertebrates amongst ecologists (Montgomery et al., 2020; Simmons et al., 2019; Thomas…”
Riva, F., Pierre, E. S., & Guisan, A. (2024) · Biological Conservation · doi:10.1016/j.biocon.2024.110674 · Cited by 8
“Some of the most threatened ecosystems on Earth are those that experience the largest anthropogenic footprints, particularly human activities that result in the loss of native habitat across large regions (Dirzo et al., 2014; Caro et al., 2022).”
BackgroundChakraborty, A. (2024) · The Anthropocene Review · doi:10.1177/20530196241270665 · Cited by 7
“…(Barnosky et al., 2011; Ceballos et al., 2015; Crist, 2022); widespread defaunation that serves as an indicator of imminent loss of evolutionary continuity (Dirzo et al., 2014; Emer et al., 2019); and widespread alteration of major biogeochemical and sediment cycles (Syvitski et al., 2022).”
Chakraborty, A. (2024) · Anthropocene · doi:10.1016/j.ancene.2024.100454 · Cited by 7
Almeida, J., Briers‐Louw, W. D., Jorge, A., Begg, C. M., Roodbol, M., Bauer, H., Loveridge, A. J., Wijers, M., Slotow, R., Lindsey, P. A., et al. (2025) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0325745 · Cited by 8
“Escalating anthropogenic mortality arguably poses the greatest threat to global biodiversity [1], portending a sixth mass extinction crisis [2], with significant impacts on vital ecological and socio-economic services [3].”
Mammalian conservation: scientific frontiers and socio-political pitfalls
Lidicker, W. Z. (2015) · Therya · doi:10.12933/therya-15-241 · Cited by 7
Paillex, A., Reichert, P., Lorenz, A. W., et al. (2017) · Freshwater Biology · doi:10.1111/fwb.12927 · Cited by 7
Botelho, A. L. M., Borges, L. H. M., & McFarland, B. J. (2018) · Biota Neotropica · doi:10.1590/1676-0611-bn-2017-0487 · Cited by 7
Feng, L., Xu, Z., & Wang, L. (2018) · Conservation Genetics · doi:10.1007/s10592-018-1133-0 · Cited by 7
Monitoring and Assessment of Protected Areas’ Management Capacities in the Republic of Serbia
Banjac, N., Maksimović, R. M., Dragaš, K., & Ivetić, J. (2019) · Sustainability · doi:10.3390/su11030666 · Cited by 8
Calle‐Rendón, B. R., Hilário, R. R., & de Toledo, J. J. (2019) · Diversity · doi:10.3390/d11050083 · Cited by 10
“, climatic conditions, hunting pressure, and differences in agricultural activities) related to regions that host those animals and matrices [12,13].”
BackgroundMacedo, L., Monjeau, A. J., & Neves, A. (2019) · Sustainability · doi:10.3390/su11113029 · Cited by 8
“Mammals in particular are among the vertebrates that have suffered the most anthropogenic threats [2,4], and countless studies show that their loss may entail strong trophic cascades in both top-down and bottom-up senses [22–24].”
BackgroundFrom dropping to dropping: The contribution of a small primate to seed dispersal in Atlantic Forest
Gestich, C. C., Nagy‐Reis, M. B., & Caselli, C. B. (2019) · Acta Oecologica · doi:10.1016/j.actao.2019.103464 · Cited by 7
Meroni, E., Mau, Y., & Zelnik, Y. R. (2019) · Mathematics of planet earth · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-22044-0_7 · Cited by 7
Effect of Soil Moisture on the Epigeic Arthropods Diversity in Steppe Landscape
Kirichenko-Babko, M., Danko, Y., Franus, M., et al. (2020) · Journal of Ecological Engineering · doi:10.12911/22998993/122375 · Cited by 7
“Especially noticeable reduction in diversity is observed among plants and invertebrates, both aquatic and terrestrial [Dirzo et al. 2014].”
BackgroundDerryberry, E. P., & Coomes, C. M. (2020) · Journal of Animal Ecology · doi:10.1111/1365-2656.13277 · Cited by 7
“Globally, insect diversity and biomass are in steep decline (Dirzo et al., 2014).”
BackgroundFunctional Plant Traits and Plant-Herbivore Interactions
Guerra, B. R., Velázquez-Rosas, N., Díaz‐Castelazo, C., et al. (2020) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-46012-9_10 · Cited by 7
A decision framework for evidence‐based climate adaptation interventions
Coleman, M. A., & Bragg, J. G. (2020) · Global Change Biology · doi:10.1111/gcb.15429 · Cited by 7
“Species physiological thresholds are being exceeded and ecological interactions altered leading to range contractions, local extinctions and reduced fitness, compromising the long-term persistence of many species (Dirzo et al., 2014).”
BackgroundEffects of Environmental Gradients on the Biomass of Alien Cercopagis pengoi in the Neva Estuary
Golubkov, M. S., Litvinchuk, L. F., & Golubkov, S. M. (2020) · Frontiers in Marine Science · doi:10.3389/fmars.2020.573289 · Cited by 7
What fisher diets reveal about fish stocks
Lopes, P. F. M., Hanazaki, N., Nakamura, E. M., et al. (2021) · AMBIO · doi:10.1007/s13280-021-01506-0 · Cited by 7
Figueiredo, V. V., da Cunha, N. L., de Morais, A. R., et al. (2021) · Mammal Research · doi:10.1007/s13364-021-00558-7 · Cited by 7
“Habitat loss has large and consistently negative effects on biodiversity and ecological processes, being a typical causal mechanism of defaunation (Fahrig 2003, 2013, 2017; Dirzo et al. 2014).”
BackgroundUbach, A., Páramo, F., & Stefanescu, C. (2021) · Ecosistemas · doi:10.7818/ecos.2148 · Cited by 7
“…butterflies; climate change; habitat change; trends; indicators; climatic regions Introducción Existen numerosas evidencias del impacto que el cambio global, con sus múltiples manifestaciones, está teniendo sobre la biodiversidad a escala global (p.e. Dirzo et al. 2014; Wagner 2020).”
BackgroundNative Bees are Important and Need Immediate Conservation Measures: A Review
Tanda, A. S. (2021) · International Electronic Conference on Entomology (IECE) · doi:10.3390/iece-10523 · Cited by 7
“To avoid the collapse in environmental services to humans, the importance of interplay of biotic agents be contemplated (Jacquemin et al., 2020) to assess the fitness of environment and to determine the possible environmental matters (Aizen et al., 2012; Dirzo et al., 2014).”
BackgroundMaicher, V., Clark, C. J., Harris, D. J., Medjibe, V. P., & Poulsen, J. R. (2021) · Forest Ecology and Management · doi:10.1016/j.foreco.2021.119571 · Cited by 7
Condro, A. A., Prasetyo, L. B., Rushayati, S. B., Santikayasa, I. P., & Iskandar, E. (2021) · Frontiers in Environmental Science · doi:10.3389/fenvs.2021.713837 · Cited by 8
“Mammal populations within the study area can be impacted in many ways: habitat disturbance can lead to species extirpation (Kinnaird et al., 2003; Dirzo et al., 2014), local changes in climate can induce species range contractions (Condro et al.”
BackgroundKiggell, T. (2021) · Journal of Political Ecology · doi:10.2458/jpe.3044 · Cited by 7
“This phenomenon is called defaunation and has been the focus of increasing research, both in Brazil and globally (Dirzo et al. 2014; Galetti et al. 2017).”
BackgroundA review of patterns and geographical distribution of human-wildlife conflicts in Indonesia
Rifaie, F., Sulistyadi, E., & Fitriana, Y. (2021) · Berkala Penelitian Hayati · doi:10.23869/bphjbr.27.1.20217 · Cited by 7
Shi, X., Xiao, X., Zhao, X., SUN, R., Zhao, X., Choi, C., & Lin, W. (2021) · Bird Conservation International · doi:10.1017/s0959270921000356 · Cited by 7
“Meanwhile, consumption of wildlife products is widespread in South and South-east Asia, leading to population collapse in some mammal and bird species (Sodhi et al. 2004 , Dirzo et al. 2014 , Kamp et al. 2015 , Edenius et al. 2017 , Gallo-Cajiao et al. 2020 ).”
Francés, V. B., Spaan, D., Amici, F., Maulany, R. I., Oka, N. P., & Majolo, B. (2022) · International Journal of Primatology · doi:10.1007/s10764-022-00279-x · Cited by 9
“To date, almost 97% of the terrestrial surface of the planet has been altered by anthropogenic activities (Bersacola et al., 2021; Dirzo et al., 2014; Plumptre et al., 2021).”
BackgroundAltitude and temperature drive anuran community assembly in a Neotropical mountain region
Matavelli, R., de Oliveira, J. M., Soininen, J., Ribeiro, M. C., & Bertoluci, J. (2022) · Biotropica · doi:10.1111/btp.13074 · Cited by 9
Frugivory and primary seed dispersal of Elaeis guineensis by birds of prey
da Silva, L. B. (2022) · Brazilian Journal of Biology · doi:10.1590/1519-6984.256937 · Cited by 7
Integrating Social Justice into Higher Education Conservation Science
Montgomery, R. A., Pointer, A. M., Jingo, S., Kasozi, H., Ogada, M., & Mudumba, T. (2022) · BioScience · doi:10.1093/biosci/biac008 · Cited by 8
First records of road-killed mammals in the state of Sinaloa, México
Rubio–Rocha, Y., Camacho, S. M. G., Morales-García, M., et al. (2022) · Therya notes · doi:10.12933/therya_notes-22-70 · Cited by 7
Past and recent farming degrades aquatic insect genetic diversity
Crossley, M. S., Latimer, C. E., Kennedy, C. M., & Snyder, W. E. (2022) · Molecular Ecology · doi:10.1111/mec.16590 · Cited by 7
Milford, A. B., Hatteland, B. A., & Ursin, L. O. (2022) · Journal of Agricultural and Environmental Ethics · doi:10.1007/s10806-022-09889-0 · Cited by 8
Land Use, Microorganisms, and Soil Organic Carbon: Putting the Pieces Together
Mo, L., Zanella, A., Bolzonella, C., Squartini, A., Xu, G.-L., Banas, D., Rosatti, M., Longo, E., Pindo, M., Concheri, G., et al. (2022) · Diversity · doi:10.3390/d14080638 · Cited by 7
Viteri, M. C., & Hadly, E. A. (2022) · Frontiers in Ecology and Evolution · doi:10.3389/fevo.2022.916239 · Cited by 9
“Additionally, small mammals escaped the size-biased extinctions of the lateQuaternary and generally have low extinction risk due to their high fecundity, abundance, and growth rate (Lyons et al., 2004; Cardillo et al., 2005; Blois et al., 2010; Dirzo et al., 2014; Smith et al., 2018).”
BackgroundTeamwork: psittacids (Aves, Psittaciformes) disperse and help other birds disperse large diaspores
da Silva, L. B. (2022) · Ornithology Research · doi:10.1007/s43388-022-00106-0 · Cited by 7
Cunha, A. A., Rodrigues, C. G. O., Sancho-Pivoto, A., & Romagosa, F. (2022) · Sociedade & natureza · doi:10.14393/sn-v34-2022-65411 · Cited by 7
“A degradação crescente dos ecossistemas e a crise de extinção de espécies, somada às mudanças climáticas, são os maiores desafios ambientais da humanidade (TILMAN et al., 2006; DIRZO et al., 2014).”
Grzędzicka, E. (2023) · Journal for Nature Conservation · doi:10.1016/j.jnc.2023.126352 · Cited by 7
Predation risk in tree squirrels: implications of the presence of free‐ranging dogs
Tobajas, J., Ramos-López, B., Piqué, J., & Sánchez‐Rojas, G. (2023) · Journal of Zoology · doi:10.1111/jzo.13047 · Cited by 6
Liu, H., Yuan, L., Wang, P., et al. (2023) · Diversity · doi:10.3390/d15020282 · Cited by 7
Conservation through Collaboration: Regional Conservation Programs of the North Carolina Zoo
Roznik, E. A., Buckanoff, H. D., Langston, R. W., et al. (2023) · Journal of Zoological and Botanical Gardens · doi:10.3390/jzbg4020025 · Cited by 7
“In the past 500 years, humans have triggered a wave of extinction and decline that may be comparable in both rate and magnitude to the five previous mass extinctions in Earth’s history [1,2].”
ResultSedum as host plants for caterpillars? Introducing gut content metabarcoding to green roof research
Dijck, T. V., Klerkx, H., Thijs, S., et al. (2023) · Urban Ecosystems · doi:10.1007/s11252-023-01357-5 · Cited by 7
Red deer in the Pyrenees: a risky secondary contact zone for conservation genetics
Pérez‐González, J., Gort‐Esteve, A., Ruiz‐Olmo, J., et al. (2023) · Journal of Wildlife Management · doi:10.1002/jwmg.22454 · Cited by 7
Norwegian preschool children´s knowledge about some common wild animal species and their habitats
Wold, P.-A., Melis, C., Bjørgen, K., et al. (2023) · Cogent Education · doi:10.1080/2331186x.2023.2259513 · Cited by 7
“Nevertheless, global biodiversity is declining due to human activities such as habitat destruction and fragmentation, introduction of exotic species, overexploitation of natural resources and pollution (Almond et al., 2020; Ceballos et al., 2015, 2017; Dirzo et al., 2014; Hooper et al., 2005).)”
BackgroundDeppe, F., Achterberg, C., Dittmar, J., Kunz, S., Näckel, L., Wittkamp, L., & Fischer, K. (2023) · Ecosphere · doi:10.1002/ecs2.4679 · Cited by 7
Nervo, B., Laini, A., Roggero, A., Palestrini, C., & Rolando, A. (2023) · The Science of The Total Environment · doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.168127 · Cited by 7
Mychajliw, A. M., Adams, A. J., Brown, K. C., Campbell, B. T., Hardesty‐Moore, M., Welch, Z. S., Page, H. M., Southon, J. R., Cooper, S. D., & Alagona, P. S. (2024) · Proceedings of the Royal Society B Biological Sciences · doi:10.1098/rspb.2023.0921 · Cited by 7
“The story of post-Gold Rush California exemplifies the complex, interconnected pattern of ecological change that can lead to, and result from, defaunation [76].”
BackgroundRuppert, J. L. W., Hogg, J., & Poesch, M. S. (2018) · Biological Conservation · doi:10.1016/j.biocon.2018.01.014 · Cited by 7
Rats, Death, and Anthropocene Relations in Urban Canadian Childhoods
Nelson, N. (2018) · Springer international handbooks of education · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-51949-4_45-1 · Cited by 7
Ferreguetti, Á. C., Tomás, W. M., & Bergallo, H. G. (2018) · Mammalia · doi:10.1515/mammalia-2017-0095 · Cited by 7
Geo-ecology in the Anthropocene
Nadal‐Romero, E., & Cammeraat, E. (2018) · Cuadernos de Investigación Geográfica · doi:10.18172/cig.3876 · Cited by 8
“Dirzo et al. (2014) suggested that in the last 10 Cuadernos de Investigación Geográfica 45 (1), 2019, pp. 5-18 centuries an “anthropogenic” biodiversity loss has been observed (referred to as the Anthropocene defaunation).”
BackgroundBrignon, W. R., Schreck, C. B., & Schaller, H. (2019) · Journal of Fish and Wildlife Management · doi:10.3996/062017-jfwm-051 · Cited by 7
Prey availability and accessibility drive hunter movement
Wszola, L. S., Stuber, E. F., Chizinski, C. J., Lusk, J. J., & Fontaine, J. J. (2019) · Wildlife Biology · doi:10.2981/wlb.00526 · Cited by 7
Hernández-Rodríguez, E., Escalera-Vázquez, L. H., Patrón, J. M. C., et al. (2019) · Revista Mexicana de Biodiversidad · doi:10.22201/ib.20078706e.2019.90.2776 · Cited by 7
“La fauna de mayor tamaño, generalmente, es la más afectada por las actividades humanas, por lo tanto presenta un mayor riesgo de extinción (Dirzo et al., 2014).”
BackgroundDelivering on the Promise of Biological Control in Asia's Food Systems: A Humboldtian Perspective
Wyckhuys, K. A. G., González-Chang, M., Adriani, E., Albaytar, A. B., Albertini, A., Avila, G. A., Beltran, M. J. B., Boreros, A. D., Fanani, M. Z., Nguyen, D. T., et al. (2020) · Frontiers in Sustainable Food Systems · doi:10.3389/fsufs.2020.00140 · Cited by 7
Integrating measures of ecosystem structure and function to improve assessments of stream integrity
Verdonschot, P. F. M., van der Lee, G. H., & Verdonschot, R. C. M. (2020) · Freshwater Science · doi:10.1086/711708 · Cited by 7
“Biodiversity loss and the disruption of natural ecosystem processes are particularly evident in freshwater ecosystems, where human activities have resulted in multiple stressors (Dudgeon et al. 2006, Dudgeon 2010).”
Background
Metadata
- Authors
- Dirzo, R., Young, H. S., Galetti, M., Ceballos, G., Isaac, N. J. B., & Collen, B.
- Affiliations
- Stanford University (US)
- University of California, Santa Barbara (US)
- Universidade Estadual Paulista (Unesp) (BR)
- Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (MX)
- Natural Environment Research Council (GB)
- University College London (GB)
- Corresponding author
- Dirzo, Rodolfo
- Venue
- Science
- Published
- 2014-07-25
- Volume
- 345
- Issue
- 6195
- Pages
- 401-406
- ISSN
- 0036-8075 (ISSN-L)
- 1095-9203
- OpenAlex
- W2100135944
- Cited by
- 4,474
- References
- 164
- Citations by year
- 2026: 382 · 2025: 425 · 2024: 397 · 2023: 475 · 2022: 501 · 2021: 494 · 2020: 416 · 2019: 411 · 2018: 294 · 2017: 280 · 2016: 189 · 2015: 167 · 2014: 39
- FWCI
- 16.67
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- discovery.ucl.ac.uk
- Locations
- Science (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- UCL Discovery (University College London) (submittedVersion)
- Acervo Digital da Universidade Estadual Paulista (Universidade Estadual Paulista) (submittedVersion)
- UNESP Institutional Repository (São Paulo State University) (submittedVersion)
- Zenodo (CERN European Organization for Nuclear Research)
- Funders
- Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo
- Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico
- Natural Environment Research Council (CEH010010)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Nature and Landscape Conservation › Ecology and Vegetation Dynamics Studies
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Ecology › Wildlife Ecology and Conservation
- Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics › Plant and animal studies
- Keywords
- defaunation, biodiversity loss, species abundance decline, extinction, invertebrates, terrestrial vertebrates, sixth mass extinction, ecosystem functioning, Anthropocene
- MeSH terms
- Animals, Birds, Humans, Human Activities, Insecta, Invertebrates, Mammals, Pest Control, Population, Biodiversity, Extinction, Biological, Pollination, Endangered Species
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
A language model drew the claims from the paper on 2026-10-02, under version 3 of the claim definition (model deepseek-v4.1-flash, prompt extract-v3).
A second model labelled each claim on 2026-10-02 (model jev-1.13-20260917, definition revision gold-guideline-v0.2).
Cited sources are checked with a language model’s help (gpt-6-sol).
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
