The DOI matches its Crossref record; 164 of the 164 references it cites were found in a registry or an index; 6 of the 136 sources its claims cite were checked for support.
Defaunation in the Anthropocene
Open accessAbstract
We live amid a global wave of anthropogenically driven biodiversity loss: species and population extirpations and, critically, declines in local species abundance. Particularly, human impacts on animal biodiversity are an under-recognized form of global environmental change. Among terrestrial vertebrates, 322 species have become extinct since 1500, and populations of the remaining species show 25% average decline in abundance. Invertebrate patterns are equally dire: 67% of monitored populations show 45% mean abundance decline. Such animal declines will cascade onto ecosystem functioning and human well-being. Much remains unknown about this “Anthropocene defaunation”; these knowledge gaps hinder our capacity to predict and limit defaunation impacts. Clearly, however, defaunation is both a pervasive component of the planet’s sixth mass extinction and also a major driver of global ecological change.
Overview
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
64 Sources not found · 25 Own interpretation · 18 No full text of the sources · 14 Not checked yet · 4 No basis given · 3 Supported · 3 Own result · 2 Partly supported · 1 Supported so far · accuracy not yet measured
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“Across vertebrates, 16% to 33% of all species are estimated to be globally threatened or endangered (17,18)”
§ Defaunation in the Anthropocene > Defaunation: a pervasive phenomenon
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [17] 17. IUCN, The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species <www.iucnredlist.org> (2013)
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Supportedcites [18] 18. M. Hoffmann et al., Science 330, 1503 (2010). source
The “Status, trends, and threats” section states that, accounting for uncertainty from Data Deficient species, between 16% and 33% of all vertebrate species are classified as Threatened. This directly supports the cited estimate. (LLM, conf=0.95)
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Not matched
Every source the paper cites for this claim was checked and supports it.
In the paper
“The long-established major proximate drivers of wildlife population decline and extinction in terrestrial ecosystems, namely overexploitation, habitat destruction, and impacts from invasive species remain pervasive (18).”
§ Defaunation in the Anthropocene > Multiple, unaddressed drivers of defaunation
What the sources say
- Supportedcites [18] 18. M. Hoffmann et al., Science 330, 1503 (2010). source
The opening summary (p. 1503) identifies agricultural expansion, logging, overexploitation, and invasive alien species as main drivers of biodiversity loss among mammals, birds, and amphibians. The “Confronting threats” section adds that conservation has not yet offset any major driver of increased extinction risk. Agricultural expansion and logging substantiate the claim’s reference to habitat destruction. (LLM, conf=0.93)
boosteddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Supported
The sources with a verdict support this claim; the rest weren’t checked yet, have no full text we could read, or their verdicts aren’t rated yet.
In the paper
“None of these major drivers have been effectively mitigated at the global scale (14,18).”
§ Defaunation in the Anthropocene > Multiple, unaddressed drivers of defaunation
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [14] 14. S. H. Butchart et al., Science 328, 1164 (2010). source
- Supportedcites [18] 18. M. Hoffmann et al., Science 330, 1503 (2010). source
In “Confronting threats” (page not supplied), the paper says that deteriorations outnumber improvements for every threat assessed and concludes that conservation has not yet offset any major driver of increased extinction risk. This supports the claim at the global scale, within the paper’s scope of vertebrate extinction risk. (LLM, conf=0.93)
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“the effects of defaunation will be much less about the loss of absolute diversity than about local shifts in species compositions and functional groups within a community (80).”
§ Defaunation in the Anthropocene > Synthesis and ways forward
What the sources say
- Partly supportedcites [80] 80. M. Dornelas et al., Science 344, 296 (2014). sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Conclusions (page not available) describe the replacement of large herbivores by smaller mammals and arthropods, and the ‘Effects of large mammals on small mammals’ section reports changes in vegetation and consumer abundance. These support local shifts in the community, but the paper does not establish that such shifts matter more than losses of absolute diversity or make a general comparison of the two effects of defaunation. (LLM, conf=0.83)
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Partly supported
Every source the paper cites for this claim was checked and supports it.
In the paper
“and few major human pathogens seem to fit the criteria that would make such a relationship pervasive (71).”
§ Defaunation in the Anthropocene > Water quality.
What the sources say
- Supportedcites [71] 71. C. L. Wood, K. D. Lafferty, G. DeLeo, H. S. Young, A. M. Kuris, Ecology 95, 817http://dx.doi.org/10.1890/13-1041.1 (2014). source
In “Predicting the Biodiversity–Disease Relationship” (page not available), the authors project that biodiversity would reduce the prevalence of only 12% of the infectious disease species they assessed. They conclude that negative biodiversity–disease relationships may be relatively uncommon, supporting the citing sentence’s hedged claim. Their assessment covers common pathogenic human protozoan and metazoan parasites, not viruses or bacteria. (LLM, conf=0.90)
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Supported
Every source the paper cites for this claim was checked and supports it.
In the paper
“However, the impacts of defaunation on disease are far from straightforward (71)”
§ Defaunation in the Anthropocene > Water quality.
What the sources say
- Supportedcites [71] 71. C. L. Wood, K. D. Lafferty, G. DeLeo, H. S. Young, A. M. Kuris, Ecology 95, 817http://dx.doi.org/10.1890/13-1041.1 (2014). source
The Introduction says that biodiversity loss is likely to produce both “winners and losers” among parasites. “Where Do We Go From Here?” adds that the biodiversity–disease relationship may be nonlinear and either positive or negative. These passages support the claim that the disease effects of defaunation are not straightforward; page numbers were not provided. (LLM, conf=0.92)
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Supported
None of the sources cited for this claim could be matched to a paper in Crossref, so there is nothing to check it against.
In the paper
“Of a conservatively estimated 5-9 million animal species on the planet, we are likely losing ~11,000 to 58,000 species annually (15,16).”
§ Defaunation in the Anthropocene > Defaunation: a pervasive phenomenon
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [15] 15. C. Mora, A. Rollo, D. P. Tittensor, Science 493, 295 (2013).
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not matchedcites [16] 16. B. R. Scheffers, L. N. Joppa, S. L. Pimm, W. F. Laurance, Trends Ecol. Evol. 27, 501 (2012).
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Not matched
In the paper
“with populations of many iconic species such as elephant (Fig S1B) rapidly declining towards extinction (19).”
§ Defaunation in the Anthropocene > Defaunation: a pervasive phenomenon
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [19] 19. Materials and methods are available in the Supplementary Materials.
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Not matched
None of the sources cited for this claim could be matched to a paper in Crossref, so there is nothing to check it against.
In the paper
“Among terrestrial vertebrates 322 species have become extinct since 1500, while populations of the remaining species show 25% average decline in abundance.”
- Also stated in: § Defaunation: a pervasive phenomenon · plain
“Across vertebrates, 16% to 33% of all species are estimated to be globally threatened or endangered (17,18), and at least 322 vertebrate species have become extinct since 1500 (a date representative of onset of the recent wave of extinction, as formal definition of the start of the Anthropocene still being debated) (17,19,20) (Table S1).”
§ Defaunation in the Anthropocene > Abstract
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [17] 17. IUCN, The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species <www.iucnredlist.org> (2013)
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not matchedcites [19] 19. Materials and methods are available in the Supplementary Materials.
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not matchedcites [20] 20. G. Ceballos, A. García, P. R. Ehrlich, J. Cosmol. 8, 1821 (2010).
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Rests on an assumption: The year 1500 is a representative starting point for the recent wave of extinction.
- Also stated in: § Defaunation: a pervasive phenomenon · plain
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Invertebrate patterns are equally dire: 67% of monitored populations show 45% mean abundance decline.”
§ Defaunation in the Anthropocene > Abstract
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: unclear — It is unclear why the paper says it holds.
- It may state two separate claims as one. 24
- Probably not a substantial claim. 8
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In our evaluation of mammals (1437 species) and birds (4263 species), the number of species per 10,000 km 2 in decline (IUCN population status “decreasing”) varied across regions from a few to 75 in mammals and 125 in birds (Fig 2), with highest numbers in tropical regions.”
§ Defaunation in the Anthropocene > Patterns of defaunation
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Of all insects with IUCN documented population trends, 33% are declining, with strong variation among Orders 19).”
§ Defaunation in the Anthropocene > Synthesis and ways forward
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [19] 19. Materials and methods are available in the Supplementary Materials.
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
In the paper
“counts of threatened species do not necessarily translate into extinction risk, much less ecological impact (13).”
§ Defaunation in the Anthropocene > Abstract
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [13] 13. A. Ø. Mooers, D. P. Faith, W. P. Maddison, PloS one 3, e3700 (2008).
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“These extinctions altered ecosystem processes and disturbance regimes at continental scales, triggering cascades of extinction thought to still reverberate today (3,4).”
§ Defaunation in the Anthropocene > Abstract
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [3] 3. C. E. Doughty, A. Wolf, Y. Malhi, Nat. Geosci. 6, 761 (2013).
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [4] 4. J. L. Gill et al., Science 326, 1100 (2009). source
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
In the paper
“Similar to other mass extinction events, the effects of this”
§ Defaunation in the Anthropocene > Abstract
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [2] 2. M. Cardillo et al., P. Roy. Soc. Lond. B. Bio. 275, 1441 (2008).
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Clearly, however, defaunation is both a pervasive component of the planet's sixth mass extinction, and also a major driver of global ecological change.”
§ Defaunation in the Anthropocene > Abstract
boosteddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Much remains unknown about this”
§ Defaunation in the Anthropocene > Abstract
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Loss of invertebrate biodiversity has received much less attention and data are extremely limited.”
§ Defaunation in the Anthropocene > Defaunation: a pervasive phenomenon
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“We live amidst a global wave of anthropogenically driven biodiversity loss: species and population extirpations and, critically, declines in local species abundance.”
§ Defaunation in the Anthropocene > Abstract
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“some animal species are able to persist in highly modified habitats”
§ Defaunation in the Anthropocene > Abstract
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
In the paper
“Moreover, several newer threats have recently emerged, most notably anthropogenic climate disruption, which will likely soon compete with habitat loss as the most important driver of defaunation (44).”
§ Defaunation in the Anthropocene > Multiple, unaddressed drivers of defaunation
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [44] 44. O. E. Sala et al., Science 287, 1770 (2000). source
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“While most declining species are affected by multiple stressors, we still have a poor understanding of the complex ways in which these drivers interact, and of feedback loops that may exist (7,11).”
§ Defaunation in the Anthropocene > Multiple, unaddressed drivers of defaunation
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [7] 7. A. D. Barnosky et al., Nature 486, 52 (2012). source
- Not matchedcites [11] 11. B. W. Brook, N. S. Sodhi, C. J. Bradshaw, Trends Ecol. Evol. 23, 453 (2008).
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“While defaunation is a global pattern, geographic distribution patterns are also decidedly non-random (28).”
§ Defaunation in the Anthropocene > Patterns of defaunation
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [28] 28. S. Pimm et al., Science 344, 1246752 (2014). source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim could be matched to a paper in Crossref, so there is nothing to check it against.
In the paper
“However, increasingly sophisticated approaches help to predict which species are likely to be at risk, and to map latent extinction risk (38), holding great promise both for managing defaunation and identifying likely patterns of ecological impact (39).”
§ Defaunation in the Anthropocene > Patterns of defaunation
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [38] 38. M. Cardillo, G. M. Mace, J. L. Gittleman, A. Purvis, P. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 103, 4157 (2006).
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not matchedcites [39] 39. H. Hillebrand, B. Matthiessen, Ecol. Lett. 12, 1405 (2009).
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
In the paper
“For instance, among vertebrates, more amphibians (41%) are currently considered threatened than birds (17%), with mammals and reptiles experiencing intermediate threat levels (27).”
§ Defaunation in the Anthropocene > Patterns of defaunation
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [27] 27. J. Schipper et al., Science 322, 225 (2008). source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“However, these 'extinction models' have made little impact on conservation management, in part because trait correlations are often idiosyncratic and context dependent (31).”
§ Defaunation in the Anthropocene > Patterns of defaunation
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [31] 31. M. Cardillo, E. Meijaard, Trends Ecol. Evol. 27, 167 (2012).
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Ironically, the cryptic nature of defaunation has strong potential to soon become very non-cryptic, rivaling the impact of many other forms of global change in terms of loss of ecosystem services essential for human well-being.”
§ Defaunation in the Anthropocene > Synthesis and ways forward
boostedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“we need to focus on predicting the systematic patterns of winners and losers in the Anthropocene and identify the traits that characterize them, as this will provide information on the patterns and the links to function that we can then act upon.”
§ Defaunation in the Anthropocene > Synthesis and ways forward
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“we emphasize that defaunation is about much more than species loss.”
§ Defaunation in the Anthropocene > Synthesis and ways forward
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“However, most efforts to quantify this relationship have focused largely on effects of reduced producer diversity, which may typically have much lower functional impacts than does consumer loss (49,50).”
§ Defaunation in the Anthropocene > Consequences of defaunation
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [49] 49. J. Reiss, J. R. Bridle, J. M. Montoya, G. Woodward, Trends Ecol. Evol. 24, 505 (2009).
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [50] 50. B. J. Cardinale et al., Nature 486, 59 (2012). source
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Ongoing declines in populations of animals such as nematodes, beetles, or bats, are considerably less evident to humans”
§ Defaunation in the Anthropocene > Synthesis and ways forward
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Ultimately, both reduced and more evenly distributed global resource consumption will be necessary to sustainably change ongoing trends in defaunation and, hopefully, eventually open the door to refaunation.”
§ Defaunation in the Anthropocene > Synthesis and ways forward
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. It may state two separate claims as one.
- Rests on an assumption: Continued human population growth and increasingly uneven per-capita consumption ultimately drive all these threats.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“yet arguably are more functionally important”
§ Defaunation in the Anthropocene > Synthesis and ways forward
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
In the paper
“One recent study in Madagascar suggested that loss of wildlife as a food source will increase anemia by 30%, leading to increased mortality, morbidity and learning difficulties (66).”
§ Defaunation in the Anthropocene > Water quality.
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [66] 66. C. D. Golden et al., P. Natl. Acad. Sci. 108, 19653 (2011).
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
- Rests on an assumption: In many parts of the world, wild animal food sources are a critical part of the diet, particularly for the poor.
- Not matched
In the paper
“Insect pollination, needed for 75% of all the world's food crops, is estimated to be worth ~10% of the economic value of the world's entire food supply (52).”
§ Defaunation in the Anthropocene > Impacts on ecosystem functions and services
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [52] 52. N. Gallai, J.-M. Salles, J. Settele, B. E. Vaissière, Ecological Economics 68, 810 (2009).
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
In the paper
“Similarly, declines in bird pollinators in New Zealand led to strong pollen limitation, ultimately reducing seed production and population regeneration (55) (Fig 5H).”
§ Defaunation in the Anthropocene > Impacts on ecosystem functions and services
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [55] 55. S. H. Anderson et al., Science 331, 1068 (2011). source
boosteddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“This review indicates that a widespread and pervasive defaunation crisis, with farreaching consequences, is upon us.”
§ Defaunation in the Anthropocene > Synthesis and ways forward
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Large animals, including ungulates, hippos, and crocodiles, prevent formation of anoxic zones through agitation and affect water movement through trampling (64).”
§ Defaunation in the Anthropocene > Water quality.
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [64] 64. J. P. Wright, C. G. Jones, A. S. Flecker, Oecologia 132, 96 (2002).
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
In the paper
“For instance, global declines in amphibian populations increase algae and fine detritus biomass, reduce nitrogen uptake, and greatly reduce whole stream respiration (Fig 5E; (63)).”
§ Defaunation in the Anthropocene > Water quality.
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [63] 63. M. Whiles et al., Ecosystems 16, 146 (2013). source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Large wildlife removal also causes major effects on ecosystem functions and services (Panel D), including changes to fire intensity (Fi); cattle production in both dry (C-D) and wet seasons (C-W); disease prevalence (D); infectivity of arbuscular mycorrhizae fungi (AMF); photosynthetic rates (Ph); and transpiration rates (TR).”
§ Defaunation in the Anthropocene > Synthesis and ways forward
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [81] 81. F. Keesing, T. P. Young, Bioscience 64, 487 (2014).
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plaindirectSingle case- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
The paper relies on this without support.
The year 1500 is a representative starting point for the recent wave of extinction.
“(a date representative of onset of the recent wave of extinction, as formal definition of the start of the Anthropocene still being debated)”
The paper relies on this without support.
In many parts of the world, wild animal food sources are a critical part of the diet, particularly for the poor.
“In many parts of the world, wild animal food sources are a critical part of the diet, particularly for the poor.”
The paper relies on this without support.
The indirect evolutionary effects of defaunation on species not directly impacted by human defaunation are still poorly studied.
“Still poorly studied are the indirect evolutionary effects of defaunation on other species, not directly impacted by human defaunation.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Arthropod pests are responsible for 8-15% of the losses in most major food crops.
“For example, arthropod pests are responsible for 8-15% of the losses in most major food crops.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Continued human population growth and increasingly uneven per-capita consumption ultimately drive all these threats.
“continued human population growth and increasingly uneven per-capita consumption, which ultimately drive all these threats”
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
The source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“the literature reflects broad agreement among environmental scientists that biases lead to underestimating the number of species that have gone extinct in the past few centuries”
From Accelerated modern human–induced species losses: Entering the sixth mass extinction (2015) · cites this paper as [8]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“Hundreds of species and myriad populations are being driven to extinction every year (1–8).”
From Biological annihilation via the ongoing sixth mass extinction signaled by vertebrate population losses and declines (2017) · cites this paper as [2]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“A growing body of evidence indicates that current species extinction rates are higher than the pre-human background rate (8–15)”
From Accelerated modern human–induced species losses: Entering the sixth mass extinction (2015) · cites this paper as [8]
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“This suggests that, even if there was not ample sign that the crisis extends far beyond that group of animals, today’s planetary defaunation of vertebrates will itself promote cascading catastrophic effects on ecosystems, worsening the annihilation of nature (2, 3, 46).”
From Biological annihilation via the ongoing sixth mass extinction signaled by vertebrate population losses and declines (2017) · cites this paper as [2]
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“In sum, by losing populations (and species) of vertebrates, we are losing intricate ecological networks involving animals, plants, and microorganisms (e.g., refs. 2, 8, 18, 45, 46).”
From Biological annihilation via the ongoing sixth mass extinction signaled by vertebrate population losses and declines (2017) · cites this paper as [2]
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“However, given that such medium and large species are the most seriously threatened by the predominant proximate drivers of defaunation (2, 3), the likely bias against small-sized species should not affect our overall interpretation of results.”
From Biological annihilation via the ongoing sixth mass extinction signaled by vertebrate population losses and declines (2017) · cites this paper as [2]
In the citing paper
“Fourth, species at the brink have been pushed to a critical conservation status because of human activities, where habitat loss and fragmentation, illegal trade, overexploitation, introduced domestic and wild species, toxification, and pollution have played a major role (10, 13–15, 30, 46, 52, 53).”
From Vertebrates on the brink as indicators of biological annihilation and the sixth mass extinction (2020) · cites this paper as [14]
In the citing paper
“They occur mostly in heavily populated regions such as tropical Asia, where major ongoing biodiversity losses are well known (10, 13–15, 30, 46, 52, 53).”
From Vertebrates on the brink as indicators of biological annihilation and the sixth mass extinction (2020) · cites this paper as [14]
In the citing paper
“More recently, climate disruption is becoming a major cause of species endangerment (10, 11, 14–17).”
From Vertebrates on the brink as indicators of biological annihilation and the sixth mass extinction (2020) · cites this paper as [14]
In the citing paper
“Thus, moving onto the brink is an important part of the process of defaunation (14).”
From Vertebrates on the brink as indicators of biological annihilation and the sixth mass extinction (2020) · cites this paper as [14]
In the citing paper
“However, the number of studies on insect trends with sufficient replication and spatial coverage are limited [10, 23–25] and restricted to certain well-studied taxa.”
From More than 75 percent decline over 27 years in total flying insect biomass in protected areas (2017) · cites this paper as [24]
In the citing paper
“Many top predators are both overexploited and strong controllers of nutrient cycling, water quality and other ecosystem services9,77,80–82.”
From Linking the influence and dependence of people on biodiversity across scales (2017) · cites this paper as [82]
In the citing paper
“Increasingly, the simple theoretical prediction that fragmentation reduces species richness is being modified to account for species identity through models that focus on how species vary in their traits (4, 21, 36, 48, 57, 58).”
From Habitat fragmentation and its lasting impact on Earth’s ecosystems (2015) · cites this paper as [58]
In the citing paper
“Most forms of global change known to reduce population sizes and biodiversity will be exacerbated by fragmentation (58, 60), including climate change (61), invasive species (62, 63), hunting (64), pollution [including light, noise, and chemicals (65)], and altered disturbance regimes (66).”
From Habitat fragmentation and its lasting impact on Earth’s ecosystems (2015) · cites this paper as [58]
Citations
Cites
Global Biodiversity Scenarios for the Year 2100
Sala, O. E., Stuart Chapin, F., III, Armesto, J. J., Berlow, E., Bloomfield, J., Dirzo, R., Huber-Sanwald, E., Huenneke, L. F., Jackson, R. B., et al. (2000) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.287.5459.1770 · Cited by 9,280
Self-citationBiodiversity loss and its impact on humanity
Cardinale, B. J., Duffy, J. E., Gonzalez, A., Hooper, D. U., Perrings, C., Venail, P., Narwani, A., Mace, G. M., Tilman, D., Wardle, D. A., et al. (2012) · Nature · doi:10.1038/nature11148 · Cited by 7,457
Global pollinator declines: trends, impacts and drivers
Potts, S. G., Biesmeijer, J. C., Kremen, C., Neumann, P., Schweiger, O., & Kunin, W. E. (2010) · Trends in Ecology & Evolution · doi:10.1016/j.tree.2010.01.007 · Cited by 6,458
OERKE, E.-C. (2006) · The Journal of Agricultural Science · doi:10.1017/s0021859605005708 · Cited by 5,283
Global Biodiversity: Indicators of Recent Declines
Butchart, S. H. M., Walpole, M., Collen, B., van Strien, A., Scharlemann, J. P. W., Almond, R. E. A., Baillie, J. E. M., Bomhard, B., Brown, C., Bruno, J., et al. (2010) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.1187512 · Cited by 4,892
Self-citationHas the Earth’s sixth mass extinction already arrived?
Barnosky, A. D., Matzke, N., Tomiya, S., Wogan, G. O. U., Swartz, B., Quental, T. B., Marshall, C., McGuire, J. L., Lindsey, E. L., Maguire, K. C., et al. (2011) · Nature · doi:10.1038/nature09678 · Cited by 4,400
Trophic Downgrading of Planet Earth
Estes, J. A., Terborgh, J., Brashares, J. S., Power, M. E., Berger, J., Bond, W. J., Carpenter, S. R., Essington, T. E., Holt, R. D., Jackson, J. B. C., et al. (2011) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.1205106 · Cited by 4,087
Status and Ecological Effects of the World’s Largest Carnivores
Ripple, W. J., Estes, J. A., Beschta, R. L., Wilmers, C. C., Ritchie, E. G., Hebblewhite, M., Berger, J., Elmhagen, B., Letnic, M., Nelson, M. P., et al. (2014) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.1241484 · Cited by 3,667
The biodiversity of species and their rates of extinction, distribution, and protection
Pimm, S. L., Jenkins, C. N., Abell, R., Brooks, T. M., Gittleman, J. L., Joppa, L. N., Raven, P. H., Roberts, C. M., & Sexton, J. O. (2014) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.1246752 · Cited by 3,542
Parallel Declines in Pollinators and Insect-Pollinated Plants in Britain and the Netherlands
Biesmeijer, J. C., Roberts, S. P. M., Reemer, M., Ohlemüller, R., Edwards, M., Peeters, T., Schaffers, A. P., Potts, S. G., Kleukers, R., Thomas, C. D., et al. (2006) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.1127863 · Cited by 3,189
Research works printed but not linked: 6
- Mora C., Rollo A., Tittensor D. P., Science 443, 295 (2013).
- Ceballos G., García A., Ehrlich P. R., J. Cosmol. 8, 1821 (2010).
- Myers N., Int. Wildl. 5, 5 (1975).
- Aebischer N., Potts G., Methods 38, 4 (1990).
- Moore N., Odonatologica 20, 203 (1991).
- Lyons S. K., Smith F. A., Brown J. H., Evol. Ecol. Res. 6, 339 (2004).
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Items 2,301–2,400 of 4,205
Poorly Vetted Conservation Ranks Can Be More Wrong Than Right: Lessons from Texas Land Snails
Perez, K. E., Hutchins, B. T., & Nekola, J. C. (2020) · Natural Areas Journal · doi:10.3375/043.040.0403 · Cited by 7
“As the sixth mass extinction continues (Dirzo et al. 2014), there is no a priori reason to assume that data-deficient species are secure, particularly in taxa with inherently high rates of imperilment like mollusks.”
BackgroundMacêdo, R. L., Sousa, F. D. R., de Jesus, S. B., et al. (2021) · Nauplius · doi:10.1590/2358-2936e2021011 · Cited by 7
Ortega-Martínez, I. J., Moreno, C. E., Arellano, L., Castellanos, I., Rosas, F., & Rios-Díaz, C. L. (2021) · Community Ecology · doi:10.1007/s42974-021-00043-w · Cited by 8
Pereira, A. D., Bogoni, J. A., Bazílio, S., et al. (2021) · Biodiversity and Conservation · doi:10.1007/s10531-021-02288-3 · Cited by 7
Batista, C. B., de Lima, I. P., de Arruda, R. S., et al. (2021) · Biological Conservation · doi:10.1016/j.biocon.2021.109331 · Cited by 7
Fallows benefit beetle conservation in a traditionally managed grassland landscape
Frenzel, T., & Fischer, K. (2021) · Agriculture Ecosystems & Environment · doi:10.1016/j.agee.2021.107829 · Cited by 7
Gatti, A., Ferreira, P. M., da Cunha, C. J., Seibert, J. B., & Moreira, D. D. O. (2017) · Oecologia Australis · doi:10.4257/oeco.2017.2102.07 · Cited by 7
Assessing temporal shifts in lotic fish community structure in the upper Red River basin, Oklahoma
Starks, T. A., Rodger, A. W., King, D., et al. (2018) · Journal of Freshwater Ecology · doi:10.1080/02705060.2017.1420703 · Cited by 7
“The negative effects of anthropogenic-induced stressors on the earth’s flora and fauna, particularly extirpation and extinction, are well documented (Ehrlich and Wilson 1991; Vitousek et al. 1997; Dirzo et al. 2014; Wilting et al. 2017).”
BackgroundA critical evaluation of the exotic bird collection of the Šariš Museum in Bardejov, Slovakia
Mikula, P., Csanády, A., & Hromada, M. (2018) · ZooKeys · doi:10.3897/zookeys.776.24462 · Cited by 7
Rangel-Sánchez, L., Nava-Bolaños, Á., Palacino‐Rodríguez, F., et al. (2018) · Revista Mexicana de Biodiversidad · doi:10.22201/ib.20078706e.2018.3.2469 · Cited by 7
Living room conservation: a virtual way to engage participants in insect conservation
Clayborn, J., & Delamarre, A. (2019) · Rethinking Ecology · doi:10.3897/rethinkingecology.4.32763 · Cited by 7
“Subtle changes in the past have led to salient concerns in the present foreshadowing catastrophic failure in the future (Dirzo et al. 2014; Dakos and Bascompte 2014).”
Biodiversity Generation and Loss
Oliver, T. H. (2017) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/acrefore/9780199389414.013.96 · Cited by 7
Spillover of avian seed dispersers between secondary forests and degraded areas in a tropical island
Carvalho, R. B., Alves, K. J. F., & Pizo, M. A. (2023) · Acta Oecologica · doi:10.1016/j.actao.2023.103959 · Cited by 6
Chen, Z., Peng, K., Lv, X., Luo, G., Hu, Y., Li, D., Peng, B., & Ran, J. (2024) · Global Ecology and Conservation · doi:10.1016/j.gecco.2024.e02826 · Cited by 6
Disentangling Ecosystem Necromass Dynamics for Biodiversity Conservation
Barton, P. S., Schultz, N. L., Butterworth, N. J., Ulyshen, M. D., Mateo‐Tomás, P., & Newsome, T. M. (2024) · Ecosystems · doi:10.1007/s10021-024-00907-y · Cited by 6
Parasites in a Changing World: Troublesome or in Trouble?
Wood, C. L. (2024) · Annual Review of Animal Biosciences · doi:10.1146/annurev-animal-111523-102039 · Cited by 9
The impact of human disturbances on the regeneration layer of tropical rainforests
Arasa‐Gisbert, R., Arroyo‐Rodríguez, V., & Meave, J. A. (2024) · Environmental Research Letters · doi:10.1088/1748-9326/ad95a0 · Cited by 8
Vertebrate diversity and biomass along a recovery gradient in a lowland tropical forest
Grella, N., Pedersen, K., Blüthgen, N., Busse, A., Donoso, D. A., Falconí‐López, A., Fiderer, C., Heurich, M., la Hoz, M. C. D., Kriegel, P., et al. (2024) · Biotropica · doi:10.1111/btp.13417 · Cited by 9
“Compared to other biomes, vertebrate species have experienced the strongest population declines in tropical forests (Dirzo et al., 2014 ; Jenkins et al., 2013 ), which harbor 62% of global terrestrial vertebrate species (Pillay et al., 2022 ), making them a particularly vulnerable group (WWF,…”
The importance of peripheral populations in the face of novel environmental change
Hoff, S., Hoyt, J. R., Langwig, K. E., et al. (2025) · Proceedings of the Royal Society B Biological Sciences · doi:10.1098/rspb.2024.2331 · Cited by 6
Plath, E., Böhme, W., Fischer, D., Griebel, L., Jochims, K., Schreek, K., Thiem, C., & Fischer, K. (2025) · Insect Conservation and Diversity · doi:10.1111/icad.12815 · Cited by 6
“Although the worldwide loss of biodiversity is widely known, the biomass and species numbers of many organisms continue to decline drastically (Cardinale et al., 2012; Dirzo et al., 2014; Hallmann et al., 2017; Seibold et al., 2019).”
Pesticide contamination detected across five wildlife refuges in the Sacramento Valley of California
Lenard, A., Burns, T., Hladik, M. L., et al. (2025) · The Science of The Total Environment · doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2025.178991 · Cited by 6
Batista, G. D. S., Brocardo, C. R., Castro, A. B., Fogliatti, E. F., Galetti, M., Pires, M. M., & Fadini, R. F. (2025) · Global Ecology and Conservation · doi:10.1016/j.gecco.2025.e03522 · Cited by 6
Self-citationTemperature Drives Seagrass Recovery Across the Western North Atlantic
Smulders, F. O. H., Campbell, J. E., Altieri, A. H., Armitage, A. R., Bakker, E. S., Barry, S. C., Becker, S. T., Bethel, E., Douglass, J. G., van Duijnhoven, H. J., et al. (2025) · Global Change Biology · doi:10.1111/gcb.70172 · Cited by 6
The Effects of Illegal Wildlife Activities on Biodiversity in Few Selected African Countries
Goboro, E. M., Mbise, F. P., & Ngongolo, K. (2025) · African Journal of Ecology · doi:10.1111/aje.70055 · Cited by 9
Bellvé, A. M., Wilmshurst, J. M., Wood, J. R., Whitehead, E. A., Scofield, R. P., Worthy, T. H., Gaskin, C. P., & Perry, G. L. W. (2025) · Diversity and Distributions · doi:10.1111/ddi.70032 · Cited by 8
“Since the late Quaternary, terrestrial and marine faunas have experienced extinction rates well above the background, being some 100–1000× higher during the Anthropocene (de Vos et al. 2015; Dirzo et al. 2014; McCauley et al. 2015).”
Fuzessy, L., & Pizo, M. A. (2025) · Oikos · doi:10.1002/oik.11230 · Cited by 6
“This may be particularly important in disturbed or regenerating areas, which are usually dominated by small frugivores and small-sized fruits (Galetti et al. 2013, Dirzo et al. 2014), for which size matching with fruits is more critical (Moermond and Denslow 1985, Rey et al. 1997).”
Pu, Y., Zizka, A., & Onstein, R. E. (2025) · Ecology Letters · doi:10.1111/ele.70205 · Cited by 7
Bakker, E. S. (2017) · Journal of Ecology · doi:10.1111/1365-2745.12745 · Cited by 6
“Since the Late Pleistocene, human impact has increasingly resulted in defaunation, or human-caused animal loss, leading to largely impoverished vertebrate communities (Dirzo et al. 2014; McCauley et al. 2015).”
BackgroundAnimals, People, and Places in Displacement
White, B. T. (2020) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-47178-1_38 · Cited by 6
A metabarcoding framework for wild bee assessment in Luxembourg
Herrera‐Mesías, F., Jarboui, I. K. E., & Weigand, A. M. (2022) · Journal of Hymenoptera Research · doi:10.3897/jhr.94.84617 · Cited by 5
Vamvakas, M., Tytler, R., & White, P. (2023) · Frontiers in Education · doi:10.3389/feduc.2023.1100171 · Cited by 6
“Young people are facing a future characterized by major uncertainty and unexpected challenges, with the Anthropocene throwing up major disruptions through human induced climate change [Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), 2021], a sixth mass extinction (Dirzo et al., 2014), and widespread disease transmis…”
BackgroundSoto, E. F., Pozo, R. A., Díaz‐Siefer, P., et al. (2023) · Global Ecology and Conservation · doi:10.1016/j.gecco.2023.e02508 · Cited by 6
Gallegos, K. V. M., Navarrete‐Segueda, A., Cortés‐Flores, J., et al. (2023) · Botanical Sciences · doi:10.17129/botsci.3204 · Cited by 6
Primate population dynamics in Ngogo, Kibale National Park, Uganda, over nearly five decades
Chapman, C. A., Angedakin, S., Butynski, T. M., Gogarten, J. F., Mitani, J. C., & Struhsaker, T. T. (2023) · Primates · doi:10.1007/s10329-023-01087-4 · Cited by 6
“Human-created changes are having real impacts, with species extinction rates estimated to be ~ 1000 times above the rate that would have occurred without anthropogenic impacts (Ceballos et al. 2015; Dirzo et al. 2014; Pimm et al. 2014).”
BackgroundMahata, A., Naik, A., & Palita, S. K. (2024) · Biodiversity and Conservation · doi:10.1007/s10531-024-02798-w · Cited by 6
“In the past four decades, there has been a 35% reduction in the global abundance of Lepidoptera (butterflies and moths), as indicated by a recent study (Dirzo et al. 2014).”
Local people enhance our understanding of Afrotropical frugivory networks
Durand‐Bessart, C., Akomo-Okoue, E. F., Ella, G. W. E., Porcher, V., Essono, P.-Y. B., Bretagnolle, F., & Fontaine, C. (2024) · Current Biology · doi:10.1016/j.cub.2024.02.026 · Cited by 8
Yao, W., Huang, C., Zhao, J., Huang, R., Li, W., Fan, P., & Zhou, Q. (2024) · Ecology and Evolution · doi:10.1002/ece3.11269 · Cited by 6
Arya, A. K., Bachheti, A., Sethi, V. K., et al. (2024) · BMC Zoology · doi:10.1186/s40850-024-00199-8 · Cited by 6
Nolen, Z. J., Rundlöf, M., & Runemark, A. (2024) · Biological Conservation · doi:10.1016/j.biocon.2024.110694 · Cited by 9
First DNA Barcoding Survey in Bulgaria Unveiled Huge Diversity of Yeasts in Insects
Dimitrov, R., Gouliamova, D. E., Guéorguiev, B., et al. (2024) · Insects · doi:10.3390/insects15080566 · Cited by 6
“In various regions around the world, including Bulgaria, environmental and climate changes have led to a rapid decline in biodiversity [1].”
BackgroundHow do birds and ants contribute to the recruitment of a tropical tree?
Falcon, J. E. T., Schoereder, J. H., Ribeiro, V. S., et al. (2024) · Biotropica · doi:10.1111/btp.13372 · Cited by 6
“Given the ongoing global defaunation of vertebrate frugivores, the full functioning of ecosystems can also be compromised (Dirzo et al., 2014 ), potentially increasing the importance of invertebrates, such as ants, in providing ecosystem functions eventually lost due to local extinctions of…”
Figueroa, A., Chernyavskiy, P., Greenacre, M. J., Herrera, A., Cuni, L., Villate, J., Galetti, M., Liu, H., & Whitfield, S. M. (2024) · Ecology and Evolution · doi:10.1002/ece3.70585 · Cited by 6
“The pine rockland is the most biodiverse ecosystem in South Florida with over 430 native plant species and a multitude of large vertebrates that have largely been extirpated as a result of defaunation and urban development (Dirzo et al. 2014; Lodge 2017; Trotta et al. 2018; Figueroa et al. 2023).”
Self-citationHe, Q., Tian, S., Hua, J., Liu, Z., Liu, Y., Jin, T., & Xu, J. (2024) · Ecology and Evolution · doi:10.1002/ece3.70618 · Cited by 7
Dunskis, A., Stigenberg, J., Ågren, J., et al. (2024) · Ecological Solutions and Evidence · doi:10.1002/2688-8319.12401 · Cited by 6
dos Reis-Silva, F., Pizzigalli, C., Seck, S., et al. (2024) · Biotropica · doi:10.1111/btp.13416 · Cited by 6
“Land-use change underpins much of the biodiversity crisis that characterizes the Anthropocene (Dirzo et al., 2014 ; Newbold et al., 2015; Powers & Jetz, 2019 ).”
Multi-faceted decline of vertebrate diversity in an endemism zone of the Brazilian Amazon
Goebel, L. G. A., Bogoni, J. A., Longo, G. R., Palmeirim, A. F., Fermiano, E. C., da Silva, D. J., Ignácio, Á. R. A., & Filho, M. D. S. (2025) · Journal for Nature Conservation · doi:10.1016/j.jnc.2025.126842 · Cited by 7
Neonicotinoid insecticides can pose a severe threat to grassland plant bug communities
Sedlmeier, J. E., Graß, I., Bendalam, P., et al. (2025) · Communications Earth & Environment · doi:10.1038/s43247-025-02065-y · Cited by 6
“We are facing an unprecedented decline in biodiversity, which has been particularly evident for insects in recent years, with many studies showing global declines in insect biomass, abundance, and richness 1 – 5 .”
Cascini, M., Doyle, C., Mulcahy, A., McMaster, E. S., Dimon, R. J., Hogbin, P. M., van der Merwe, M. M., Yap, J. S., & Rossetto, M. (2025) · Biological Conservation · doi:10.1016/j.biocon.2025.111113 · Cited by 7
Global Tiger Density Linked With Forest Carbon Stock, Top‐Down and Bottom‐Up
Roberts, N. J., Harihar, A., Zhou, X., She, W., & Jiang, G. (2025) · Global Change Biology · doi:10.1111/gcb.70191 · Cited by 10
“…scientists and decision-makers, fervent interest exists in identifying and quantifying top-down ecosystem service values of wildlife (e.g., Dirzo et al. 2014; Hughes et al. 2024; Schmitz et al. 2023), especially in the context of eco-system carbon because of its role in climate change…”
Alien plants and novel ecosystems in the Greater Tropics
Mungi, N. A., Galetti, M., Ratnam, J., Chala, D., Sanín, M. J., & Svenning, J. (2025) · Nature Reviews Biodiversity · doi:10.1038/s44358-025-00068-3 · Cited by 8
“Defaunation is another major component of global change, affecting plant compositions 58,59 .”
Self-citationChanges in forest cover result in a shift in bird community composition
Corkery, I., Irwin, S., Quinn, J. L., Keating, U., Lusby, J., & O’Halloran, J. (2020) · Journal of Zoology · doi:10.1111/jzo.12757 · Cited by 7
“The composition of bird species within communities can change without systematic declines in species diversity (Dornelas et al., 2014).”
BackgroundChemnitz, J., von Hoermann, C., Ayasse, M., & Steiger, S. (2020) · Journal of Insect Science · doi:10.1093/jisesa/ieaa061 · Cited by 6
Araújo, J. F., Silva, F. A. B., & de Moura, R. D. C. (2020) · Check List · doi:10.15560/16.5.1289 · Cited by 6
Mismatches in prescribed fire awareness and implementation in Oklahoma, USA
Polo, J., Tanner, E. P., Scholtz, R., Fuhlendorf, S. D., RIPBERGER, J. T., Silva, C., Jenkins‐Smith, H. C., & Carlson, N. (2020) · Rangelands · doi:10.1016/j.rala.2020.09.002 · Cited by 6
Interactions Between Humans and Panamanian White-Faced Capuchin Monkeys (Cebus imitator)
Mansell, N. L., & McKinney, T. (2021) · International Journal of Primatology · doi:10.1007/s10764-021-00218-2 · Cited by 6
“Almost 60% of primate taxa are currently threatened with extinction (Estrada et al. 2017) and anthropogenic influences are the primary cause (Dirzo et al. 2014; Estrada et al. 2017).”
BackgroundChapter 8 Terrestrial CO2-Concentrating Mechanisms in a High CO2 World
Sage, R. F., & Stata, M. (2021) · Advances in photosynthesis and respiration · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-64926-5_8 · Cited by 5
Genetic diversity of the endangered Japanese golden eagle at neutral and functional loci
Naito‐Liederbach, A. M., Sato, Y., Nakajima, N., et al. (2021) · Ecological Research · doi:10.1111/1440-1703.12246 · Cited by 6
Pedraza, F., & Bascompte, J. (2021) · Proceedings of the Royal Society B Biological Sciences · doi:10.1098/rspb.2021.1291 · Cited by 6
y Leon, S. B., & Lindberg, J. C. H. (2022) · T.M.C. Asser Press eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-94-6265-495-2_13 · Cited by 6
“94 Dirzo et al. 2014.”
Gómez-Tolosa, M. D. L., González‐Soriano, E., Mendoza‐Cuenca, L., et al. (2022) · Environmental Science and Pollution Research · doi:10.1007/s11356-022-18815-w · Cited by 6
Drivers and consequences of structure in plant–lemur ecological networks
DeSisto, C. M. M., & Herrera, J. P. (2022) · Journal of Animal Ecology · doi:10.1111/1365-2656.13776 · Cited by 6
Rurik, A. J., Wilmoth, S. C., Dayton, K. E., et al. (2022) · Diversity · doi:10.3390/d14080655 · Cited by 6
Mammal and bird diversity in a system of protected areas in Argentina
Ontiveros, Y., Cappa, F. M., Andino, N., et al. (2022) · Biodiversity · doi:10.1080/14888386.2022.2099463 · Cited by 6
“This is one of the major current environmental issues, which threatens not only the continuity of natural systems but also that of their associated ecosystem services, and hence human welfare (Dirzo et al. 2014; Ceballos et al. 2015; Kass 2020).”
BackgroundMoyano, J., Essl, F., Heleno, R., et al. (2022) · Ecography · doi:10.1111/ecog.06423 · Cited by 6
The ATTAC guiding principles to openly and collaboratively share wildlife ecotoxicology data
Muñoz, C. C., Charles, S., McVey, E. A., & Vermeiren, P. (2022) · MethodsX · doi:10.1016/j.mex.2022.101987 · Cited by 6
“The contribution of environmental pollution to this ongoing defaunation, the process in which animal populations or species become extinct from ecological communities at global, local, or functional levels [24] , has also raised concerns at the international level [42] .”
BackgroundByerly, P. A., Chesser, R. T., Fleischer, R. C., et al. (2023) · Conservation Genetics · doi:10.1007/s10592-023-01505-6 · Cited by 6
“Human activities have led to habitat fragmentation and population declines across wildlife taxa (Dirzo et al. 2014; McCauley et al. 2015), both of which can alter historical connectivity patterns (Hess 1996) and lead to the isolation of populations.”
BackgroundWang, S., Sun, Y., Li, Z., Shu, Y., Feng, J., & Wang, T. (2023) · Biodiversity Science · doi:10.17520/biods.2022337 · Cited by 6
Ramón, M., Marco‐Herrero, E., Galimany, E., et al. (2023) · Diversity · doi:10.3390/d15050623 · Cited by 6
Xiaowei, J., Xianfu, Z., Xiaodong, 渠. Q., Renji, X., Shouliang, H., Wang, Y., Fusheng, W., & Wu, F. (2023) · Journal of Lake Sciences · doi:10.18307/2023.0300 · Cited by 7
Onditi, K. O., Song, W., Li, X., et al. (2023) · Ecological Indicators · doi:10.1016/j.ecolind.2023.110595 · Cited by 6
Anthropogenic Influence on Moth Populations: A Comparative Study in Southern Sweden
Franzén, M., Forsman, A., & Karimi, B. (2023) · Insects · doi:10.3390/insects14080702 · Cited by 6
Yan, J., Guo, X.-P., He, M., Niu, Z., Xu, M., Peng, B., Yang, Y., & Jin, Z. (2023) · The Science of The Total Environment · doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.168392 · Cited by 6
Cosmo, L. G., Acquaviva, J. N., Guimarães, P. R., et al. (2024) · Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B Biological Sciences · doi:10.1098/rstb.2023.0133 · Cited by 6
“Human activities are increasingly altering natural landscapes, causing habitat loss and fragmentation and the loss of species interactions [47–49].”
BackgroundFrank, M., Zaunbrecher, B. S., Himmel, S., & Ziefle, M. (2024) · Urban forestry & urban greening · doi:10.1016/j.ufug.2024.128426 · Cited by 8
Morante‐Filho, J. C., Cruz, C. D., Benchimol, M., de Almeida, F. V. S., & de Oliveira, R. A. (2024) · Ecological Applications · doi:10.1002/eap.3026 · Cited by 6
Hyodo, F., Kishimoto‐Yamada, K., Matsuoka, M., et al. (2016) · Food Webs · doi:10.1016/j.fooweb.2016.02.002 · Cited by 6
Abiem, I., Saha, S., Manu, S. A., et al. (2017) · African Journal of Ecology · doi:10.1111/aje.12433 · Cited by 6
Impacts of free‐ranging cats on invertebrates
Eisenhauer, N. (2018) · Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment · doi:10.1002/fee.1805 · Cited by 6
Conservation and restoration in peopled landscapes in Oceania: opportunities and challenges
Wittmer, H. U., Anton, V., Gruber, M. A. M., Ireland, L., Linklater, W. L., Russell, J. C., & Shanahan, D. F. (2018) · Pacific Conservation Biology · doi:10.1071/pc18072 · Cited by 7
The farmland refuge of the last Andalusian Buttonquail population
Gutiérrez‐Expósito, C., García-Gorria, R., Qninba, A., et al. (2019) · Global Ecology and Conservation · doi:10.1016/j.gecco.2019.e00590 · Cited by 6
Altitudinal limits of Eastern Himalayan birds are created by competition past and present
Surya, G., & Keitt, T. H. (2019) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0217549 · Cited by 6
Rodrigo, J. E. P. (2019) · Revista de Biología Tropical · doi:10.15517/rbt.v67i4.35862 · Cited by 6
“Nonetheless, introduced wild boars could also act as seed dispersers of some native plant species in areas where their regular seed dispersers have been extirpated (Dirzo et al., 2014) having thus potential positive effects for some plant populations.”
BackgroundBirck, T., Message, H. J., Baumgartner, G., et al. (2019) · Neotropical Ichthyology · doi:10.1590/1982-0224-20180116 · Cited by 6
Duthé, V., Défossez, E., van der Westhuizen, R., Glauser, G., & Rasmann, S. (2020) · Conservation Science and Practice · doi:10.1111/csp2.191 · Cited by 7
“…(e.g., primates, carnivores, and megaherbivores) (Biggs, Courchamp, Martin, & Possingham, 2013) has several consequences for respective ecosystems (Dirzo et al., 2014), including weakened community stability, modification of food-web dynamics (Landman, Schoeman, & Kerley, 2013; Owen-Smith,…”
BackgroundWalker, F. M., Upton, J. R., Sobek, C. J., et al. (2020) · Australian Mammalogy · doi:10.1071/am20012 · Cited by 6
Rapid defaunation of terrestrial mammals in a protected Neotropical cloud forest remnant
Hoskins, H., McCann, N., Jocqué, M., & Reid, N. (2020) · Journal for Nature Conservation · doi:10.1016/j.jnc.2020.125861 · Cited by 7
Davidová, M., & McMeel, D. (2020) · Proceedings of the International Conference on Computer-Aided Architectural Design Research in Asia · doi:10.52842/conf.caadria.2020.2.333 · Cited by 6
Moreto, W. D., Matusiak, M. C., Elligson, R. L., Johnson, M., & Baber, J. (2021) · International Journal of Comparative and Applied Criminal Justice · doi:10.1080/01924036.2021.1927123 · Cited by 7
“Contemporary trends suggest that global biodiversity is diminishing and extinction of both fauna and flora is increasing at an alarming rate (see Dirzo et al., 2014).”
BackgroundCapturing the value of biosurveillance “big data” through natural capital accounting
Castle, D. G. A., Hebert, P. D. N., Clare, E. L., Hogg, I. D., & Tremblay, C. (2021) · Big Earth Data · doi:10.1080/20964471.2021.1946290 · Cited by 7
Toward scoping reviews of individual bird species
McClure, C. J. W., Szymczycha, Z., Anderson, D. L., Aguiar‐Silva, F. H., Schulwitz, S. E., Dunn, L., Henderson, M. T., Camacho, L., González, J. D. J. V., Parish, C. N., et al. (2022) · Ibis · doi:10.1111/ibi.13051 · Cited by 6
Tsikopoulou, I., Dimitriou, P. D., Karakassis, I., et al. (2021) · Frontiers in Marine Science · doi:10.3389/fmars.2021.768051 · Cited by 6
Nasi, R. (2021) · Center for International Forestry Research (CIFOR) eBooks · doi:10.17528/cifor/008216 · Cited by 6
CACERÍA DE GUANACOS EN EL CHACO ÁRIDO (CÓRDOBA, ARGENTINA): UNA MIRADA DESDE LA ZOOARQUEOLOGÍA
Costa, T., Weihmüller, M. P., & Manzano-García, J. (2021) · Chungara · doi:10.4067/s0717-73562021005002502 · Cited by 6
Sustainable Land Management and Restoration in the Middle East and North Africa Region
Bank, W. (2019) · World Bank, Washington, DC eBooks · doi:10.1596/33037 · Cited by 9
ASSESSING ANT DIVERSITY IN AGROECOSYSTEMS: THE CASE OFITALIAN VINEYARDS OF THE ADIGE VALLEY
Giannetti, D., Schifani, E., Castracani, C., et al. (2021) · Redia · doi:10.19263/redia-104.21.11 · Cited by 6
Verma, A. (2022) · Asian Journal of Conservation Biology · doi:10.53562/ajcb.61599 · Cited by 6
Dubernard, A. M. D. C., Goulson, D., Solís‐Montero, L., et al. (2022) · Apidologie · doi:10.1007/s13592-022-00946-1 · Cited by 6
Fusco, D. A., McDowell, M. C., Medlin, G. C., & Prideaux, G. J. (2017) · Wildlife Research · doi:10.1071/wr16134 · Cited by 6
“However, biodiversity losses have escalated since the 15th century, following European exploitation and agricultural colonialism (Dirzo et al. 2014; Kidwell 2015).”
BackgroundInfluentialMesa‐Sierra, N., & Laborde, J. (2017) · Tropical Conservation Science · doi:10.1177/1940082917714228 · Cited by 6
“To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report of the absence of this crab from this study site and is also the first record of the defaunation (sensu Dirzo et al., 2014) of an invertebrate in a seasonally dry tropical forest (SDTF) having remarkable effects on its understory.”
BackgroundNeiber, M. T., Cianfanelli, S., Bartolini, F., & Glaubrecht, M. (2020) · Conservation Genetics · doi:10.1007/s10592-019-01241-w · Cited by 6
Metadata
- Authors
- Dirzo, R., Young, H. S., Galetti, M., Ceballos, G., Isaac, N. J. B., & Collen, B.
- Affiliations
- Stanford University (US)
- University of California, Santa Barbara (US)
- Universidade Estadual Paulista (Unesp) (BR)
- Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (MX)
- Natural Environment Research Council (GB)
- University College London (GB)
- Corresponding author
- Dirzo, Rodolfo
- Venue
- Science
- Published
- 2014-07-25
- Volume
- 345
- Issue
- 6195
- Pages
- 401-406
- ISSN
- 0036-8075 (ISSN-L)
- 1095-9203
- OpenAlex
- W2100135944
- Cited by
- 4,474
- References
- 164
- Citations by year
- 2026: 382 · 2025: 425 · 2024: 397 · 2023: 475 · 2022: 501 · 2021: 494 · 2020: 416 · 2019: 411 · 2018: 294 · 2017: 280 · 2016: 189 · 2015: 167 · 2014: 39
- FWCI
- 16.67
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- discovery.ucl.ac.uk
- Locations
- Science (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- UCL Discovery (University College London) (submittedVersion)
- Acervo Digital da Universidade Estadual Paulista (Universidade Estadual Paulista) (submittedVersion)
- UNESP Institutional Repository (São Paulo State University) (submittedVersion)
- Zenodo (CERN European Organization for Nuclear Research)
- Funders
- Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo
- Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico
- Natural Environment Research Council (CEH010010)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Nature and Landscape Conservation › Ecology and Vegetation Dynamics Studies
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Ecology › Wildlife Ecology and Conservation
- Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics › Plant and animal studies
- Keywords
- defaunation, biodiversity loss, species abundance decline, extinction, invertebrates, terrestrial vertebrates, sixth mass extinction, ecosystem functioning, Anthropocene
- MeSH terms
- Animals, Birds, Humans, Human Activities, Insecta, Invertebrates, Mammals, Pest Control, Population, Biodiversity, Extinction, Biological, Pollination, Endangered Species
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
A language model drew the claims from the paper on 2026-10-02, under version 3 of the claim definition (model deepseek-v4.1-flash, prompt extract-v3).
A second model labelled each claim on 2026-10-02 (model jev-1.13-20260917, definition revision gold-guideline-v0.2).
Cited sources are checked with a language model’s help (gpt-6-sol).
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
