The DOI matches its Crossref record; 164 of the 164 references it cites were found in a registry or an index; 6 of the 136 sources its claims cite were checked for support.
Defaunation in the Anthropocene
Open accessAbstract
We live amid a global wave of anthropogenically driven biodiversity loss: species and population extirpations and, critically, declines in local species abundance. Particularly, human impacts on animal biodiversity are an under-recognized form of global environmental change. Among terrestrial vertebrates, 322 species have become extinct since 1500, and populations of the remaining species show 25% average decline in abundance. Invertebrate patterns are equally dire: 67% of monitored populations show 45% mean abundance decline. Such animal declines will cascade onto ecosystem functioning and human well-being. Much remains unknown about this “Anthropocene defaunation”; these knowledge gaps hinder our capacity to predict and limit defaunation impacts. Clearly, however, defaunation is both a pervasive component of the planet’s sixth mass extinction and also a major driver of global ecological change.
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Claims the paper makes
6 of 136 cited sources checked · 5 supported · 0 flagged · accuracy not yet measured
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“Across vertebrates, 16% to 33% of all species are estimated to be globally threatened or endangered (17,18)”
§ Defaunation in the Anthropocene > Defaunation: a pervasive phenomenon
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [17] 17. IUCN, The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species <www.iucnredlist.org> (2013)
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Supportedcites [18] 18. M. Hoffmann et al., Science 330, 1503 (2010). source
The “Status, trends, and threats” section states that, accounting for uncertainty from Data Deficient species, between 16% and 33% of all vertebrate species are classified as Threatened. This directly supports the cited estimate. (LLM, conf=0.95)
Strength:hedged· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passes- Not matched
Every source the paper cites for this claim was checked and supports it.
In the paper
“The long-established major proximate drivers of wildlife population decline and extinction in terrestrial ecosystems, namely overexploitation, habitat destruction, and impacts from invasive species remain pervasive (18).”
§ Defaunation in the Anthropocene > Multiple, unaddressed drivers of defaunation
What the sources say
- Supportedcites [18] 18. M. Hoffmann et al., Science 330, 1503 (2010). source
The opening summary (p. 1503) identifies agricultural expansion, logging, overexploitation, and invasive alien species as main drivers of biodiversity loss among mammals, birds, and amphibians. The “Confronting threats” section adds that conservation has not yet offset any major driver of increased extinction risk. Agricultural expansion and logging substantiate the claim’s reference to habitat destruction. (LLM, conf=0.93)
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passes- Supported
The sources with a verdict support this claim; the rest weren’t checked yet, have no full text we could read, or their verdicts aren’t rated yet.
In the paper
“None of these major drivers have been effectively mitigated at the global scale (14,18).”
§ Defaunation in the Anthropocene > Multiple, unaddressed drivers of defaunation
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [14] 14. S. H. Butchart et al., Science 328, 1164 (2010). source
- Supportedcites [18] 18. M. Hoffmann et al., Science 330, 1503 (2010). source
In “Confronting threats” (page not supplied), the paper says that deteriorations outnumber improvements for every threat assessed and concludes that conservation has not yet offset any major driver of increased extinction risk. This supports the claim at the global scale, within the paper’s scope of vertebrate extinction risk. (LLM, conf=0.93)
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesThe cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“the effects of defaunation will be much less about the loss of absolute diversity than about local shifts in species compositions and functional groups within a community (80).”
§ Defaunation in the Anthropocene > Synthesis and ways forward
What the sources say
- Partly supportedcites [80] 80. M. Dornelas et al., Science 344, 296 (2014). sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Conclusions (page not available) describe the replacement of large herbivores by smaller mammals and arthropods, and the ‘Effects of large mammals on small mammals’ section reports changes in vegetation and consumer abundance. These support local shifts in the community, but the paper does not establish that such shifts matter more than losses of absolute diversity or make a general comparison of the two effects of defaunation. (LLM, conf=0.83)
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passes- Partly supported
Every source the paper cites for this claim was checked and supports it.
In the paper
“and few major human pathogens seem to fit the criteria that would make such a relationship pervasive (71).”
§ Defaunation in the Anthropocene > Water quality.
What the sources say
- Supportedcites [71] 71. C. L. Wood, K. D. Lafferty, G. DeLeo, H. S. Young, A. M. Kuris, Ecology 95, 817http://dx.doi.org/10.1890/13-1041.1 (2014). source
In “Predicting the Biodiversity–Disease Relationship” (page not available), the authors project that biodiversity would reduce the prevalence of only 12% of the infectious disease species they assessed. They conclude that negative biodiversity–disease relationships may be relatively uncommon, supporting the citing sentence’s hedged claim. Their assessment covers common pathogenic human protozoan and metazoan parasites, not viruses or bacteria. (LLM, conf=0.90)
Strength:hedged· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passes- Supported
Every source the paper cites for this claim was checked and supports it.
In the paper
“However, the impacts of defaunation on disease are far from straightforward (71)”
§ Defaunation in the Anthropocene > Water quality.
What the sources say
- Supportedcites [71] 71. C. L. Wood, K. D. Lafferty, G. DeLeo, H. S. Young, A. M. Kuris, Ecology 95, 817http://dx.doi.org/10.1890/13-1041.1 (2014). source
The Introduction says that biodiversity loss is likely to produce both “winners and losers” among parasites. “Where Do We Go From Here?” adds that the biodiversity–disease relationship may be nonlinear and either positive or negative. These passages support the claim that the disease effects of defaunation are not straightforward; page numbers were not provided. (LLM, conf=0.92)
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passes- Supported
None of the sources cited for this claim could be matched to a paper in Crossref, so there is nothing to check it against.
In the paper
“Of a conservatively estimated 5-9 million animal species on the planet, we are likely losing ~11,000 to 58,000 species annually (15,16).”
§ Defaunation in the Anthropocene > Defaunation: a pervasive phenomenon
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [15] 15. C. Mora, A. Rollo, D. P. Tittensor, Science 493, 295 (2013).
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not matchedcites [16] 16. B. R. Scheffers, L. N. Joppa, S. L. Pimm, W. F. Laurance, Trends Ecol. Evol. 27, 501 (2012).
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
Strength:hedged· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passes- Not matched
In the paper
“with populations of many iconic species such as elephant (Fig S1B) rapidly declining towards extinction (19).”
§ Defaunation in the Anthropocene > Defaunation: a pervasive phenomenon
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [19] 19. Materials and methods are available in the Supplementary Materials.
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passes- Not matched
None of the sources cited for this claim could be matched to a paper in Crossref, so there is nothing to check it against.
In the paper
“Among terrestrial vertebrates 322 species have become extinct since 1500, while populations of the remaining species show 25% average decline in abundance.”
- Also stated in: § Defaunation: a pervasive phenomenon · plain
“Across vertebrates, 16% to 33% of all species are estimated to be globally threatened or endangered (17,18), and at least 322 vertebrate species have become extinct since 1500 (a date representative of onset of the recent wave of extinction, as formal definition of the start of the Anthropocene still being debated) (17,19,20) (Table S1).”
§ Defaunation in the Anthropocene > Abstract
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [17] 17. IUCN, The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species <www.iucnredlist.org> (2013)
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not matchedcites [19] 19. Materials and methods are available in the Supplementary Materials.
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not matchedcites [20] 20. G. Ceballos, A. García, P. R. Ehrlich, J. Cosmol. 8, 1821 (2010).
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passes- Rests on an assumption: The year 1500 is a representative starting point for the recent wave of extinction.
- Also stated in: § Defaunation: a pervasive phenomenon · plain
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Invertebrate patterns are equally dire: 67% of monitored populations show 45% mean abundance decline.”
§ Defaunation in the Anthropocene > Abstract
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes? Based: unclear
- It may state two separate claims as one. 24
- Probably not a substantial claim. 8
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In our evaluation of mammals (1437 species) and birds (4263 species), the number of species per 10,000 km 2 in decline (IUCN population status “decreasing”) varied across regions from a few to 75 in mammals and 125 in birds (Fig 2), with highest numbers in tropical regions.”
§ Defaunation in the Anthropocene > Patterns of defaunation
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Of all insects with IUCN documented population trends, 33% are declining, with strong variation among Orders 19).”
§ Defaunation in the Anthropocene > Synthesis and ways forward
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [19] 19. Materials and methods are available in the Supplementary Materials.
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
In the paper
“counts of threatened species do not necessarily translate into extinction risk, much less ecological impact (13).”
§ Defaunation in the Anthropocene > Abstract
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [13] 13. A. Ø. Mooers, D. P. Faith, W. P. Maddison, PloS one 3, e3700 (2008).
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“These extinctions altered ecosystem processes and disturbance regimes at continental scales, triggering cascades of extinction thought to still reverberate today (3,4).”
§ Defaunation in the Anthropocene > Abstract
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [3] 3. C. E. Doughty, A. Wolf, Y. Malhi, Nat. Geosci. 6, 761 (2013).
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [4] 4. J. L. Gill et al., Science 326, 1100 (2009). source
Strength:hedged· not yet calibratedCausal:conditional· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
In the paper
“Similar to other mass extinction events, the effects of this”
§ Defaunation in the Anthropocene > Abstract
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [2] 2. M. Cardillo et al., P. Roy. Soc. Lond. B. Bio. 275, 1441 (2008).
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:direct· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Clearly, however, defaunation is both a pervasive component of the planet's sixth mass extinction, and also a major driver of global ecological change.”
§ Defaunation in the Anthropocene > Abstract
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Much remains unknown about this”
§ Defaunation in the Anthropocene > Abstract
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Loss of invertebrate biodiversity has received much less attention and data are extremely limited.”
§ Defaunation in the Anthropocene > Defaunation: a pervasive phenomenon
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“We live amidst a global wave of anthropogenically driven biodiversity loss: species and population extirpations and, critically, declines in local species abundance.”
§ Defaunation in the Anthropocene > Abstract
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“some animal species are able to persist in highly modified habitats”
§ Defaunation in the Anthropocene > Abstract
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✗ Based: failsProbably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
In the paper
“Moreover, several newer threats have recently emerged, most notably anthropogenic climate disruption, which will likely soon compete with habitat loss as the most important driver of defaunation (44).”
§ Defaunation in the Anthropocene > Multiple, unaddressed drivers of defaunation
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [44] 44. O. E. Sala et al., Science 287, 1770 (2000). source
Strength:hedged· not yet calibratedCausal:conditional· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“While most declining species are affected by multiple stressors, we still have a poor understanding of the complex ways in which these drivers interact, and of feedback loops that may exist (7,11).”
§ Defaunation in the Anthropocene > Multiple, unaddressed drivers of defaunation
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [7] 7. A. D. Barnosky et al., Nature 486, 52 (2012). source
- Not matchedcites [11] 11. B. W. Brook, N. S. Sodhi, C. J. Bradshaw, Trends Ecol. Evol. 23, 453 (2008).
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“While defaunation is a global pattern, geographic distribution patterns are also decidedly non-random (28).”
§ Defaunation in the Anthropocene > Patterns of defaunation
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [28] 28. S. Pimm et al., Science 344, 1246752 (2014). source
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:correlational· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim could be matched to a paper in Crossref, so there is nothing to check it against.
In the paper
“However, increasingly sophisticated approaches help to predict which species are likely to be at risk, and to map latent extinction risk (38), holding great promise both for managing defaunation and identifying likely patterns of ecological impact (39).”
§ Defaunation in the Anthropocene > Patterns of defaunation
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [38] 38. M. Cardillo, G. M. Mace, J. L. Gittleman, A. Purvis, P. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 103, 4157 (2006).
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not matchedcites [39] 39. H. Hillebrand, B. Matthiessen, Ecol. Lett. 12, 1405 (2009).
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:correlational· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
In the paper
“For instance, among vertebrates, more amphibians (41%) are currently considered threatened than birds (17%), with mammals and reptiles experiencing intermediate threat levels (27).”
§ Defaunation in the Anthropocene > Patterns of defaunation
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [27] 27. J. Schipper et al., Science 322, 225 (2008). source
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“However, these 'extinction models' have made little impact on conservation management, in part because trait correlations are often idiosyncratic and context dependent (31).”
§ Defaunation in the Anthropocene > Patterns of defaunation
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [31] 31. M. Cardillo, E. Meijaard, Trends Ecol. Evol. 27, 167 (2012).
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:direct· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Ironically, the cryptic nature of defaunation has strong potential to soon become very non-cryptic, rivaling the impact of many other forms of global change in terms of loss of ecosystem services essential for human well-being.”
§ Defaunation in the Anthropocene > Synthesis and ways forward
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✗ Checkable: fails✓ Load-bearing: passes✗ Based: failsProbably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“we need to focus on predicting the systematic patterns of winners and losers in the Anthropocene and identify the traits that characterize them, as this will provide information on the patterns and the links to function that we can then act upon.”
§ Defaunation in the Anthropocene > Synthesis and ways forward
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✗ Checkable: fails✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“we emphasize that defaunation is about much more than species loss.”
§ Defaunation in the Anthropocene > Synthesis and ways forward
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✗ Checkable: fails✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“However, most efforts to quantify this relationship have focused largely on effects of reduced producer diversity, which may typically have much lower functional impacts than does consumer loss (49,50).”
§ Defaunation in the Anthropocene > Consequences of defaunation
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [49] 49. J. Reiss, J. R. Bridle, J. M. Montoya, G. Woodward, Trends Ecol. Evol. 24, 505 (2009).
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [50] 50. B. J. Cardinale et al., Nature 486, 59 (2012). source
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Ongoing declines in populations of animals such as nematodes, beetles, or bats, are considerably less evident to humans”
§ Defaunation in the Anthropocene > Synthesis and ways forward
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✗ Checkable: fails✓ Load-bearing: passes✗ Based: failsProbably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Ultimately, both reduced and more evenly distributed global resource consumption will be necessary to sustainably change ongoing trends in defaunation and, hopefully, eventually open the door to refaunation.”
§ Defaunation in the Anthropocene > Synthesis and ways forward
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✗ Checkable: fails✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. It may state two separate claims as one.
- Rests on an assumption: Continued human population growth and increasingly uneven per-capita consumption ultimately drive all these threats.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“yet arguably are more functionally important”
§ Defaunation in the Anthropocene > Synthesis and ways forward
Load-bearingStrength:hedged· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✗ Checkable: fails✓ Load-bearing: passes✗ Based: failsProbably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
In the paper
“One recent study in Madagascar suggested that loss of wildlife as a food source will increase anemia by 30%, leading to increased mortality, morbidity and learning difficulties (66).”
§ Defaunation in the Anthropocene > Water quality.
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [66] 66. C. D. Golden et al., P. Natl. Acad. Sci. 108, 19653 (2011).
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
Strength:hedged· not yet calibratedCausal:direct· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
- Rests on an assumption: In many parts of the world, wild animal food sources are a critical part of the diet, particularly for the poor.
- Not matched
In the paper
“Insect pollination, needed for 75% of all the world's food crops, is estimated to be worth ~10% of the economic value of the world's entire food supply (52).”
§ Defaunation in the Anthropocene > Impacts on ecosystem functions and services
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [52] 52. N. Gallai, J.-M. Salles, J. Settele, B. E. Vaissière, Ecological Economics 68, 810 (2009).
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
Strength:hedged· not yet calibratedCausal:direct· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
In the paper
“Similarly, declines in bird pollinators in New Zealand led to strong pollen limitation, ultimately reducing seed production and population regeneration (55) (Fig 5H).”
§ Defaunation in the Anthropocene > Impacts on ecosystem functions and services
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [55] 55. S. H. Anderson et al., Science 331, 1068 (2011). source
Strength:boosted· not yet calibratedCausal:direct· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“This review indicates that a widespread and pervasive defaunation crisis, with farreaching consequences, is upon us.”
§ Defaunation in the Anthropocene > Synthesis and ways forward
Load-bearingStrength:hedged· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Large animals, including ungulates, hippos, and crocodiles, prevent formation of anoxic zones through agitation and affect water movement through trampling (64).”
§ Defaunation in the Anthropocene > Water quality.
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [64] 64. J. P. Wright, C. G. Jones, A. S. Flecker, Oecologia 132, 96 (2002).
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:direct· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
In the paper
“For instance, global declines in amphibian populations increase algae and fine detritus biomass, reduce nitrogen uptake, and greatly reduce whole stream respiration (Fig 5E; (63)).”
§ Defaunation in the Anthropocene > Water quality.
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [63] 63. M. Whiles et al., Ecosystems 16, 146 (2013). source
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:direct· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Large wildlife removal also causes major effects on ecosystem functions and services (Panel D), including changes to fire intensity (Fi); cattle production in both dry (C-D) and wet seasons (C-W); disease prevalence (D); infectivity of arbuscular mycorrhizae fungi (AMF); photosynthetic rates (Ph); and transpiration rates (TR).”
§ Defaunation in the Anthropocene > Synthesis and ways forward
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [81] 81. F. Keesing, T. P. Young, Bioscience 64, 487 (2014).
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
The paper relies on this without support.
The year 1500 is a representative starting point for the recent wave of extinction.
“(a date representative of onset of the recent wave of extinction, as formal definition of the start of the Anthropocene still being debated)”
The paper relies on this without support.
In many parts of the world, wild animal food sources are a critical part of the diet, particularly for the poor.
“In many parts of the world, wild animal food sources are a critical part of the diet, particularly for the poor.”
The paper relies on this without support.
The indirect evolutionary effects of defaunation on species not directly impacted by human defaunation are still poorly studied.
“Still poorly studied are the indirect evolutionary effects of defaunation on other species, not directly impacted by human defaunation.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Arthropod pests are responsible for 8-15% of the losses in most major food crops.
“For example, arthropod pests are responsible for 8-15% of the losses in most major food crops.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Continued human population growth and increasingly uneven per-capita consumption ultimately drive all these threats.
“continued human population growth and increasingly uneven per-capita consumption, which ultimately drive all these threats”
Claims other papers make about this one
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“the literature reflects broad agreement among environmental scientists that biases lead to underestimating the number of species that have gone extinct in the past few centuries”
From Accelerated modern human–induced species losses: Entering the sixth mass extinction (2015) · cites this paper as [8]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“Hundreds of species and myriad populations are being driven to extinction every year (1–8).”
From Biological annihilation via the ongoing sixth mass extinction signaled by vertebrate population losses and declines (2017) · cites this paper as [2]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“A growing body of evidence indicates that current species extinction rates are higher than the pre-human background rate (8–15)”
From Accelerated modern human–induced species losses: Entering the sixth mass extinction (2015) · cites this paper as [8]
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“This suggests that, even if there was not ample sign that the crisis extends far beyond that group of animals, today’s planetary defaunation of vertebrates will itself promote cascading catastrophic effects on ecosystems, worsening the annihilation of nature (2, 3, 46).”
From Biological annihilation via the ongoing sixth mass extinction signaled by vertebrate population losses and declines (2017) · cites this paper as [2]
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“In sum, by losing populations (and species) of vertebrates, we are losing intricate ecological networks involving animals, plants, and microorganisms (e.g., refs. 2, 8, 18, 45, 46).”
From Biological annihilation via the ongoing sixth mass extinction signaled by vertebrate population losses and declines (2017) · cites this paper as [2]
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“However, given that such medium and large species are the most seriously threatened by the predominant proximate drivers of defaunation (2, 3), the likely bias against small-sized species should not affect our overall interpretation of results.”
From Biological annihilation via the ongoing sixth mass extinction signaled by vertebrate population losses and declines (2017) · cites this paper as [2]
In the citing paper
“Fourth, species at the brink have been pushed to a critical conservation status because of human activities, where habitat loss and fragmentation, illegal trade, overexploitation, introduced domestic and wild species, toxification, and pollution have played a major role (10, 13–15, 30, 46, 52, 53).”
From Vertebrates on the brink as indicators of biological annihilation and the sixth mass extinction (2020) · cites this paper as [14]
In the citing paper
“They occur mostly in heavily populated regions such as tropical Asia, where major ongoing biodiversity losses are well known (10, 13–15, 30, 46, 52, 53).”
From Vertebrates on the brink as indicators of biological annihilation and the sixth mass extinction (2020) · cites this paper as [14]
In the citing paper
“More recently, climate disruption is becoming a major cause of species endangerment (10, 11, 14–17).”
From Vertebrates on the brink as indicators of biological annihilation and the sixth mass extinction (2020) · cites this paper as [14]
In the citing paper
“Thus, moving onto the brink is an important part of the process of defaunation (14).”
From Vertebrates on the brink as indicators of biological annihilation and the sixth mass extinction (2020) · cites this paper as [14]
In the citing paper
“However, the number of studies on insect trends with sufficient replication and spatial coverage are limited [10, 23–25] and restricted to certain well-studied taxa.”
From More than 75 percent decline over 27 years in total flying insect biomass in protected areas (2017) · cites this paper as [24]
In the citing paper
“Many top predators are both overexploited and strong controllers of nutrient cycling, water quality and other ecosystem services9,77,80–82.”
From Linking the influence and dependence of people on biodiversity across scales (2017) · cites this paper as [82]
In the citing paper
“Increasingly, the simple theoretical prediction that fragmentation reduces species richness is being modified to account for species identity through models that focus on how species vary in their traits (4, 21, 36, 48, 57, 58).”
From Habitat fragmentation and its lasting impact on Earth’s ecosystems (2015) · cites this paper as [58]
In the citing paper
“Most forms of global change known to reduce population sizes and biodiversity will be exacerbated by fragmentation (58, 60), including climate change (61), invasive species (62, 63), hunting (64), pollution [including light, noise, and chemicals (65)], and altered disturbance regimes (66).”
From Habitat fragmentation and its lasting impact on Earth’s ecosystems (2015) · cites this paper as [58]
Citations
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Self-citationHas the Earth’s sixth mass extinction already arrived?
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The biodiversity of species and their rates of extinction, distribution, and protection
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Global patterns and trends in human–wildlife conflict compensation
Ravenelle, J. P., & Nyhus, P. J. (2017) · Conservation Biology · doi:10.1111/cobi.12948 · Cited by 304
“Human–wildlife conflict is an important conservation challenge because livestock predation, crop and property damage, and threats to human safety frequently trigger retaliatory killing of wildlife (Woodroffe et al. 2005; Dirzo et al. 2014; Ripple et al. 2014; Ripple et al. 2015; Nyhus 2016).”
BackgroundAn empirical evaluation of camera trap study design: How many, how long and when?
Kays, R., Arbogast, B. S., Baker-Whatton, M. C., et al. (2020) · Methods in Ecology and Evolution · doi:10.1111/2041-210x.13370 · Cited by 279
“Monitoring wildlife populations is more important than ever, given the imperiled status of many species around the world, and the rapid changes to the earth's climate and landcover (Dirzo et al., 2014).”
BackgroundThe threat of invasive species to IUCN-listed critically endangered species: A systematic review
Duenas, M. A., Hemming, D. J., Roberts, A., & Díaz-Soltero, H. (2021) · Global Ecology and Conservation · doi:10.1016/j.gecco.2021.e01476 · Cited by 258
“Current and projected rates for the extinction of species exceed normal geological background rates by several orders of magnitude, and are considered to constitute the ongoing sixth major extinction event (e.g. Barnosky et al., 2011; Dirzo et al., 2014; Ceballos et al., 2017).”
BackgroundBiodiversity and human well-being: an essential link for sustainable development
Naeem, S., Chazdon, R. L., Duffy, J. E., Prager, C. M., & Worm, B. (2016) · Proceedings of the Royal Society B Biological Sciences · doi:10.1098/rspb.2016.2091 · Cited by 319
Roles of Raptors in a Changing World: From Flagships to Providers of Key Ecosystem Services
Donázar, J. A., Cortés‐Avizanda, A., Fargallo, J. A., Margalida, A., Moleón, M., Morales‐Reyes, Z., Moreno‐Opo, R., Pérez‐García, J. M., Sánchez‐Zapata, J. A., Zuberogoitia, Í., et al. (2016) · Ardeola · doi:10.13157/arla.63.1.2016.rp8 · Cited by 275
“The rampant humanization of the planet following the industrial revolution has led to a new epoch, the “anthropocene”, which involves the rapid disappearance of species, the so-called “sixth extinction” (Barnosky et al., 2011; Dirzo et al., 2014).”
BackgroundPolicy design for the Anthropocene
Sterner, T., Barbier, E. B., Bateman, I., van den Bijgaart, I., Crépin, A.-S., Edenhofer, O., Fischer, C., Habla, W., Hassler, J., Johansson-Stenman, O., et al. (2019) · Nature Sustainability · doi:10.1038/s41893-018-0194-x · Cited by 271
Challenges and Opportunities for Soil Biodiversity in the Anthropocene
Geisen, S., Wall, D. H., & van der Putten, W. H. (2019) · Current Biology · doi:10.1016/j.cub.2019.08.007 · Cited by 294
Is the insect apocalypse upon us? How to find out
Montgomery, G. A., Dunn, R., Fox, R., Jongejans, E., Leather, S., Saunders, M. E., Shortall, C., Tingley, M., & Wagner, D. L. (2020) · Biological Conservation · doi:10.1016/j.biocon.2019.108327 · Cited by 245
Conserving Africa’s wildlife and wildlands through the COVID-19 crisis and beyond
Lindsey, P. A., Allan, J. R., Brehony, P., Dickman, A., Robson, A., Begg, C. M., Bhammar, H., Blanken, L. J., Breuer, T., Fitzgerald, K., et al. (2020) · Nature Ecology & Evolution · doi:10.1038/s41559-020-1275-6 · Cited by 284
Monitoring biodiversity in the Anthropocene using remote sensing in species distribution models
Randin, C. F., Ashcroft, M. B., Bolliger, J., Cavender-Bares, J. M., Coops, N. C., Dullinger, S., Dirnböck, T., Eckert, S., Ellis, E. C., Fernández, N., et al. (2020) · Remote Sensing of Environment · doi:10.1016/j.rse.2019.111626 · Cited by 264
Collapse of a desert bird community over the past century driven by climate change
Iknayan, K. J., & Beissinger, S. R. (2018) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.1805123115 · Cited by 274
“Data used to document declining wildlife populations typically trace to the 1960s or 1970s (3, 47).”
BackgroundWhen Do Ecosystem Services Depend on Rare Species?
Dee, L. E., Cowles, J., Isbell, F., Pau, S., Gaines, S. D., & Reich, P. B. (2019) · Trends in Ecology & Evolution · doi:10.1016/j.tree.2019.03.010 · Cited by 286
ForestGEO: Understanding forest diversity and dynamics through a global observatory network
Davies, S. J., Abiem, I., Salim, K. A., Aguilar, S., Allen, D. N., Alonso, A., Anderson‐Teixeira, K. J., Andrade, A. C., Arellano, G., ASHTON, P. S., et al. (2020) · Biological Conservation · doi:10.1016/j.biocon.2020.108907 · Cited by 271
Biodiversity enhances reef fish biomass and resistance to climate change
Duffy, J. E., Lefcheck, J. S., Stuart‐Smith, R. D., Navarrete, S. A., & Edgar, G. J. (2016) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.1524465113 · Cited by 281
“Biodiversity is declining on average at marine sites impacted by human activity (15), and is decreasing globally at rates orders-of-magnitude above historical background levels (6, 16), with some suggesting that biodiversity loss is already approaching a planetary tipping point beyond which ecosystems may be irreparab…”
BackgroundA balance of winners and losers in the Anthropocene
Dornelas, M., Gotelli, N. J., Shimadzu, H., Moyes, F., Magurran, A. E., & McGill, B. J. (2019) · Ecology Letters · doi:10.1111/ele.13242 · Cited by 262
“Although assemblage-level data have so far not provided evidence for widespread declines in biodiversity, they have revealed a strong signal of change in species composition through time (Dornelas et al. 2014).”
BackgroundResultInfluentialEcological selectivity of the emerging mass extinction in the oceans
Payne, J. L., Bush, A. M., Heim, N. A., Knope, M. L., & McCauley, D. J. (2016) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.aaf2416 · Cited by 256
Quantifying Temporal Genomic Erosion in Endangered Species
Díez-del-Molino, D., Sánchez-Barreiro, F., Barnes, I., Gilbert, M. T. P., & Dalén, L. (2018) · Trends in Ecology & Evolution · doi:10.1016/j.tree.2017.12.002 · Cited by 258
Quantifying Biodiversity Losses Due to Human Consumption: A Global-Scale Footprint Analysis
Wilting, H. C., Schipper, A. M., Bakkenes, M., Meijer, J. R., & Huijbregts, M. A. J. (2017) · Environmental Science & Technology · doi:10.1021/acs.est.6b05296 · Cited by 283
Multiple plant diversity components drive consumer communities across ecosystems
Schuldt, A., Ebeling, A., Kunz, M., Staab, M., Guimarães‐Steinicke, C. R., Bachmann, D., Buchmann, N., Durka, W., Fichtner, A., Fornoff, F., et al. (2019) · Nature Communications · doi:10.1038/s41467-019-09448-8 · Cited by 251
McRae, L., Deinet, S., & Freeman, R. (2017) · PLOS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0169156 · Cited by 236
Food habits of the world's grey wolves
Newsome, T. M., Boitani, L., Chapron, G., Ciucci, P., Dickman, C. R., Dellinger, J. A., López‐Bao, J. V., Peterson, R. O., Shores, C. R., Wirsing, A. J., et al. (2016) · Mammal Review · doi:10.1111/mam.12067 · Cited by 256
“Humans have triggered waves of animal extinctions and driven biodiversity loss and declines that are comparable to previous mass extinction events during Earth’s history (Barnosky et al. 2011, Dirzo et al. 2014, Ceballos et al. 2015).”
BackgroundSaving the World's Terrestrial Megafauna
Ripple, W. J., Chapron, G., López‐Bao, J. V., Durant, S. M., Macdonald, D. W., Lindsey, P. A., Bennett, E. L., Beschta, R. L., Bruskotter, J. T., Campos‐Arceiz, A., et al. (2016) · BioScience · doi:10.1093/biosci/biw092 · Cited by 256
“http://bioscience.oxfordjournals.org October 2016 / Vol. 66 No. 10 • BioScience 807”
Self-citationButterfly abundance declines over 20 years of systematic monitoring in Ohio, USA
Wepprich, T., Adrion, J. R., Ries, L., Wiedmann, J. L., & Haddad, N. M. (2019) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0216270 · Cited by 251
Impacts of large herbivores on terrestrial ecosystems
Pringle, R. M., Abraham, J. O., Anderson, T. M., Coverdale, T. C., Davies, A. B., Dutton, C. L., Gaylard, A., Goheen, J. R., Holdø, R. M., Hutchinson, M. C., et al. (2023) · Current Biology · doi:10.1016/j.cub.2023.04.024 · Cited by 271
“Figure created using BioRender.com. has produced many exciting discoveries and spawned a wealth of reviews, meta-analyses, and models 40–55 .”
BackgroundMethodWagner, D. L., Fox, R., Salcido, D. M., & Dyer, L. A. (2021) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.2002549117 · Cited by 264
Insect Odorscapes: From Plant Volatiles to Natural Olfactory Scenes
Conchou, L., Lucas, P., Meslin, C., Proffit, M., Staudt, M., & Renou, M. (2019) · Frontiers in Physiology · doi:10.3389/fphys.2019.00972 · Cited by 245
“Monitoring the odorscape composition could also serve as a reliable indicator of ecosystem quality and of biodiversity levels, a major concern in times of diminution of insect populations (Dirzo et al., 2014).”
BackgroundSutherland, W. J., Taylor, N. G., MacFarlane, D., Amano, T., Christie, A. P., Dicks, L. V., Lemasson, A. J., Littlewood, N. A., Martin, P. A., Ockendon, N., et al. (2019) · Biological Conservation · doi:10.1016/j.biocon.2019.108199 · Cited by 250
Erosion of global functional diversity across the tree of life
Carmona, C. P., Tamme, R., Pärtel, M., de Bello, F., Brosse, S., Capdevila, P., González‐M., R., González‐Suárez, M., Salguero‐Gómez, R., Vásquez‐Valderrama, M., et al. (2021) · Science Advances · doi:10.1126/sciadv.abf2675 · Cited by 265
“5 of 12 recent past because of extinctions in the last millennia (30, 31).”
BackgroundEdible insects as a food source: a review
Tang, C., Yang, D., Liao, H., Sun, H., Liu, C., Wei, L., & Li, F. (2019) · Food Production Processing and Nutrition · doi:10.1186/s43014-019-0008-1 · Cited by 247
Using the IUCN Red List to map threats to terrestrial vertebrates at global scale
Harfoot, M., Johnston, A., Balmford, A. P., Burgess, N. D., Butchart, S. H. M., Dias, M. P., Hazin, C., Hilton‐Taylor, C., Hoffmann, M., Isaac, N. J. B., et al. (2021) · Nature Ecology & Evolution · doi:10.1038/s41559-021-01542-9 · Cited by 249
Self-citationGuénard, B., Weiser, M. D., Gómez, K., Narula, N., & Economo, E. P. (2017) · The HKU Scholars Hub (University of Hong Kong) · doi:10.25849/myrmecol.news_024:083 · Cited by 239
Environmental DNA Time Series in Ecology
Bálint, M., Pfenninger, M., Grossart, H., Taberlet, P., Vellend, M., Leibold, M. A., Englund, G., & Bowler, D. E. (2018) · Trends in Ecology & Evolution · doi:10.1016/j.tree.2018.09.003 · Cited by 232
Nickel, B. A., Suraci, J. P., Allen, M. L., & Wilmers, C. C. (2019) · Biological Conservation · doi:10.1016/j.biocon.2019.108383 · Cited by 225
Thomsen, P. F., & Sigsgaard, E. E. (2019) · Ecology and Evolution · doi:10.1002/ece3.4809 · Cited by 234
Beaudrot, L. H., Ahumada, J., O’Brien, T. G., Álvarez-Loayza, P., Boekee, K., Campos‐Arceiz, A., Eichberg, D., Espinosa, S., Fegraus, E., Fletcher, C. D., et al. (2016) · PLoS Biology · doi:10.1371/journal.pbio.1002357 · Cited by 235
Historic and prehistoric human-driven extinctions have reshaped global mammal diversity patterns
Faurby, S., & Svenning, J.-C. (2015) · Diversity and Distributions · doi:10.1111/ddi.12369 · Cited by 226
“The results of the present study exemplify the Anthropocene (Crutzen, 2002), a human-dominated epoch in which few biological patterns and processes are not substantially modified by humans (Dirzo et al., 2014; Helmus et al., 2014).”
ResultWarfare and wildlife declines in Africa’s protected areas
Daskin, J. H., & Pringle, R. M. (2018) · Nature · doi:10.1038/nature25194 · Cited by 233
Human impact erodes chimpanzee behavioral diversity
Kühl, H. S., Boesch, C., Kulik, L., Haas, F., Arandjelovic, M., Dieguez, P., Bocksberger, G., McElreath, M. B., Agbor, A., Angedakin, S., et al. (2019) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.aau4532 · Cited by 215
Widespread Forest Vertebrate Extinctions Induced by a Mega Hydroelectric Dam in Lowland Amazonia
Benchimol, M., & Peres, C. A. (2015) · PLOS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0129818 · Cited by 212
Bubac, C. M., Johnson, A. C., Fox, J. A., et al. (2019) · Biological Conservation · doi:10.1016/j.biocon.2019.108239 · Cited by 212
Introduced Species, Disease Ecology, and Biodiversity–Disease Relationships
Young, H. S., Parker, I. M., Gilbert, G. S., Guerra, A. S., & Nunn, C. L. (2016) · Trends in Ecology & Evolution · doi:10.1016/j.tree.2016.09.008 · Cited by 221
“Global Change, Diversity and Disease Anthropogenic disturbances are driving catastrophic rates of species decline and extinction [1].”
BackgroundSelf-citationSynzoochory: the ecological and evolutionary relevance of a dual interaction
Gómez, J. M., Schupp, E. W., & Jordano, P. (2018) · Biological reviews/Biological reviews of the Cambridge Philosophical Society · doi:10.1111/brv.12481 · Cited by 215
“…affected by drivers of global change such as deforestation, defaunation, forest fragmentation, overhunting, etc. (Barnosky et al., 2012; Dirzo et al., 2014), leading to ecosystems with reduced ecological function (e.g. significantly reduced C-storage potential of defaunated forests due…”
BackgroundAhumada, J., Fegraus, E., Birch, T., Flores, N., Kays, R., O’Brien, T. G., Palmer, J., Schuttler, S., Zhao, J. Y., Jetz, W., et al. (2019) · Environmental Conservation · doi:10.1017/s0376892919000298 · Cited by 215
Empty forest or empty rivers? A century of commercial hunting in Amazonia
Antunes, A. P., Fewster, R. M., Venticinque, E. M., Peres, C. A., Levi, T., Rohe, F., & Shepard, G. H. (2016) · Science Advances · doi:10.1126/sciadv.1600936 · Cited by 163
“If large refuges with limited road and river accessibility cannot be maintained, the combined effects of deforestation, habitat fragmentation, human colonization, wildfire, disease outbreaks, and hunting will likely result in the decimation of wildlife (1, 3, 6, 12, 68, 105).”
BackgroundConservation and the Genomics of Populations
Allendorf, F. W., Funk, W. C., Aitken, S. N., Byrne, M., Luikart, G., & Antunes, A. (2022) · doi:10.1093/oso/9780198856566.001.0001 · Cited by 207
The challenge of biased evidence in conservation
Christie, A. P., Amano, T., Martin, P. A., Petrovan, S. O., Shackelford, G. E., Simmons, B. I., Smith, R. K., Williams, D. R., Wordley, C. F. R., & Sutherland, W. J. (2021) · Conservation Biology · doi:10.1111/cobi.13577 · Cited by 202
“The insufficient funding of biodiversity conservation (Dirzo et al. 2014) means researchers and funders must prioritize effort to maximize its potential to inform conservation.”
BackgroundMammal diversity will take millions of years to recover from the current biodiversity crisis
Davis, M., Faurby, S., & Svenning, J. (2018) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.1804906115 · Cited by 202
“This is partly because prehistoric and historic extinctions were highly size-biased (19), devastating large mammals (SI Appendix, Fig.”
BackgroundIt's Not a Bug, It's a Feature: Functional Materials in Insects
Schroeder, T. B. H., Houghtaling, J., Wilts, B. D., & Mayer, M. (2018) · Advanced Materials · doi:10.1002/adma.201705322 · Cited by 212
Are we eating the world's megafauna to extinction?
Ripple, W. J., Wolf, C., Newsome, T. M., Betts, M. G., Ceballos, G., Courchamp, F., Hayward, M. W., Valkenburgh, B. V., Wallach, A. D., & Worm, B. (2019) · Conservation Letters · doi:10.1111/conl.12627 · Cited by 219
“The ongoing biodiversity crisis has prompted researchers to explore how species’ life history traits relate to their threat status (Dirzo et al., 2014).”
BackgroundSelf-citationThe megabiota are disproportionately important for biosphere functioning
Enquist, B. J., Abraham, A. J., Harfoot, M., Malhi, Y. S., & Doughty, C. E. (2020) · Nature Communications · doi:10.1038/s41467-020-14369-y · Cited by 209
Global signal of top-down control of terrestrial plant communities by herbivores
Jia, S., Wang, X., Yuan, Z., Lin, F., Ye, J., Hao, Z., & Luskin, M. S. (2018) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.1707984115 · Cited by 197
“Ecological cascades triggered by widespread herbivore extirpations have been well publicized (37, 38, 51) but rarely include experimental evidence from exclosures.”
BackgroundUnderstanding extinction debts: spatio–temporal scales, mechanisms and a roadmap for future research
Figueiredo, L., Krauß, J., Steffan-Dewenter, I. D., & Cabral, J. S. (2019) · Ecography · doi:10.1111/ecog.04740 · Cited by 210
The global biomass of wild mammals
Greenspoon, L., Krieger, E., Sender, R., Rosenberg, Y., Bar‐On, Y. M., Moran, U., Antman, T., Meiri, S., Roll, U., Noor, Ε., et al. (2023) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.2204892120 · Cited by 238
“A large body of literature describes ecological parameters such as phylogenetic diversity (4, 5) and species richness (6) as indicators of the state of wild mammals.”
BackgroundWatson, J. E. M., Jones, K. R., Fuller, R. A., Marco, M. D., Segan, D. B., Butchart, S. H. M., Allan, J. R., McDonald‐Madden, E., & Venter, O. (2016) · Conservation Letters · doi:10.1111/conl.12295 · Cited by 197
Cooling requirements fueled the collapse of a desert bird community from climate change
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“C change threatens to accelerate the ongoing, rapid loss of biodiversity (1, 2), prompting an urgent need to identify the mechanisms that make species vulnerable (3).”
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Seasonal insect migrations: massive, influential, and overlooked
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Rapid ecosystem change challenges the adaptive capacity of Local Environmental Knowledge
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“For the past few decades, the physical and natural sciences have led the way in detecting and measuring the impacts of GEC on ecological systems (e.g., Vitousek, 1994; Barnosky et al., 2012; Dirzo et al., 2014).”
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“At the same time, the current era has been characterized by immense anthropogenic change to the globe, with concomitant decline in species abundance (Dirzo et al., 2014) and the movement of individual animals (Tucker et al.”
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Recent Trends in Local-Scale Marine Biodiversity Reflect Community Structure and Human Impacts
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Pollination and seed dispersal are the most threatened processes of plant regeneration
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Self-citationComplex and nonlinear climate‐driven changes in freshwater insect communities over 42 years
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Quantifying the impacts of defaunation on natural forest regeneration in a global meta-analysis
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“Similar losses in richness have been reported recently for various insect orders (2, 12), depending obviously on the spatial and temporal scales of inference.”
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Metadata
- Authors
- Dirzo, R., Young, H. S., Galetti, M., Ceballos, G., Isaac, N. J. B., & Collen, B.
- Affiliations
- Stanford University (US)
- University of California, Santa Barbara (US)
- Universidade Estadual Paulista (Unesp) (BR)
- Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (MX)
- Natural Environment Research Council (GB)
- University College London (GB)
- Corresponding author
- Dirzo, Rodolfo
- Venue
- Science
- Published
- 2014-07-25
- Volume
- 345
- Issue
- 6195
- Pages
- 401-406
- ISSN
- 0036-8075 (ISSN-L)
- 1095-9203
- OpenAlex
- W2100135944
- Cited by
- 4,474
- References
- 164
- Citations by year
- 2026: 382 · 2025: 425 · 2024: 397 · 2023: 475 · 2022: 501 · 2021: 494 · 2020: 416 · 2019: 411 · 2018: 294 · 2017: 280 · 2016: 189 · 2015: 167 · 2014: 39
- FWCI
- 16.67
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- discovery.ucl.ac.uk
- Locations
- Science (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- UCL Discovery (University College London) (submittedVersion)
- Acervo Digital da Universidade Estadual Paulista (Universidade Estadual Paulista) (submittedVersion)
- UNESP Institutional Repository (São Paulo State University) (submittedVersion)
- Zenodo (CERN European Organization for Nuclear Research)
- Funders
- Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo
- Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico
- Natural Environment Research Council (CEH010010)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Nature and Landscape Conservation › Ecology and Vegetation Dynamics Studies
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Ecology › Wildlife Ecology and Conservation
- Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics › Plant and animal studies
- Keywords
- defaunation, biodiversity loss, species abundance decline, extinction, invertebrates, terrestrial vertebrates, sixth mass extinction, ecosystem functioning, Anthropocene
- MeSH terms
- Animals, Birds, Humans, Human Activities, Insecta, Invertebrates, Mammals, Pest Control, Population, Biodiversity, Extinction, Biological, Pollination, Endangered Species
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
A language model drew the claims from the paper on 2026-10-02, under version 3 of the claim definition (model deepseek-v4.1-flash, prompt extract-v3).
A second model labelled each claim on 2026-10-02 (model jev-1.13-20260917, definition revision gold-guideline-v0.2).
Cited sources are checked with a language model’s help (gpt-6-sol).
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
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