Uncovering disease-disease relationships through the incomplete interactome
Open accessAbstract
A network approach to finding disease modules: Shared genes represent a powerful but limited representation of the mechanistic relationship between two diseases. However, the analysis of protein-protein interactions has been hampered by the incompleteness of interactome maps. Menche et al. formulated the mathematical conditions needed to allow a disease module (a localized region of connections between disease-related proteins) to be observed. Only diseases with data coverage that exceeds a specific threshold have identifiable disease modules. The network-based distance between two disease modules revealed that disease pairs that are predicted to have overlapping modules had statistically significant molecular similarity. These similarities encompassed their protein components, gene expression, symptoms, and morbidity. Molecular-level links between diseases lacking shared disease genes could also be identified. Science , this issue 10.1126/science.1257601
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
These strategies identify therapeutic candidates based on their impact on cell signaling, gene expression and disease phenotypes.
“These strategies identify therapeutic candidates based on their impact on cell signaling, gene expression and disease phenotypes5,10–12.”
From A foundation model for clinician-centered drug repurposing (2024) · cites this paper as [10]
Diseases with shared mechanisms can also share effective drugs.
“Diseases with shared mechanisms can also share effective drugs10.”
From A foundation model for clinician-centered drug repurposing (2024) · cites this paper as [10]
Diseases can share disease-associated genetic and genomic networks.
“TxGNN leverages an additional metric learning component for zero-shot prediction, capitalizing on the insight that diseases can share disease-associated genetic and genomic networks10,14 and, thus, medical knowledge of disease-associated networks can be transferred by the model from well-annotated diseases to other diseases to enhance predictions on diseases with limited treatment options (Fig. 2a”
From A foundation model for clinician-centered drug repurposing (2024) · cites this paper as [10]
Learned embeddings from graph representation learning that capture genome-wide interactions have improved disease predictions, including at tissue and single-cell resolution.
“Learned embeddings—using graph representation learning methods—that capture genome-wide interactions has enhanced disease predictions, even at the resolution of tissues and single cells.”
From Graph representation learning in biomedicine and healthcare (2022) · cites this paper as [45]
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Cites
Subramanian, A., Tamayo, P., Mootha, V. K., Mukherjee, S., Ebert, B. L., Gillette, M. A., Paulovich, A., Pomeroy, S. L., Golub, T. R., Lander, E. S., et al. (2005) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.0506580102 · Cited by 53,625 · see citing works
Gene Ontology: tool for the unification of biology
Ashburner, M., Ball, C. A., Blake, J. A., Botstein, D., Butler, H., Cherry, J. M., Davis, A. P., Dolinski, K., Dwight, S. S., Eppig, J. T., et al. (2000) · Nature Genetics · doi:10.1038/75556 · Cited by 43,206 · see citing works
Fast unfolding of communities in large networks
Blondel, V. D., Guillaume, J.-L., Lambiotte, R., & Lefebvre, E. (2008) · Journal of Statistical Mechanics: Theory and Experiment · doi:10.1088/1742-5468/2008/10/p10008 · Cited by 21,424 · see citing works
Statistical mechanics of complex networks
Albert, R., & Barabási, A.-L. (2002) · Reviews of Modern Physics · doi:10.1103/revmodphys.74.47 · Cited by 20,471 · see citing works
Self-citationThe Structure and Function of Complex Networks
Newman, M. E. J. (2003) · SIAM Review · doi:10.1137/s003614450342480 · Cited by 18,719 · see citing works
Fortunato, S. (2010) · Physics Reports · doi:10.1016/j.physrep.2009.11.002 · Cited by 11,293 · see citing works
In silico prediction of protein-protein interactions in human macrophages
Souiai, O., Guerfali, F. Z., Miled, S. B., Brun, C., & Benkahla, A. (2014) · BMC Research Notes · doi:10.1186/1756-0500-7-157 · Cited by 10,785 · see citing works
Significance analysis of microarrays applied to the ionizing radiation response
Tusher, V. G., Tibshirani, R., & Chu, G. (2001) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.091062498 · Cited by 10,568 · see citing works
Statistical significance for genomewide studies
Storey, J. D., & Tibshirani, R. (2003) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.1530509100 · Cited by 9,692 · see citing works
Erdős, P., & Rényi, A. (2022) · Publicationes Mathematicae Debrecen · doi:10.5486/pmd.1959.6.3-4.12 · Cited by 5,337 · see citing works
Network medicine: a network-based approach to human disease
Barabási, A.-L., Gulbahce, N., & Loscalzo, J. (2011) · Nature Reviews Genetics · doi:10.1038/nrg2918 · Cited by 5,034 · see citing works
Self-citationWarde-Farley, D., Donaldson, S. L., Comes, O., Zuberi, K., Badrawi, R., Chao, P., Franz, M., Grouios, C., Kazi, F., Lopes, C. T., et al. (2010) · Nucleic Acids Research · doi:10.1093/nar/gkq537 · Cited by 4,835 · see citing works
Network pharmacology: the next paradigm in drug discovery
Hopkins, A. L. (2008) · Nature Chemical Biology · doi:10.1038/nchembio.118 · Cited by 4,622 · see citing works
Random graphs with arbitrary degree distributions and their applications
Newman, M. E. J., Strogatz, S. H., & Watts, D. J. (2001) · Physical review. E, Statistical physics, plasmas, fluids, and related interdisciplinary topics · doi:10.1103/physreve.64.026118 · Cited by 3,675 · see citing works
An efficient algorithm for large-scale detection of protein families
Enright, A. J. (2002) · Nucleic Acids Research · doi:10.1093/nar/30.7.1575 · Cited by 3,536 · see citing works
A gene atlas of the mouse and human protein-encoding transcriptomes
Su, A. I., Wiltshire, T., Batalov, S., Lapp, H., Ching, K. A., Block, D., Zhang, J., Soden, R., Hayakawa, M., Kreiman, G., et al. (2004) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.0400782101 · Cited by 3,475 · see citing works
Online Mendelian Inheritance in Man (OMIM), a knowledgebase of human genes and genetic disorders
Hamosh, A. (2004) · Nucleic Acids Research · doi:10.1093/nar/gki033 · Cited by 3,443 · see citing works
Goh, K.-I., Cusick, M. E., Valle, D., Childs, B., Vidal, M., & Barabási, A.-L. (2007) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.0701361104 · Cited by 3,242 · see citing works
Self-citationHuman Protein Reference Database--2009 update
Prasad, T. S. K., Goel, R., Kandasamy, K., Keerthikumar, S., Kumar, S., Mathivanan, S., Telikicherla, D., Raju, R., Shafreen, R. B., Venugopal, A., et al. (2008) · Nucleic Acids Research · doi:10.1093/nar/gkn892 · Cited by 3,241 · see citing works
Specificity and Stability in Topology of Protein Networks
Maslov, S., & Sneppen, K. (2002) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.1065103 · Cited by 3,051 · see citing works
Towards a proteome-scale map of the human protein–protein interaction network
Rual, J.-F. M., Venkatesan, K., Hao, T., Hirozane-Kishikawa, T., Dricot, A., Li, N., Berriz, G. F., Gibbons, F. D., Dreze, M., Ayivi-Guedehoussou, N., et al. (2005) · Nature · doi:10.1038/nature04209 · Cited by 2,937 · see citing works
Self-citationNetwork Robustness and Fragility: Percolation on Random Graphs
Callaway, D. S., Newman, M. E. J., Strogatz, S. H., & Watts, D. J. (2000) · Physical Review Letters · doi:10.1103/physrevlett.85.5468 · Cited by 2,495 · see citing works
Resilience of the Internet to Random Breakdowns
Reuven Cohen, C., Erez, K., ben‐Avraham, D., & Havlin, S. (2000) · Physical Review Letters · doi:10.1103/physrevlett.85.4626 · Cited by 2,424 · see citing works
A Human Protein-Protein Interaction Network: A Resource for Annotating the Proteome
Stelzl, U., Worm, U., Lalowski, M. M., Haenig, C., Brembeck, F. H., Goehler, H., Strödicke, M., Zenkner, M., Schoenherr, A., Koeppen, S., et al. (2005) · Cell · doi:10.1016/j.cell.2005.08.029 · Cited by 2,389 · see citing works
TRANSFAC(R): transcriptional regulation, from patterns to profiles
Matys, V. (2003) · Nucleic Acids Research · doi:10.1093/nar/gkg108 · Cited by 1,985 · see citing works
Link communities reveal multiscale complexity in networks
Ahn, Y., Bagrow, J. P., & Lehmann, S. (2010) · Nature · doi:10.1038/nature09182 · Cited by 1,964 · see citing works
Hornbeck, P. V., Kornhauser, J. M., Tkachev, S., Zhang, B., Skrzypek, E., Murray, B. W., Latham, V. M., & Sullivan, M. (2011) · Nucleic Acids Research · doi:10.1093/nar/gkr1122 · Cited by 1,636 · see citing works
Network‐based classification of breast cancer metastasis
Chuang, H., Lee, E., Liu, Y., Lee, D., & Ideker, T. (2007) · Molecular Systems Biology · doi:10.1038/msb4100180 · Cited by 1,431 · see citing works
Synthetic biology: applications come of age
Khalil, A. S., & Collins, J. J. (2010) · Nature Reviews Genetics · doi:10.1038/nrg2775 · Cited by 1,385 · see citing works
A Proteome-Scale Map of the Human Interactome Network
Rolland, T., Taşan, M., Charloteaux, B., Pevzner, S. J., Zhong, Q., Sahni, N., Yi, S. S., Lemmens, I. H., Fontanillo, C., Mosca, R., et al. (2014) · Cell · doi:10.1016/j.cell.2014.10.050 · Cited by 1,342 · see citing works
Self-citationCORUM: the comprehensive resource of mammalian protein complexes—2009
Ruepp, A., Wägele, B., Lechner, M., Brauner, B., Dunger-Kaltenbach, I., Fobo, G., Frishman, G., Montrone, C., & Mewes, H. (2009) · Nucleic Acids Research · doi:10.1093/nar/gkp914 · Cited by 1,320 · see citing works
Walking the Interactome for Prioritization of Candidate Disease Genes
Köhler, S., Bauer, S., Horn, D., & Robinson, P. N. (2008) · The American Journal of Human Genetics · doi:10.1016/j.ajhg.2008.02.013 · Cited by 1,268 · see citing works
Handbook of Graphs and Networks
Pastor‐Satorras, R., & Vespignani, A. (2002) · Wiley eBooks · doi:10.1002/3527602755 · Cited by 999 · see citing works
The asymptotic number of labeled graphs with given degree sequences
Bender, E. A., & Canfield, E. R. (1978) · Journal of Combinatorial Theory Series A · doi:10.1016/0097-3165(78)90059-6 · Cited by 995 · see citing works
An empirical framework for binary interactome mapping
Venkatesan, K., Rual, J.-F. M., Vázquez, A., Stelzl, U., Lemmens, I. H., Hirozane-Kishikawa, T., Hao, T., Zenkner, M., Xin, X., Goh, K. I., et al. (2008) · Nature Methods · doi:10.1038/nmeth.1280 · Cited by 907 · see citing works
Self-citationVariations in DNA elucidate molecular networks that cause disease
Chen, Y., Zhu, J., Lum, P. Y., Yang, X., Pinto, S., MacNeil, D. J., Zhang, C., Lamb, J., Edwards, S., Sieberts, S. K., et al. (2008) · Nature · doi:10.1038/nature06757 · Cited by 887 · see citing works
The BioGRID Interaction Database: 2011 update
Stark, C., Breitkreutz, B., Chatr‐aryamontri, A., Boucher, L., Oughtred, R., Livstone, M. S., Nixon, J., Auken, K. M. V., Wang, X., Shi, X., et al. (2010) · Nucleic Acids Research · doi:10.1093/nar/gkq1116 · Cited by 854 · see citing works
Estimating the size of the human interactome
Stumpf, M. P. H., Thorne, T., de Silva, E., Stewart, R., An, H. J., Lappé, M., & Wiuf, C. (2008) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.0708078105 · Cited by 827 · see citing works
Molecular networks as sensors and drivers of common human diseases
Schadt, E. E. (2009) · Nature · doi:10.1038/nature08454 · Cited by 806 · see citing works
Missing and spurious interactions and the reconstruction of complex networks
Guimerà, R., & Sales‐Pardo, M. (2009) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.0908366106 · Cited by 783 · see citing works
Complex Networks: Structure, Robustness and Function
(2010) · Cited by 729 · see citing works
Reuven Cohen, C., & Havlin, S. (2010) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/cbo9780511780356 · Cited by 700 · see citing works
Newly identified genetic risk variants for celiac disease related to the immune response
Hunt, K. A., Zhernakova, A., Turner, G., Heap, G., Franke, L., Bruinenberg, M., Romanos, J., Dinesen, L. C., Ryan, A. W., Panesar, D., et al. (2008) · Nature Genetics · doi:10.1038/ng.102 · Cited by 675 · see citing works
Prioritizing candidate disease genes by network-based boosting of genome-wide association dataPreprint
Lee, I., Singh-Blom, U. M., Wang, P. I., Shim, J. E., & Marcotte, E. M. (2011) · Genome Research · doi:10.1101/gr.118992.110 · Cited by 673 · see citing works
A Dynamic Network Approach for the Study of Human Phenotypes
Hidalgo, C. A., Blumm, N., Barabási, A.-Ĺ., & Christakis, N. A. (2009) · PLoS Computational Biology · doi:10.1371/journal.pcbi.1000353 · Cited by 670 · see citing works
Self-citationHuman symptoms–disease network
Zhou, X., Menche, J., Barabási, A.-Ĺ., & Sharma, A. (2014) · Nature Communications · doi:10.1038/ncomms5212 · Cited by 649 · see citing works
Self-citationThe IntAct molecular interaction database in 2010
Aranda, B., Achuthan, P., Alam-Faruque, Y., Armean, I., Bridge, A., Derow, C., Feuermann, M., Ghanbarian, A. T., Kerrien, S., Khadake, J., et al. (2010) · Nucleic Acids Research · doi:10.1093/nar/gkp878 · Cited by 620 · see citing works
Predicting disease genes using protein–protein interactions
Oti, M., Snel, ., Huynen, M. A., & Brunner, H. G. (2006) · Journal of Medical Genetics · doi:10.1136/jmg.2006.041376 · Cited by 574 · see citing works
Subnets of scale-free networks are not scale-free: Sampling properties of networks
Stumpf, M. P. H., Wiuf, C., & May, R. M. (2005) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.0501179102 · Cited by 562 · see citing works
MINT, the molecular interaction database: 2009 update
Ceol, A. G. M., Chatr‐aryamontri, A., Licata, L., Peluso, D., Briganti, L., Perfetto, L., Castagnoli, L., & Cesareni, G. (2009) · Nucleic Acids Research · doi:10.1093/nar/gkp983 · Cited by 507 · see citing works
The implications of human metabolic network topology for disease comorbidity
Lee, D., Park, J., Kay, K. A., Christakis, N. A., Oltvai, Z. N., & Barabási, A.-Ĺ. (2008) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.0802208105 · Cited by 489 · see citing works
Self-citationFranke, L., Bakel, H. V., Fokkens, L., de Jong, E. D., Egmont-Petersen, M., & Wijmenga, C. (2006) · The American Journal of Human Genetics · doi:10.1086/504300 · Cited by 476 · see citing works
Role of SWI/SNF in acute leukemia maintenance and enhancer-mediated <i>Myc</i> regulation
Shi, J., Whyte, W. A., Zepeda-Mendoza, C. J., Milazzo, J. P., Shen, C., Roe, J.-S., Minder, J. L., Mercan, F., Wang, E., Eckersley-Maslin, M. A., et al. (2013) · Genes & Development · doi:10.1101/gad.232710.113 · Cited by 463 · see citing works
Discovering disease-genes by topological features in human protein–protein interaction network
Xu, J., & Li, Y. (2006) · Bioinformatics · doi:10.1093/bioinformatics/btl467 · Cited by 461 · see citing works
Gandhi, T. K. B., Zhong, J., Mathivanan, S., Karthick, L., Chandrika, K. N., Mohan, S. S., Sharma, S., Pinkert, S., Nagaraju, S., Periaswamy, B., et al. (2006) · Nature Genetics · doi:10.1038/ng1747 · Cited by 442 · see citing works
Obtaining Confidence Intervals for the Risk Ratio in Cohort Studies
Katz, D., Baptista, J., Azen, S. P., & Pike, M. C. (1978) · Biometrics · doi:10.2307/2530610 · Cited by 419 · see citing works
How complete are current yeast and human protein-interaction networks?
Hart, T., Ramani, A. K., & Marcotte, E. M. (2006) · Genome biology · doi:10.1186/gb-2006-7-11-120 · Cited by 402 · see citing works
Gallos, L. K., Makse, H. A., & Sigman, M. (2012) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.1106612109 · Cited by 399 · see citing works
Pathway and network-based analysis of genome-wide association studies in multiple sclerosis
Baranzini, S. E., Galwey, N. W., Wang, J., Khankhanian, P., Lindberg, R., Pelletier, D., Wu, W., Uitdehaag, B. M. J., Kappos, L., GeneMSA Consortium, et al. (2009) · Human Molecular Genetics · doi:10.1093/hmg/ddp120 · Cited by 383 · see citing works
A Directed Protein Interaction Network for Investigating Intracellular Signal Transduction
Vinayagam, A., Stelzl, U., Foulle, R., Plaßmann, S., Zenkner, M., Timm, J., Assmus, H. E., Andrade-Navarro, M. A., & Wanker, E. E. (2011) · Science Signaling · doi:10.1126/scisignal.2001699 · Cited by 353 · see citing works
Literature-curated protein interaction datasets
Cusick, M. E., Yu, H., Smolyar, A., Venkatesan, K., Carvunis, A., Simonis, N., Rual, J.-F. M., Borick, H., Falter‐Braun, P., Dreze, M., et al. (2008) · Nature Methods · doi:10.1038/nmeth.1284 · Cited by 307 · see citing works
Self-citationProbing genetic overlap among complex human phenotypes
Rzhetsky, A., Wajngurt, D., Park, N., & Zheng, T. (2007) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.0704820104 · Cited by 298 · see citing works
Network properties of genes harboring inherited disease mutations
Feldman, I., Rzhetsky, A., & Vitkup, D. (2008) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.0701722105 · Cited by 295 · see citing works
Next generation software for functional trend analysis
Berriz, G. F., Beaver, J. E., Cenik, C., Tasan, M., & Roth, F. P. (2009) · Bioinformatics · doi:10.1093/bioinformatics/btp498 · Cited by 277 · see citing works
Leveraging models of cell regulation and GWAS data in integrative network-based association studies
Califano, A., Butte, A. J., Friend, S. H., Ideker, T., & Schadt, E. E. (2012) · Nature Genetics · doi:10.1038/ng.2355 · Cited by 257 · see citing works
Next-generation sequencing to generate interactome datasets
Yu, H., Tardivo, L., Tam, S., Weiner, E., Gebreab, F., Fan, C., Svrzikapa, N., Hirozane-Kishikawa, T., Rietman, E. A., Yang, X., et al. (2011) · Nature Methods · doi:10.1038/nmeth.1597 · Cited by 254 · see citing works
Self-citationBone disorders in chronic liver disease
Collier, J. (2007) · Hepatology · doi:10.1002/hep.21852 · Cited by 238 · see citing works
Ramos, E. M., Hoffman, D., Junkins, H. A., Maglott, D., Phan, L., Sherry, S. T., Feolo, M., & Hindorff, L. A. (2014) · European Journal of Human Genetics · doi:10.1038/ejhg.2013.96 · Cited by 231 · see citing works
Mestres, J., Gregori‐Puigjané, E., Valverde, S., & Solé, R. V. (2009) · Molecular BioSystems · doi:10.1039/b905821b · Cited by 203 · see citing works
Sagot, Y., Dubois‐Dauphin, M., Tan, S., de Bilbao, F., Aebischer, P., Martinou, J., & Kato, A. (1995) · Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.15-11-07727.1995 · Cited by 202 · see citing works
Protein-protein interaction networks and biology—what's the connection?
Hakes, L., Pinney, J. W., Robertson, D. L., & Lovell, S. C. (2008) · Nature Biotechnology · doi:10.1038/nbt0108-69 · Cited by 200 · see citing works
Diagnostic Testing for Celiac Disease Among Patients With Abdominal Symptoms
van der Windt, D., Jellema, P., Mulder, C. J. J., Kneepkens, C. M. F., & van der Horst, H. E. (2010) · JAMA · doi:10.1001/jama.2010.549 · Cited by 190 · see citing works
A network medicine approach to human disease
Zanzoni, A., Soler‐López, M., & Aloy, P. (2009) · FEBS Letters · doi:10.1016/j.febslet.2009.03.001 · Cited by 170 · see citing works
Krauthammer, M. O., Kaufmann, C. A., Gilliam, T. C., & Rzhetsky, A. (2004) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.0404315101 · Cited by 168 · see citing works
Pawson, T. J., & Linding, R. (2008) · FEBS Letters · doi:10.1016/j.febslet.2008.02.011 · Cited by 163 · see citing works
Singh-Blom, U. M., Natarajan, N., Tewari, A., et al. (2013) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0058977 · Cited by 143 · see citing works
Ray, M., Ruan, J., & Zhang, W. (2008) · Genome Biology · doi:10.1186/gb-2008-9-10-r148 · Cited by 119 · see citing works
Myeloproliferative neoplasms cause glomerulopathy
Said, S. M., Leung, N., Sethi, S. M., et al. (2011) · Kidney International · doi:10.1038/ki.2011.147 · Cited by 117 · see citing works
Systematic identification of proteins that elicit drug side effects
Kuhn, M., Banchaabouchi, M. A., Campillos, M., Jensen, L. J., Gross, C. T., Gavin, A., & Peer Bork, B. (2013) · Molecular Systems Biology · doi:10.1038/msb.2013.10 · Cited by 117 · see citing works
Systems biology approaches and pathway tools for investigating cardiovascular disease
Wheelock, C. E., Wheelock, Å. M., Kawashima, S., Díez, D., Kanehisa, M. I., van Erk, M., Kleemann, R., Haeggström, J. Z., & Goto, S. (2009) · Molecular BioSystems · doi:10.1039/b902356a · Cited by 107 · see citing works
Oxidized lipids enhance RANKL production by T lymphocytes: Implications for lipid-induced bone loss
Graham, L. S., Parhami, F., Tintut, Y., Ramirez, C. M., Demer, L. L., & Effros, R. B. (2009) · Clinical Immunology · doi:10.1016/j.clim.2009.07.011 · Cited by 93 · see citing works
Towards a detailed atlas of protein–protein interactions
Mosca, R., Pons, T., Ceol, A. G. M., Valencia, A., & Aloy, P. (2013) · Current Opinion in Structural Biology · doi:10.1016/j.sbi.2013.07.005 · Cited by 91 · see citing works
Dissecting spatio‐temporal protein networks driving human heart development and related disorders
Lage, K., Møllgård, K., Greenway, S. C., Wakimoto, H., Gorham, J., Workman, C. T., Bendsen, E., Hansen, N. T., Rigina, O., Roque, F. S., et al. (2010) · Molecular Systems Biology · doi:10.1038/msb.2010.36 · Cited by 89 · see citing works
Challenges for the prediction of macromolecular interactions
Wass, M. N., David, A., & Sternberg, M. J. E. (2011) · Current Opinion in Structural Biology · doi:10.1016/j.sbi.2011.03.013 · Cited by 88 · see citing works
Mucosal Immunity in Asthma and Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease: A Role for Immunoglobulin A?
Pilette, C., Durham, S. R., Vaerman, J.-P., & Sibille, Y. (2004) · Proceedings of the American Thoracic Society · doi:10.1513/pats.2306032 · Cited by 76 · see citing works
Mapping proteins to disease terminologies: from UniProt to MeSH
Mottaz, A., Yip, Y. L., Ruch, P., & Veuthey, A. (2008) · BMC Bioinformatics · doi:10.1186/1471-2105-9-s5-s3 · Cited by 73 · see citing works
Hofbauer, S. W., Krenn, P. W., Ganghammer, S., Asslaber, D., Pichler, U., Oberascher, K., Henschler, R., Wallner, M., Kerschbaum, H., Greil, R., et al. (2014) · Blood · doi:10.1182/blood-2013-08-523563 · Cited by 68 · see citing works
Buchanan, M., Buchanan, M., Caldarelli, G., Rios, P. L. D., Rao, F. V., & Vendruscolo, M. (2010) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/cbo9780511845086 · Cited by 63 · see citing works
Simon, P. D., Schneck, M., Hochstetter, T., Koutsouki, E., Mittelbronn, M. G. A., Merseburger, A. S., Weigert, C., Niess, A. M., & Lang, F. J. W. (2007) · Cellular Physiology and Biochemistry · doi:10.1159/000110432 · Cited by 51 · see citing works
Yoon, J., Won, J., Ahn, Y.-S., et al. (2014) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0094125 · Cited by 39 · see citing works
A Network-based Approach for Predicting Missing Pathway Interactions
Navlakha, S., Gitter, A., & Bar‐Joseph, Z. (2012) · PLoS Computational Biology · doi:10.1371/journal.pcbi.1002640 · Cited by 37 · see citing works
Cutaneous vasculitis in psoriasis.
Wong, S. S., & Marks, R. (1994) · Acta Dermato Venereologica · doi:10.2340/00015555746162 · Cited by 37 · see citing works
On the Fluctuations of the Giant Component
Barráez, D., Boucheron, S., & de la Véga, W. F. (2000) · Combinatorics Probability Computing · doi:10.1017/s0963548300004302 · Cited by 30 · see citing works
Type I Collagen Cleavage Is Essential for Effective Fibrotic Repair after Myocardial Infarction
Nong, Z., O’Neil, C. H., Lei, M., et al. (2011) · American Journal Of Pathology · doi:10.1016/j.ajpath.2011.07.017 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
Gloyn, A. L., Desai, M., Clark, A., et al. (2002) · Diabetologia · doi:10.1007/s00125-002-0779-8 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
Myocardial infarction as an uncommon clinical manifestation of intravascular large cell lymphoma
BAUER, A., Perras, B., Süfke, S., et al. (2005) · Acta Cardiologica · doi:10.2143/ac.60.5.2004979 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
Bollobás, B. (1979) · Graduate texts in mathematics · doi:10.1007/978-1-4612-9967-7_7 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
What you see is not what you get: how sampling affects macroscopic features of biological networks
Annibale, A., & Coolen, A. C. C. (2011) · Interface Focus · doi:10.1098/rsfs.2011.0050 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
Incomplete and noisy network data as a percolation process
Stumpf, M. P. H., & Wiuf, C. (2010) · Journal of The Royal Society Interface · doi:10.1098/rsif.2010.0044 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Wuchty, S., Zhang, A., Walling, J., Ahn, S. J., Li, A., Quezado, M., Oberholtzer, J. C., Zenklusen, J.-C., & Fine, H. A. (2010) · Journal of Biomedical Informatics · doi:10.1016/j.jbi.2010.08.011 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Primary Biliary Cirrhosis Associated with Membranous Glomerulonephritis.
Goto, T., Komatsu, M., Fujii, T., et al. (1999) · Internal Medicine · doi:10.2169/internalmedicine.38.22 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Bernard, S., Charrière, S., Filippo, M. D., et al. (2004) · Atherosclerosis · doi:10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2004.03.017 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Psoriasis, vasculitis and methotrexate
Moreno, J. C., Vélez, A., Medina, I., et al. (2003) · Journal of the European Academy of Dermatology and Venereology · doi:10.1046/j.1468-3083.2003.00697.x · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Viluksela, M., Debets, F. M., der Hoeven, J. C. V., et al. (1994) · Acta Dermato Venereologica · doi:10.2340/00015555745760 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Pustular Vasculitis with Clinical Feature of Pustular Psoriasis and Sternoclavicular Hyperostosis
Demitsu, T., Ishiharajima, S., Miyamoto, T., et al. (2009) · Dermatology · doi:10.1159/000247349 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Buchanan, M., Caldarelli, G., Rios, P. D. L., et al. (2010) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/cbo9780511845086.001 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Role of candidate genes in the lipid responses to intensified treatment in Type 2 diabetes
Ukkola, O. H., Salonen, J., & Kesäniemi, Y. A. (2005) · Journal of Endocrinological Investigation · doi:10.1007/bf03345317 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
B-cell chronic lymphocytic leukaemia presenting as lower motor neuron disease and SS
Papageorgiou, A., Tzioufas, A. G., & Voulgarelis, M. (2012) · Lara D. Veeken · doi:10.1093/rheumatology/kes017 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Flagged first, then by citations
Research works printed but not linked: 2
- [31]Ramos EM European Journal of Human Genetics 2013
- [36]Su AI Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A 2004 101 6062
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Immunopathology of multiple sclerosis
Dendrou, C. A., Fugger, L., & Friese, M. A. (2015) · Nature Reviews Immunology · doi:10.1038/nri3871 · Cited by 2,215 · see citing works
Modeling polypharmacy side effects with graph convolutional networks
Zitnik, M., Agrawal, M., & Leskovec, J. (2018) · Bioinformatics · doi:10.1093/bioinformatics/bty294 · Cited by 1,501 · see citing works
Dual proteome-scale networks reveal cell-specific remodeling of the human interactome
Huttlin, E. L., Bruckner, R. J., Navarrete-Perea, J., Cannon, J. R., Baltier, K., Gebreab, F., Gygi, M. P., Thornock, A., Zarraga, G., Tam, S., et al. (2020) · doi:10.1101/2020.01.19.905109 · Cited by 960 · see citing works
Zitnik, M., Nguyen, F., Wang, B., Leskovec, J., Goldenberg, A., & Hoffman, M. M. (2019) · Information Fusion · doi:10.1016/j.inffus.2018.09.012 · Cited by 675 · see citing works
Network-based in silico drug efficacy screening
Guney, E., Menche, J., Vidal, M., & Barábasi, A.-L. (2016) · Nature Communications · doi:10.1038/ncomms10331 · Cited by 625 · see citing works
Self-citationNetwork-based approach to prediction and population-based validation of in silico drug repurposing
Cheng, F., Desai, R. J., Handy, D. E., Wang, R., Schneeweiss, S., Barabási, A.-L., & Loscalzo, J. (2018) · Nature Communications · doi:10.1038/s41467-018-05116-5 · Cited by 552 · see citing works
“relationship between drugs and diseases (11-13), can serve as a useful tool for efficient screening of potentially new indications for marketed drugs or previously unidentified adverse events (1416).”
BackgroundSelf-citationBuilding a knowledge graph to enable precision medicine
Chandak, P., Huang, K., & Zitnik, M. (2023) · Scientific Data · doi:10.1038/s41597-023-01960-3 · Cited by 522 · see citing works
Predicting Protein–Protein Interactions from the Molecular to the Proteome Level
Keskin, O., Tuncbag, N., & Gursoy, A. (2016) · Chemical Reviews · doi:10.1021/acs.chemrev.5b00683 · Cited by 369 · see citing works
Network biology concepts in complex disease comorbidities
Hu, J. X., Thomas, C. E., & Brunak, S. (2016) · Nature Reviews Genetics · doi:10.1038/nrg.2016.87 · Cited by 328 · see citing works
Graph representation learning in biomedicine and healthcare
Li, M. M., Huang, K., & Zitnik, M. (2022) · Nature Biomedical Engineering · doi:10.1038/s41551-022-00942-x · Cited by 294 · see citing works
“https://doi.org/10.1038/s41551-022-00942-x disease-associated genes often correlates with causal molecular pathways 16,45 .”
InfluentialSchlotter, F., Halu, A., Goto, S., Blaser, M. C., Body, S. C., Lee, L. H., Higashi, H., DeLaughter, D. M., Hutcheson, J. D., Vyas, P., et al. (2018) · Circulation · doi:10.1161/circulationaha.117.032291 · Cited by 256 · see citing works
Self-citationQuantification of network structural dissimilarities
Schieber, T. A., Carpi, L., Díaz-Guilera, A., Pardalos, P. M., Masoller, C., & Ravetti, M. G. (2017) · Nature Communications · doi:10.1038/ncomms13928 · Cited by 237 · see citing works
A foundation model for clinician-centered drug repurposing
Huang, K., Chandak, P., Wang, Q., Havaldar, S., Vaid, A., Leskovec, J., Nadkarni, G. N., Glicksberg, B. S., Gehlenborg, N., & Zitnik, M. (2024) · Nature Medicine · doi:10.1038/s41591-024-03233-x · Cited by 249 · see citing works
“These analyses confirm that TxGNN’s multi-hop interpretable paths capture elements of the KG that are most critical for making accurate predictions.”
BackgroundInfluentialA genome-wide positioning systems network algorithm for in silico drug repurposing
Cheng, F., Lu, W., Liu, C., Fang, J., Hou, Y., Handy, D. E., Wang, R., Zhao, Y., Yang, Y., Huang, J., et al. (2019) · Nature Communications · doi:10.1038/s41467-019-10744-6 · Cited by 215 · see citing works
Self-citationZhou, Y., Hou, Y., Shen, J., Mehra, R., Kallianpur, A., Culver, D. A., Gack, M. U., Farha, S., Zein, J., Comhair, S., et al. (2020) · PLoS Biology · doi:10.1371/journal.pbio.3000970 · Cited by 180 · see citing works
Identification of disease treatment mechanisms through the multiscale interactome
Ruiz, C., Zitnik, M., & Leskovec, J. (2021) · Nature Communications · doi:10.1038/s41467-021-21770-8 · Cited by 172 · see citing works
Systematic Functional Annotation and Visualization of Biological Networks
Baryshnikova, A. (2016) · Cell Systems · doi:10.1016/j.cels.2016.04.014 · Cited by 148 · see citing works
Design of efficient computational workflows for in silico drug repurposing
Vanhaelen, Q., Mamoshina, P., Aliper, A. M., Artemov, A., Lezhnina, K., Ozerov, I., Labat, I., & Zhavoronkov, A. (2017) · Drug Discovery Today · doi:10.1016/j.drudis.2016.09.019 · Cited by 150 · see citing works
SkipGNN: predicting molecular interactions with skip-graph networks
Huang, K., Xiao, C., Glass, L. M., Zitnik, M., & Sun, J. (2020) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-020-77766-9 · Cited by 133 · see citing works
Fang, J., Zhang, P., Wang, Q., Chiang, C.-W., Zhou, Y., Hou, Y., Xu, J., Chen, R., Zhang, B., Lewis, S. J., et al. (2022) · Alzheimer's Research & Therapy · doi:10.1186/s13195-021-00951-z · Cited by 140 · see citing works
Targeting protein–protein interactions, a wide open field for drug design
Bakail, M., & Ochsenbein, F. (2016) · Comptes Rendus. Chimie · doi:10.1016/j.crci.2015.12.004 · Cited by 117 · see citing works
Xu, J., Mao, C., Hou, Y., Luo, Y., Binder, J. L., Zhou, Y., Bekris, L. M., Shin, J., Hu, M., Wang, F., et al. (2022) · Cell Reports · doi:10.1016/j.celrep.2022.111717 · Cited by 115 · see citing works
Multi-Omics Approaches to Define Calcific Aortic Valve Disease Pathogenesis
Blaser, M. C., Kraler, S., Lüscher, T. F., & Aikawa, E. (2021) · Circulation Research · doi:10.1161/circresaha.120.317979 · Cited by 109 · see citing works
Network medicine framework for identifying drug-repurposing opportunities for COVID-19
Morselli Gysi, D., do Valle, Í., Zitnik, M., Ameli, A., Gan, X., Varol, O., Ghiassian, S. D., Patten, J. J., Davey, R. A., Loscalzo, J., et al. (2021) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.2025581118 · Cited by 107 · see citing works
Self-citationNetwork Medicine in Pathobiology
Lee, L. Y.-H., & Loscalzo, J. (2019) · The American Journal of Pathology · doi:10.1016/j.ajpath.2019.03.009 · Cited by 95 · see citing works
Self-citationNetwork analysis reveals rare disease signatures across multiple levels of biological organization
Buphamalai, P., Kokotovic, T., Nagy, V., & Menche, J. (2021) · Nature Communications · doi:10.1038/s41467-021-26674-1 · Cited by 95 · see citing works
Self-citationRen, F., Wei, J., Chen, Q., Hu, M., Yu, L., Mi, J., Zhou, X., Qin, D., Wu, J., & Wu, A. (2025) · Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica B · doi:10.1016/j.apsb.2025.07.030 · Cited by 97 · see citing works
Reconstruction of Cell-type-Specific Interactomes at Single-Cell Resolution
Mohammadi, S., Davila-Velderrain, J., & Kellis, M. (2019) · Cell Systems · doi:10.1016/j.cels.2019.10.007 · Cited by 73 · see citing works
Biomedical data, computational methods and tools for evaluating disease–disease associations
Xiang, J., Zhang, J., Zhao, Y., Wu, F.-X., & Li, M. (2022) · Briefings in Bioinformatics · doi:10.1093/bib/bbac006 · Cited by 49 · see citing works
A Survey of Gene Prioritization Tools for Mendelian and Complex Human Diseases
Zolotareva, O., & Kleine, M. (2019) · Journal of Integrative Bioinformatics · doi:10.1515/jib-2018-0069 · Cited by 46 · see citing works
Few shot learning for phenotype-driven diagnosis of patients with rare genetic diseases
Alsentzer, E., Li, M. M., Kobren, S. N., Noori, A., Undiagnosed Diseases Network, Kohane, I. S., & Zitnik, M. (2025) · npj Digital Medicine · doi:10.1038/s41746-025-01749-1 · Cited by 54 · see citing works
Decoding the Foodome: Molecular Networks Connecting Diet and Health
Menichetti, G., Barabási, A.-L., & Loscalzo, J. (2024) · Annual Review of Nutrition · doi:10.1146/annurev-nutr-062322-030557 · Cited by 32 · see citing works
Self-citationPerspectives on the Genomics of HSP Beyond Mendelian Inheritance
Bis-Brewer, D. M., & Züchner, S. (2018) · Frontiers in Neurology · doi:10.3389/fneur.2018.00958 · Cited by 31 · see citing works
Wang, T., Peng, Q., Liu, B., Liu, Y., & Wang, Y. (2020) · Frontiers in Bioengineering and Biotechnology · doi:10.3389/fbioe.2020.00418 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
Towards perturbation prediction of biological networks using deep learning
Li, D., & Gao, J. (2019) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-019-48391-y · Cited by 16 · see citing works
Network spectra for drug-target identification in complex diseases: new guns against old foes
Rai, A., Shinde, P., & Jalan, S. (2018) · Applied Network Science · doi:10.1007/s41109-018-0107-y · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Lin, S., & Jia, P. (2024) · GigaScience · doi:10.1093/gigascience/giae108 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Continuous-Time Quantum Walk on Biological Network
Revythi, M., Koukiou, G., & Anastassopoulos, V. (2025) · IEEE Access · doi:10.1109/access.2025.3644962 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
“Network medicine aims to identify sets of genes associated with a specific disease [3], [4].”
- Authors
- Menche, J., Sharma, A., Kitsak, M., Ghiassian, S. D., Vidal, M., Loscalzo, J., & Barabási, A.-L.
- Affiliations
- Northeastern University (US)
- Harvard University (US)
- Brigham and Women's Hospital (US)
- Center for Complex Networks Research and Department of Physics, Northeastern University, 110 Forsyth Street, 111 Dana Research Center, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
- Venue
- Science
- Published
- 2015-02-20
- Volume
- 347
- Issue
- 6224
- Pages
- 1257601-1257601
- ISSN
- 0036-8075 (ISSN-L)
- 1095-9203
- PMC
- PMC4435741
- OpenAlex
- W2056782561
- Cited by
- 1,546
- References
- 108
- Citations by year
- 2026: 110 · 2025: 112 · 2024: 128 · 2023: 131 · 2022: 142 · 2021: 188 · 2020: 180 · 2019: 149 · 2018: 160 · 2017: 111 · 2016: 98 · 2015: 37
- FWCI
- 58.88
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- Science (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (acceptedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Funders
- NIH (P50-HG004233, U01-HG001715)
- NHLBI (PO1-HL083069, R37-HL061795, RC2-HL101543, U01-HL108630)
- NHGRI (UO1-HG007690)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Bioinformatics and Genomic Networks
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Biomedical Text Mining and Ontologies
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Gene Regulatory Network Analysis
- Keywords
- human interactome, symptom similarity, comorbidities
- MeSH terms
- Disease, Humans, Information Services, Comorbidity, Genetic Predisposition to Disease, Protein Interaction Maps
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review