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Cortical Mechanisms of Human Imitation
Abstract
How does imitation occur? How can the motor plans necessary for imitating an action derive from the observation of that action? Imitation may be based on a mechanism directly matching the observed action onto an internal motor representation of that action ("direct matching hypothesis"). To test this hypothesis, normal human participants were asked to observe and imitate a finger movement and to perform the same movement after spatial or symbolic cues. Brain activity was measured with functional magnetic resonance imaging. If the direct matching hypothesis is correct, there should be areas that become active during finger movement, regardless of how it is evoked, and their activation should increase when the same movement is elicited by the observation of an identical movement made by another individual. Two areas with these properties were found in the left inferior frontal cortex (opercular region) and the rostral-most region of the right superior parietal lobule.
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“In the case of imitation, the mirror neuron system (MNS) has been hypothesized to underlie automatic response activation (Ferrari et al., 2009), since it responds during the observation and execution of similar actions and provides input to primary motor cortex (Di Pellegrino et al., 1992; Iacoboni et al., 1999; Rizzolatti and Craighero, 2004).”
From To imitate or not: Avoiding imitation involves preparatory inhibition of motor resonance (2014) · cites this paper as Iacoboni et al., 1999
In the citing paper
“In the case of imitation, the mirror neuron system (MNS) has been hypothesized to underlie automatic response activation (Ferrari et al., 2009), since it responds during the observation and execution of similar actions and provides input to primary motor cortex (Di Pellegrino et al., 1992; Iacoboni et al., 1999; Rizzolatti and Craighero, 2004).”
From To imitate or not: Avoiding imitation involves preparatory inhibition of motor resonance (2014) · cites this paper as Iacoboni et al., 1999
In the citing paper
“As such, the direct matching hypothesis between perception of an action and the activation of its internal motor representation (Iacoboni et al., 1999) suggests imitation as a prepotent response tendency (Brass et al., 2005).”
From Interplay of self-other distinction and cognitive control mechanisms in a social automatic imitation task: An ERP study (2021) · cites this paper as Iacoboni et al., 1999
In the citing paper
“Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) has identified regions of PMC (both classic BA6, and BA44) and inferior parietal areas that are active during both action observation and execution”
From Mirror neurons: from origin to function (2014) · cites this paper as Iacoboni et al., 1999
In the citing paper
“Moreover, this process seems to prime the execution of similar actions, which suggests that the mirror-neuron system mediates imitation, by priming (i.e., preparing the brain for) execution of the same action (e.g., Iacoboni et al. 1999).”
From An Evolutionary Upgrade of Cognitive Load Theory: Using the Human Motor System and Collaboration to Support the Learning of Complex Cognitive Tasks (2012) · cites this paper as Iacoboni et al. 1999
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Metadata
- Authors
- Iacoboni, M., Woods, R. P., Brass, M., Bekkering, H., Mazziotta, J. C., & Rizzolatti, G.
- Affiliations
- Brain Mapping Center, Neuropsychiatric Institute,
- Max Planck Society (DE)
- Department of Cognition and Action, Max Planck Institute for Psychological Research, Leopoldstrasse 24, D-80802 Munich, Germany.
- University of California, Los Angeles (US)
- University of Parma (IT)
- Corresponding author
- Iacoboni, Marco
- Venue
- Science
- Published
- 1999-12-24
- Volume
- 286
- Issue
- 5449
- Pages
- 2526-2528
- ISSN
- 0036-8075 (ISSN-L)
- 1095-9203
- OpenAlex
- W2157915068
- Cited by
- 2,683
- References
- 43
- Citations by year
- 2026: 25 · 2025: 38 · 2024: 42 · 2023: 63 · 2022: 46 · 2021: 59 · 2020: 61 · 2019: 83 · 2018: 87 · 2017: 96 · 2016: 90 · 2015: 120 · 2014: 138 · 2013: 127 · 2012: 160
- FWCI
- 76.51
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Science (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Ghent University Academic Bibliography (Ghent University) (submittedVersion)
- Max Planck Institute for Plasma Physics (submittedVersion)
- Max Planck Digital Library (submittedVersion)
- MPG.PuRe (Max Planck Society) (submittedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Action Observation and Synchronization
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Motor Control and Adaptation
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Neurobiology of Language and Bilingualism
- Keywords
- imitation, action observation, motor planning, mirror neuron system, inferior frontal cortex, superior parietal lobule, finger movement
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Brain Mapping, Cues, Female, Fingers, Frontal Lobe, Humans, Imitative Behavior, Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Male, Movement, Neurons, Parietal Lobe
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