Cited by 350Genomics and Phylogenetic StudiesGenomic variations and chromosomal abnormalitiesChromosomal and Genetic Variations

High-resolution comparative analysis of great ape genomes

Open access
Kronenberg, Zev N., Fiddes, Ian T., Gordon, David, Murali, Shwetha, Cantsilieris, Stuart, Meyerson, Olivia S., Underwood, Jason G., Nelson, Bradley J. +36 more·2018·Science

Abstract

A spotlight on great ape genomes: Most nonhuman primate genomes generated to date have been “humanized” owing to their many gaps and the reliance on guidance by the reference human genome. To remove this humanizing effect, Kronenberg et al. generated and assembled long-read genomes of a chimpanzee, an orangutan, and two humans and compared them with a previously generated gorilla genome. This analysis recognized genomic structural variation specific to humans and particular ape lineages. Comparisons between human and chimpanzee cerebral organoids showed down-regulation of the expression of specific genes in humans, relative to chimpanzees, related to noncoding variation identified in this analysis. Science , this issue p. eaar6343

The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.

Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.

A few free checks a day · papers already verified open instantly · results are public

Integrity signals

Registry

Crossref · 10.1126/science.aar6343

Cites

14 of 14 references verified0 citation errors · 0 not checkable

Statistics

Claims the paper makes

The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.

Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.

A few free checks a day · papers already verified open instantly · results are public

Claims other papers make about this one

Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?

  • Progressive Cactus has been developed over several years and has already been successfully used as an integral component of high-profile comparative genomics projects.

    “Progressive Cactus has been developed over several years, and has already been successfully used as an integral component of high-profile comparative genomics projects16–20.”

    From Progressive Cactus is a multiple-genome aligner for the thousand-genome era (2020) · cites this paper as [20]

    The Results (Comparative sequence analyses; page unavailable) describe a five-way great ape genome alignment, but do not identify Progressive Cactus as a component. Searches for “Progressive Cactus” and “Cactus alignments” found only a reference to an earlier Cactus paper, not evidence that this project used Progressive Cactus or that it had been developed over several years. (LLM, conf=0.76)

    Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
  • Progressive Cactus has already proved useful for comparison between assemblies of the same species.

    “Progressive Cactus has already proved useful for comparison between assemblies of the same species20.”

    From Progressive Cactus is a multiple-genome aligner for the thousand-genome era (2020) · cites this paper as [20]

    The Abstract and Results (Comparative sequence analyses; page unavailable) describe comparisons involving two human assemblies, but do not say Progressive Cactus was used. Searches for “Progressive Cactus,” “Cactus,” and same-species assembly alignment found only a Cactus citation in the References, not evidence of its usefulness for this comparison. (LLM, conf=0.76)

    Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

Self-check

Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.

The self-check needs the paper’s full text.

Cites

Flagged first, then by citations

Research works printed but not linked: 90

  1. [1]Varki A, Geschwind DH, Eichler EE, Explaining human uniqueness: genome interactions with environment, behaviour and culture. Nat. Rev. Genet 9, 749– 763 (2008). 18802414 PMC2756412
  2. [2]King MC, Wilson AC, Evolution at two levels in humans and chimpanzees. Science. 188, 107– 116 (1975). 1090005
  3. [3]Fortna A, Lineage-specific gene duplication and loss in human and great ape evolution. PLoS Biol. 2, E207 (2004). 15252450 PMC449870
  4. [4]Boyd JL, Human-chimpanzee differences in a FZD8 enhancer alter cell-cycle dynamics in the developing neocortex. Curr. Biol 25, 772– 779 (2015). 25702574 PMC4366288
  5. [6]Dennis MY, Evolution of human-specific neural SRGAP2 genes by incomplete segmental duplication. Cell. 149, 912– 922 (2012). 22559943 PMC3365555
  6. [7]Charrier C, Inhibition of SRGAP2 function by its human-specific paralogs induces neoteny during spine maturation. Cell. 149, 923– 935 (2012). 22559944 PMC3357949
  7. [9]Ju X-C, The hominoid-specific gene TBC1D3 promotes generation of basal neural progenitors and induces cortical folding in mice. Elife. 5, 206 (2016). PMC5028191 27504805
  8. [10]Scally A, Insights into hominid evolution from the gorilla genome sequence. Nature. 483, 169– 175 (2012). 22398555 PMC3303130
  9. [11]Locke DP, Comparative and demographic analysis of orang-utan genomes. Nature. 469, 529– 533 (2011). 21270892 PMC3060778
  10. [13]Lam ET, Genome mapping on nanochannel arrays for structural variation analysis and sequence assembly. Nat. Biotechnol 30, 771– 776 (2012). 22797562 PMC3817024
  11. [14]Burton JN, Chromosome-scale scaffolding of de novo genome assemblies based on chromatin interactions. Nat. Biotechnol 31, 1119– 1125 (2013). 24185095 PMC4117202
  12. [15]Eid J, Real-time DNA sequencing from single polymerase molecules. Science. 323, 133– 138 (2009). 19023044
  13. [17]Chin C-S, Nonhybrid, finished microbial genome assemblies from long-read SMRT sequencing data. Nat. Methods 10, 563– 569 (2013). 23644548
  14. [18]Walker BJ, Pilon: an integrated tool for comprehensive microbial variant detection and genome assembly improvement. PLoS ONE. 9, e112963 (2014). 25409509 PMC4237348
  15. [19]Yunis JJ, Prakash O, The origin of man: a chromosomal pictorial legacy. Science. 215, 1525– 1530 (1982). 7063861
  16. [20]Gordon D, Long-read sequence assembly of the gorilla genome. Science. 352, aae0344– aae0344 (2016). 27034376 PMC4920363
  17. [21]Kuderna LFK, A 3-way hybrid approach to generate a new high-quality chimpanzee reference genome (Pan_tro_3.0). Gigascience. 6, 1– 6 (2017). PMC5714192 29092041
  18. [22]Fiddes IT, Comparative Annotation Toolkit (CAT) - simultaneous clade and personal genome annotation. bioRxiv, 1– 13 (2017). PMC6028123 29884752
  19. [23]Elango N, Thomas JW, NISC Comparative Sequencing Program, S. V. Yi, Variable molecular clocks in hominoids. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A 103, 1370– 1375 (2006). 16432233 PMC1360599
  20. [24]Moorjani P, Amorim CEG, Arndt PF, Przeworski M, Variation in the molecular clock of primates. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A 113, 10607– 10612 (2016). 27601674 PMC5035889
  21. [25]Li WH, Tanimura M, Sharp PM, An evaluation of the molecular clock hypothesis using mammalian DNA sequences. J. Mol. Evol 25, 330– 342 (1987). 3118047
  22. [26]Bickhart DM, Single-molecule sequencing and chromatin conformation capture enable de novo reference assembly of the domestic goat genome. Nat. Genet 49, 643– 650 (2017). 28263316 PMC5909822
  23. [27]Rubinsztein DC, Microsatellite evolution--evidence for directionality and variation in rate between species. Nat. Genet 10, 337– 343 (1995). 7670473
  24. [28]Webster MT, Smith NGC, Ellegren H, Microsatellite evolution inferred from human-chimpanzee genomic sequence alignments. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A 99, 8748– 8753 (2002). 12070344 PMC124370
  25. [29]Yohn CT, Lineage-specific expansions of retroviral insertions within the genomes of African great apes but not humans and orangutans. PLoS Biol. 3, e110 (2005). 15737067 PMC1054887
  26. [32]Sudmant PH, An integrated map of structural variation in 2,504 human genomes. Nature. 526, 75– 81 (2015). 26432246 PMC4617611
  27. [33]Prado-Martinez J, Great ape genetic diversity and population history. Nature. 499, 471– 475 (2013). 23823723 PMC3822165
  28. [34]Pérez-Rico YA, Comparative analyses of super-enhancers reveal conserved elements in vertebrate genomes. Genome Res. 27, 259– 268 (2017). 27965291 PMC5287231
  29. [35]Reno PL, A penile spine/vibrissa enhancer sequence is missing in modern and extinct humans but is retained in multiple primates with penile spines and sensory vibrissae. PLoS ONE. 8, e84258 (2013). 24367647 PMC3868586
  30. [36]Ameur A, Genetic adaptation of fatty-acid metabolism: a human-specific haplotype increasing the biosynthesis of long-chain omega-3 and omega-6 fatty acids. Am. J. Hum. Genet 90, 809– 820 (2012). 22503634 PMC3376635
  31. [37]Ye K, Gao F, Wang D, Bar-Yosef O, Keinan A, Dietary adaptation of FADS genes in Europe varied across time and geography. Nat Ecol Evol. 1, 167 (2017). 29094686 PMC5672832
  32. [38]Buckley MT, Selection in Europeans on Fatty Acid Desaturases Associated with Dietary Changes. Mol. Biol. Evol 34, 1307– 1318 (2017). 28333262 PMC5435082
  33. [40]Trunnell NB, Poon AC, Kim SY, Ferrell JE Jr., Ultrasensitivity in the Regulation of Cdc25C by Cdk1. Molecular Cell. 41, 263– 274 (2011). 21292159 PMC3060667
  34. [41]Rakic P, A small step for the cell, a giant leap for mankind: a hypothesis of neocortical expansion during evolution. Trends Neurosci. 18, 383– 388 (1995). 7482803
  35. [42]Pendleton M, Assembly and diploid architecture of an individual human genome via single-molecule technologies. Nat. Methods 12, 780– 786 (2015). 26121404 PMC4646949
  36. [43]Mak ACY, Genome-Wide Structural Variation Detection by Genome Mapping on Nanochannel Arrays. Genetics. 202, 351– 362 (2016). 26510793 PMC4701098
  37. [44]Feuk L, Discovery of human inversion polymorphisms by comparative analysis of human and chimpanzee DNA sequence assemblies. PLoS Genet. 1, e56 (2005). 16254605 PMC1270012
  38. [45]Newman TL, A genome-wide survey of structural variation between human and chimpanzee. Genome Res. 15, 1344– 1356 (2005). 16169929 PMC1240076
  39. [46]Szamalek JM, Polymorphic micro-inversions contribute to the genomic variability of humans and chimpanzees. Hum. Genet 119, 103– 112 (2006). 16362346
  40. [47]Cardone MF, Hominoid chromosomal rearrangements on 17q map to complex regions of segmental duplication. Genome Biol. 9, R28 (2008). 18257913 PMC2374708
  41. [49]Sanders AD, Characterizing polymorphic inversions in human genomes by single-cell sequencing. Genome Res. 26, 1575– 1587 (2016). 27472961 PMC5088599
  42. [51]Coe BP, Refining analyses of copy number variation identifies specific genes associated with developmental delay. Nat. Genet 46, 1063– 1071 (2014). 25217958 PMC4177294
  43. [52]Sturgill ER, Biosynthesis of the major brain gangliosides GD1a and GT1b. Glycobiology. 22, 1289– 1301 (2012). 22735313 PMC3425327
  44. [54]Dennis MY, The evolution and population diversity of human-specific segmental duplications. Nat Ecol Evol. 1, 69 (2017). 28580430 PMC5450946
  45. [55]Camp JG, Human cerebral organoids recapitulate gene expression programs of fetal neocortex development. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A 112, 15672– 15677 (2015). 26644564 PMC4697386
  46. [56]Mora-Bermúdez F, Differences and similarities between human and chimpanzee neural progenitors during cerebral cortex development. Elife. 5, 166 (2016). PMC5110243 27669147
  47. [57]Pollen AA, Molecular identity of human outer radial glia during cortical development. Cell. 163, 55– 67 (2015). 26406371 PMC4583716
  48. [58]He Z, Comprehensive transcriptome analysis of neocortical layers in humans, chimpanzees and macaques. Nat. Neurosci. 20, 886– 895 (2017). 28414332
  49. [59]Marchetto MCN, Differential L1 regulation in pluripotent stem cells of humans and apes. Nature. 503, 525– 529 (2013). 24153179 PMC4064720
  50. [60]Korlach J, De novo PacBio long-read and phased avian genome assemblies correct and add to reference genes generated with intermediate and short reads. Gigascience. 6, 1– 16 (2017). PMC5632298 29020750
  51. [61]Rakic P, A small step for the cell, a giant leap for mankind: a hypothesis of neocortical expansion during evolution. Trends Neurosci. 18, 383– 388 (1995). 7482803
  52. [62]Olson MV, When less is more: gene loss as an engine of evolutionary change. Am. J. Hum. Genet 64, 18– 23 (1999). 9915938 PMC1377697
  53. [63]Marques-Bonet T, A burst of segmental duplications in the genome of the African great ape ancestor. Nature. 457, 877– 881 (2009). 19212409 PMC2751663
  54. [64]Nuttle X, Emergence of a Homo sapiens-specific gene family and chromosome 16p11.2 CNV susceptibility. Nature. 536, 205– 209 (2016). 27487209 PMC4988886
  55. [65]Jain M, Olsen HE, Paten B, Akeson M, The Oxford Nanopore MinION: delivery of nanopore sequencing to the genomics community. Genome Biol. 17, 239 (2016). 27887629 PMC5124260
  56. [66]Garrison E, Scholar GMG, Haplotype-based variant detection from short-read sequencing. arXiv Prepr. arXiv1207 3907 2012; 9.
  57. [67]Nowakowski TJ, Spatiotemporal gene expression trajectories reveal developmental hierarchies of the human cortex. Science. 358, 1318– 1323 (2017). 29217575 PMC5991609
  58. [68]Durand NC, Juicebox Provides a Visualization System for Hi-C Contact Maps with Unlimited Zoom. Cell Syst. 3, 99– 101 (2016). 27467250 PMC5596920
  59. [69]Koren S, Canu: scalable and accurate long-read assembly via adaptive k-mer weighting and repeat separation. Genome Res. 27, 722– 736 (2017). 28298431 PMC5411767
  60. [70]Lichter P, High-resolution mapping of human chromosome 11 by in situ hybridization with cosmid clones. Science. 247, 64– 69 (1990). 2294592
  61. [71]Paten B, Cactus: Algorithms for genome multiple sequence alignment. Genome Res. 21, 1512– 1528 (2011). 21665927 PMC3166836
  62. [72]König S, Romoth LW, Gerischer L, Stanke M, Simultaneous gene finding in multiple genomes. Bioinformatics. 32, 3388– 3395 (2016). 27466621 PMC5860283
  63. [74]Chaisson MJ, Tesler G, Mapping single molecule sequencing reads using basic local alignment with successive refinement (BLASR): application and theory. BMC Bioinformatics. 13, 238 (2012). 22988817 PMC3572422
  64. [75]Khelik K, Lagesen K, Sandve GK, Rognes T, Nederbragt AJ, NucDiff: in-depth characterization and annotation of differences between two sets of DNA sequences. BMC Bioinformatics. 18, 338 (2017). 28701187 PMC5508607
  65. [76]Stanyon R, Primate chromosome evolution: ancestral karyotypes, marker order and neocentromeres. Chromosome Res. 16, 17– 39 (2008). 18293103
  66. [77]Chaisson MJP, Wilson RK, Eichler EE, Genetic variation and the de novo assembly of human genomes. Nat. Rev. Genet 16, 627– 640 (2015). 26442640 PMC4745987
  67. [78]Huddleston J, Discovery and genotyping of structural variation from long-read haploid genome sequence data. Genome Res. 27, 677– 685 (2017). 27895111 PMC5411763
  68. [79]Weissensteiner MH, Combination of short-read, long-read, and optical mapping assemblies reveals large-scale tandem repeat arrays with population genetic implications. Genome Res. 27, 697– 708 (2017). 28360231 PMC5411765
  69. [80]Jiao W-B, Improving and correcting the contiguity of long-read genome assemblies of three plant species using optical mapping and chromosome conformation capture data. Genome Res. 27, 778– 786 (2017). 28159771 PMC5411772
  70. [81]Ventura M, Gorilla genome structural variation reveals evolutionary parallelisms with chimpanzee. Genome Res. 21, 1640– 1649 (2011). 21685127 PMC3202281
  71. [82]Ventura M, Evolutionary formation of new centromeres in macaque. Science. 316, 243– 246 (2007). 17431171
  72. [83]Ramani V, Mapping 3D genome architecture through in situ DNase Hi-C. Nat Protoc. 11, 2104– 2121 (2016). 27685100 PMC5547819
  73. [84]Lek M, Analysis of protein-coding genetic variation in 60,706 humans. Nature. 536, 285– 291 (2016). 27535533 PMC5018207
  74. [85]Danecek P, The variant call format and VCFtools. Bioinformatics. 27, 2156– 2158 (2011). 21653522 PMC3137218
  75. [86]Braastad CD, Hovhannisyan H, van Wijnen AJ, Stein JL, Stein GS, Functional characterization of a human histone gene cluster duplication. Gene. 342, 35– 40 (2004). 15527963
  76. [87]Hormozdiari F, Rates and patterns of great ape retrotransposition. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A 110, 13457– 13462 (2013). 23884656 PMC3746892
  77. [88]Ramsay L, Conserved expression of transposon-derived non-coding transcripts in primate stem cells. BMC Genomics. 18, 214 (2017). 28245871 PMC5331655
  78. [89]Chan Y-S, Induction of a human pluripotent state with distinct regulatory circuitry that resembles preimplantation epiblast. Cell Stem Cell. 13, 663– 675 (2013). 24315441
  79. [90]Renaud G, Stenzel U, Maricic T, Wiebe V, Kelso J, deML: robust demultiplexing of Illumina sequences using a likelihood-based approach. Bioinformatics. 31, 770– 772 (2015). 25359895 PMC4341068
  80. [93]Hartley SW, Mullikin JC, QoRTs: a comprehensive toolset for quality control and data processing of RNA-Seq experiments. BMC Bioinformatics. 16, 224 (2015). 26187896 PMC4506620
  81. [94]Gordon SP, Widespread Polycistronic Transcripts in Fungi Revealed by Single-Molecule mRNA Sequencing. PLoS ONE. 10, e0132628 (2015). 26177194 PMC4503453
  82. [96]Consortium GTEx, The Genotype-Tissue Expression (GTEx) project. Nat. Genet 45, 580– 585 (2013). 23715323 PMC4010069
  83. [97]Harrow J, GENCODE: the reference human genome annotation for The ENCODE Project. Genome Res. 22, 1760– 1774 (2012). 22955987 PMC3431492
  84. [98]Stanke M, Diekhans M, Baertsch R, Haussler D, Using native and syntenically mapped cDNA alignments to improve de novo gene finding. Bioinformatics. 24, 637– 644 (2008). 18218656
  85. [99]Stanke M, AUGUSTUS: ab initio prediction of alternative transcripts. Nucleic Acids Res. 34, W435– 9 (2006). 16845043 PMC1538822
  86. [100]Stanke M, Schöffmann O, Morgenstern B, Waack S, Gene prediction in eukaryotes with a generalized hidden Markov model that uses hints from external sources. BMC Bioinformatics. 7, 62 (2006). 16469098 PMC1409804
  87. [102]Sudmant PH, Global diversity, population stratification, and selection of human copy-number variation. Science. 349, aab3761 (2015). 26249230 PMC4568308
  88. [103]George RD, Trans genomic capture and sequencing of primate exomes reveals new targets of positive selection. Genome Res. 21, 1686– 1694 (2011). 21795384 PMC3202285
  89. [104]Mohajeri K, Interchromosomal core duplicons drive both evolutionary instability and disease susceptibility of the Chromosome 8p23.1 region. Genome Res. 26, 1453– 1467 (2016). 27803192 PMC5088589
  90. [105]Jiang Z, Ancestral reconstruction of segmental duplications reveals punctuated cores of human genome evolution. Nat. Genet 39, 1361– 1368 (2007). 17922013

Cited by

Sorted by citations

Authors
Kronenberg, Z. N., Fiddes, I. T., Gordon, D., Murali, S., Cantsilieris, S., Meyerson, O. S., Underwood, J. G., Nelson, B. J., Chaisson, M. J. P., Dougherty, M. L., Munson, K. M., Hastie, A. R., Diekhans, M., Hormozdiari, F., Lorusso, N., Hoekzema, K., Qiu, R., Clark, K., Raja, A., Welch, A. E., Sorensen, M., Baker, C., Fulton, R. S., Armstrong, J., Graves-Lindsay, T. A., Denli, A. M., Hoppe, E. R., Hsieh, P., Hill, C. M., Pang, A. W. C., Lee, J., Lam, E. T., Dutcher, S. K., Gage, F. H., Warren, W. C., Shendure, J., Haussler, D., Schneider, V. A., Cao, H., Ventura, M., Wilson, R. K., Paten, B., Pollen, A., & Eichler, E. E.
Affiliations
  • University of Washington (US)
  • University of California, Santa Cruz (US)
  • Howard Hughes Medical Institute (US)
  • University of California, San Francisco (US)
  • University of Southern California (US)
  • BioNano Genomics (United States) (US)
  • University of California, Davis (US)
  • University of Bari Aldo Moro (IT)
  • National Institutes of Health (US)
  • Washington University in St. Louis (US)
  • Salk Institute for Biological Studies (US)
  • National Center for Biotechnology Information, National Library of Medicine, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20894, USA.
Corresponding author
  • Fiddes, Ian T.
  • Gordon, David
  • Murali, Shwetha
  • Cantsilieris, Stuart
  • Meyerson, Olivia S.
  • Underwood, Jason G.
  • Nelson, Bradley J.
  • Eichler, Evan E.
Venue
Science
Published
2018-06-08
Volume
360
Issue
6393
ISSN
  • 0036-8075 (ISSN-L)
  • 1095-9203
OpenAlex
W2807521829
Cited by
350
References
14
Citations by year
2026: 25 · 2025: 28 · 2024: 35 · 2023: 46 · 2022: 37 · 2021: 53 · 2020: 61 · 2019: 51 · 2018: 13 · 2014: 1
FWCI
15.81
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
Locations
  • Science (publishedVersion)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
  • Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (acceptedVersion)
  • PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
  • eScholarship (California Digital Library) (submittedVersion)
  • CINECA IRIS Institutional Research Information System (University of Bari Aldo Moro) (submittedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
Funders
  • National Institutes of Health (HG002385, HG007635, HG003079, HG007990, HG006283, HG009478, HG009081, HG007234)
  • Ministero dell’Istruzione, dell’Università e della Ricerca (RBFR103CE3)
  • Howard Hughes Medical Institute (N/A)
  • National Health and Medical Research Council (1073726)
Topics
  • Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Genomics and Phylogenetic Studies
  • Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Genetics › Genomic variations and chromosomal abnormalities
  • Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Plant Science › Chromosomal and Genetic Variations
Keywords
human evolution, structural variants, comparative genomics, long-read sequencing, full-length cDNA, brain organoids, radial glial progenitors, human-ape divergence
MeSH terms
Animals, Humans, Genetic Variation, Hominidae, Genome, Human, Sequence Analysis, DNA, Evolution, Molecular, Contig Mapping, Molecular Sequence Annotation

About these checks

Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.

Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.

Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.

What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›

Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review