The Simons Genome Diversity Project: 300 genomes from 142 diverse populations
Open accessAbstract
Here we report the Simons Genome Diversity Project data set: high quality genomes from 300 individuals from 142 diverse populations. These genomes include at least 5.8 million base pairs that are not present in the human reference genome. Our analysis reveals key features of the landscape of human genome variation, including that the rate of accumulation of mutations has accelerated by about 5% in non-Africans compared to Africans since divergence. We show that the ancestors of some pairs of present-day human populations were substantially separated by 100,000 years ago, well before the archaeologically attested onset of behavioural modernity. We also demonstrate that indigenous Australians, New Guineans and Andamanese do not derive substantial ancestry from an early dispersal of modern humans; instead, their modern human ancestry is consistent with coming from the same source as that of other non-Africans.
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Papuans and Indigenous Australians carry the largest amount of Denisovan introgression (~1% to 5%), followed by East and South Asians (~0.06% to 0.5%), and Indigenous Americans (~0.05% to 0.4%).
“It has been shown that Papuans and Indigenous Australians carry the largest amount of Denisovan introgression (∼1% to 5%), followed by East and South Asians (∼0.06% to 0.5%), and Indigenous Americans (∼0.05% to 0.4%) (Reich et al. 2010; Racimo et al. 2015; Mallick et al. 2016; Sankararaman et al. 2016; Browning et al. 2018).”
From The Human Accelerated Region HAR202 Controls <i>NPAS3</i> Expression in the Developing Forebrain Displaying Differential Enhancer Activity Between Modern and Archaic Human Sequences (2024) · cites this paper as Mallick et al. 2016
In “The structure of human genetic diversity” (page unavailable), the paper says Australo-Melanesians have Denisovan ancestry and other eastern non-Africans have less; it also reports suggestive evidence of excess Denisovan ancestry in some South Asians. Our copy does not give the claimed percentage ranges or establish the stated ranking for Indigenous Americans. (LLM, conf=0.87)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe approach can artificially shorten haplotype block lengths, especially for populations such as Papuans and Australians that were absent from the 1000 Genomes Project panel used for phasing.
“We caution, however, that our approach can artificially shorten haplotype block lengths (see Supplementary Methods and figs. S21 and S22), especially for populations such as Papuans and Australians that were absent from the 1000 Genomes Project panel (24) that was used for phasing (14).”
From An ancestral recombination graph of human, Neanderthal, and Denisovan genomes (2021) · cites this paper as [14]
Applying the approach to Neanderthal aSNPs segregating within present-day West Eurasians replicates most of the findings, as well as previously reported signals including a depletion of Neanderthal variants within enhancer-like elements.
“Applying our approach to Neanderthal aSNPs segregating within present-day West Eurasians [31] replicates most of our findings, as well as previously reported signals including a depletion of Neanderthal variants within enhancer-like elements [12].”
From Denisovan introgression has shaped the immune system of present-day Papuans (2022) · cites this paper as [31]
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Skoglund, P., Thompson, J. C., Prendergast, M. E., Mittnik, A., Sirak, K. A., Hajdinjak, M., Salie, T., Rohland, N., Mallick, S., Peltzer, A., et al. (2017) · Cell · doi:10.1016/j.cell.2017.08.049 · Cited by 410 · see citing works
Self-citationThe first horse herders and the impact of early Bronze Age steppe expansions into Asia
Damgaard, P. D. B., Martiniano, R., Kamm, J., Moreno-Mayar, J. V., Kroonen, G., Peyrot, M., Barjamovic, G., Rasmussen, S., Zacho, C. M., Baimukhanov, N., et al. (2018) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.aar7711 · Cited by 424 · see citing works
Origins of modern human ancestry
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Self-citationReconstructing the Deep Population History of Central and South America
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Self-citationThe Allen Ancient DNA Resource (AADR) a curated compendium of ancient human genomes
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Self-citationParallel palaeogenomic transects reveal complex genetic history of early European farmers
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Self-citationAnalysis of Human Sequence Data Reveals Two Pulses of Archaic Denisovan Admixture
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Estimating genetic kin relationships in prehistoric populations
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Self-citationAncient genomes show social and reproductive behavior of early Upper Paleolithic foragers
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Self-citationThe structure, function and evolution of a complete human chromosome 8
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Loci associated with skin pigmentation identified in African populations
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Self-citationA Dynamic 6,000-Year Genetic History of Eurasia’s Eastern Steppe
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Self-citationA high-coverage Neandertal genome from Chagyrskaya Cave
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Self-citationGenomics of disease risk in globally diverse populations
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Origins and genetic legacy of prehistoric dogs
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Self-citationGenetic origins of the Minoans and Mycenaeans
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On the limits of fitting complex models of population history to f-statistics
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Self-citationProfiling the genome-wide landscape of tandem repeat expansions
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Self-citationDistinct Classes of Complex Structural Variation Uncovered across Thousands of Cancer Genome Graphs
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Reconstructing the genetic history of late Neanderthals
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Self-citationPalaeo-Eskimo genetic ancestry and the peopling of Chukotka and North America
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Self-citationMSMC and MSMC2: The Multiple Sequentially Markovian Coalescent
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Identifying and Interpreting Apparent Neanderthal Ancestry in African Individuals
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Uganda Genome Resource Enables Insights into Population History and Genomic Discovery in Africa
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findGSE : estimating genome size variation within human and Arabidopsis using k -mer frequencies
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Ancient Genomics of Modern Humans: The First Decade
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Self-citationPleistocene North African genomes link Near Eastern and sub-Saharan African human populations
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Self-citationThe genetic history of admixture across inner Eurasia
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Self-citation40,000-Year-Old Individual from Asia Provides Insight into Early Population Structure in Eurasia
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Self-citationThe deep population history of northern East Asia from the Late Pleistocene to the Holocene
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Self-citationWhen did <i>Homo sapiens</i> first reach Southeast Asia and Sahul?
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Language continuity despite population replacement in Remote Oceania
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Self-citationA synthetic-diploid benchmark for accurate variant-calling evaluation
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Ancient genomes indicate population replacement in Early Neolithic Britain
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Self-citationFast and accurate genomic analyses using genome graphs
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Initial Upper Palaeolithic humans in Europe had recent Neanderthal ancestry
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Self-citationHuman population history at the crossroads of East and Southeast Asia since 11,000 years ago
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Self-citationPopulation Stratification in Genetic Association Studies
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Limits of long-term selection against Neandertal introgression
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Self-citationAncient Fennoscandian genomes reveal origin and spread of Siberian ancestry in Europe
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Self-citationGenomic insights into population history and biological adaptation in Oceania
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Triangulation supports agricultural spread of the Transeurasian languages
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Ancient DNA reveals a multistep spread of the first herders into sub-Saharan Africa
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Self-citationOlson, N. D., Wagner, J., McDaniel, J., Stephens, S. H., Westreich, S. T., Prasanna, A. G., Johanson, E., Boja, E., Maier, E. J., Serang, O., et al. (2022) · Cell Genomics · doi:10.1016/j.xgen.2022.100129 · Cited by 202 · see citing works
Understanding 6th-century barbarian social organization and migration through paleogenomics
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The Contribution of Neanderthals to Phenotypic Variation in Modern Humans
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“Because the natural length of day-night cycles differs according to latitude and influences circadian rhythms, we tested for a correlation between the Neanderthal allele frequency at ASB1 and latitude in worldwide non-African populations.(36)We found a significant correlation between the frequency of the Neanderthal a…”
Self-citationBronze Age population dynamics and the rise of dairy pastoralism on the eastern Eurasian steppe
Jeong, C., Wilkin, S., Amgalantugs, T., Bouwman, A., Taylor, W. T. T., Hagan, R. W., Bromage, S., Tsolmon, S., Trachsel, C., Grossmann, J., et al. (2018) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.1813608115 · Cited by 199 · see citing works
Self-citationThe evolutionary history of Neanderthal and Denisovan Y chromosomes
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Self-citationDating genomic variants and shared ancestry in population-scale sequencing data
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The genomic origins of the Bronze Age Tarim Basin mummies
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Self-citationAfrican genomes illuminate the early history and transition to selfing in Arabidopsis thaliana
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A Paleogenomic Reconstruction of the Deep Population History of the Andes
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Self-citationThe genetic history of the Southern Arc: A bridge between West Asia and Europe
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Self-citationHomo sapiens in Arabia by 85,000 years ago
Groucutt, H. S., Grün, R., Zalmout, I. S., Drake, N., Armitage, S. J., Candy, I., Clark‐Wilson, R., Louys, J., Breeze, P. S., Duval, M., et al. (2018) · Nature Ecology & Evolution · doi:10.1038/s41559-018-0518-2 · Cited by 184 · see citing works
- Authors
- Mallick, S., Li, H., Lipson, M., Mathieson, I., Gymrek, M., Racimo, F., Zhao, M., Chennagiri, N., Nordenfelt, S., Tandon, A., Skoglund, P., Lazaridis, I., Sankararaman, S., Fu, Q., Rohland, N., Renaud, G., Erlich, Y., Willems, T., Gallo, C., Spence, J. P., Song, Y. S., Poletti, G., Balloux, F., van Driem, G., de Knijff, P., Romero, I. G., Jha, A. R., Behar, D. M., Bravi, C. M., Capelli, C., Hervig, T., Moreno-Estrada, A., Posukh, O. L., Balanovska, E., Balanovsky, O., Karachanak-Yankova, S., Sahakyan, H., Toncheva, D., Yepiskoposyan, L., Tyler-Smith, C., Xue, Y., Abdullah, M. S., Ruiz-Linares, A., Beall, C. M., Di Rienzo, A., Jeong, C., Starikovskaya, E. B., Metspalu, E., Parik, J., Villems, R., Henn, B. M., Hodoglugil, U., Mahley, R., Sajantila, A., Stamatoyannopoulos, G., Wee, J. T. S., Khusainova, R., Khusnutdinova, E., Litvinov, S., Ayodo, G., Comas, D., Hammer, M. F., Kivisild, T., Klitz, W., Winkler, C. A., Labuda, D., Bamshad, M., Jorde, L. B., Tishkoff, S. A., Watkins, W. S., Metspalu, M., Dryomov, S., Sukernik, R., Singh, L., Thangaraj, K., Pääbo, S., Kelso, J., Patterson, N., & Reich, D.
- Affiliations
- Broad Institute (US)
- Harvard University (US)
- University of California, Berkeley (US)
- Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology (DE)
- New York Genome Center (US)
- Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia (PE)
- University of Pennsylvania (US)
- Nanyang Technological University (SG)
- University of Chicago (US)
- Estonian Biocentre (EE)
- University of Oxford (GB)
- University of Bergen (NO)
- Russian Academy of Sciences (RU)
- Research Centre for Medical Genetics (RU)
- Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology (RU)
- Medical University of Sofia (BG)
- Institute of Molecular Biology (AM)
- Wellcome Sanger Institute (GB)
- Raja Isteri Pengiran Anak Saleha Hospital (BN)
- Case Western Reserve University (US)
- Estonian Academy of Sciences (EE)
- Stony Brook University (US)
- Gladstone Institutes (US)
- University of Helsinki (FI)
- University of Washington (US)
- National Cancer Centre Singapore (SG)
- Jaramogi Oginga Odinga University of Science and Technology (KE)
- Universitat Pompeu Fabra (ES)
- University of Arizona (US)
- University of Cambridge (GB)
- Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research (US)
- Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Sainte-Justine (CA)
- University of Utah (US)
- Centre for Cellular and Molecular Biology (IN)
- Corresponding author
- Mallick, Swapan
- Reich, David
- ORCID
- Mallick, Swapan
- Li, Heng
- Lipson, Mark
- Mathieson, Iain
- Gymrek, Melissa
- Racimo, Fernando
- Zhao, Mengyao
- Skoglund, Pontus
- Lazaridis, Iosif
- Sankararaman, Sriram
- Fu, Qiaomei
- Rohland, Nadin
- Renaud, Gabriel
- Erlich, Yaniv
- Willems, Thomas
- Gallo, Carla
- Spence, Jeffrey P.
- Song, Yun S.
- Poletti, Giovanni
- Romero, Irene Gallego
- Jha, Aashish R.
- Behar, Doron M.
- Capelli, Cristian
- Hervig, Tor
- Posukh, Olga L.
- Balanovska, Elena
- Karachanak-Yankova, Sena
- Sahakyan, Hovhannes
- Toncheva, Draga
- Yepiskoposyan, Levon
- Abdullah, M. Syafiq
- Beall, Cynthia M.
- Jeong, Choongwon
- Starikovskaya, Elena B.
- Metspalu, Ene
- Villems, Richard
- Henn, Brenna M.
- Mahley, Robert
- Sajantila, Antti
- Wee, Joseph T. S.
- Khusainova, Rita
- Litvinov, Sergey
- Ayodo, George
- Comas, David
- Hammer, Michael F.
- Kivisild, Toomas
- Winkler, Cheryl A.
- Labuda, Damian
- Bamshad, Michael
- Jorde, Lynn B.
- Tishkoff, Sarah A.
- Watkins, W. Scott
- Metspalu, Mait
- Sukernik, Rem
- Singh, Lalji
- Pääbo, Svante
- Kelso, Janet
- Patterson, Nick
- Reich, David
- Venue
- Nature
- Published
- 2016-09-21
- Volume
- 538
- Issue
- 7624
- Pages
- 201-206
- ISSN
- 0028-0836 (ISSN-L)
- 1476-4687
- PMC
- PMC5161557
- OpenAlex
- W2522993044
- Cited by
- 1,584
- References
- 47
- Citations by year
- 2026: 100 · 2025: 187 · 2024: 188 · 2023: 155 · 2022: 189 · 2021: 179 · 2020: 173 · 2019: 152 · 2018: 142 · 2017: 104 · 2016: 10 · 2015: 1 · 2012: 1
- FWCI
- 109.87
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- Nature (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia Institutional Repository (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (acceptedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Digital Access to Scholarship at Harvard (DASH) (Harvard University) (acceptedVersion)
- RECERCAT (Consorci de Serveis Universitaris de Catalunya) (acceptedVersion, other-oa)
- LA Referencia (Red Federada de Repositorios Institucionales de Publicaciones Científicas) (submittedVersion, cc-by-nc-sa)
- eScholarship (California Digital Library) (submittedVersion)
- Data Archiving and Networked Services (DANS) (submittedVersion)
- RePEc: Research Papers in Economics (submittedVersion)
- Leiden Repository (Leiden University) (submittedVersion)
- BORIS (University Library Bern) (submittedVersion)
- UCL Discovery (University College London) (submittedVersion)
- Max Planck Digital Library (submittedVersion)
- Minerva Access (University of Melbourne) (submittedVersion)
- MPG.PuRe (Max Planck Society) (submittedVersion)
- Repositori digital de la UPF (Universitat Pompeu Fabra) (submittedVersion)
- CONICET Digital (CONICET) (submittedVersion, cc-by-nc-sa)
- RUNE (Research UNE) (submittedVersion)
- Seoul National University Open Repository (Seoul National University) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- National Science Foundation (1153911, 0924726, 02543, 1032255)
- Wellcome Trust (098051)
- Simons Foundation Autism Research Initiative
- European Commission (15,16, 28,29)
- Russian Foundation for Basic Research (16-06-00364, 16-06-00303)
- Eesti Teadusagentuur (IUT24-1, IUT2-4)
- Max-Planck-Gesellschaft
- Vetenskapsrådet (16,17, 02543, 2014-453)
- Tartu Ülikool
- National Institutes of Health (5ul1tr001067-05, 16,17, 10,11, GM100233)
- Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council (BB/H008802/1, BB/H008802/2)
- European Regional Development Fund (IUT24-1)
- National Human Genome Research Institute (R01HG006399)
- National Institute of General Medical Sciences (R01GM113657, R01GM059290, R01GM100233, R00GM111744, R01GM094402)
- National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (R01DK104339)
- National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (DP1ES022577)
- National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences (UL1-TR001067)
- FP7 Ideas: European Research Council (261213)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Genetics › Forensic and Genetic Research
- Social Sciences › Anthropology › Pleistocene-Era Hominins and Archaeology
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Genetics › Genetic diversity and population structure
- Keywords
- human genetic variation, dispersal out of Africa, human ancestry, mutation rate, African populations, Aboriginal Australians, Papuans, Andamanese, Indigenous Australians, non-African populations
- MeSH terms
- Animals, Australia, Genetics, Population, Humans, New Guinea, Phylogeny, Species Specificity, Time Factors, Genetic Variation, Genome, Human, Sequence Analysis, DNA, Genomics, Black People, Native Hawaiian or Other Pacific Islander, Racial Groups, History, Ancient, Neanderthals, Mutation Rate, Human Migration, Datasets as Topic
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
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