Fully phased human genome assembly without parental data using single-cell strand sequencing and long reads
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Abstract
Human genomes are typically assembled as consensus sequences that lack information on parental haplotypes. Here we describe a reference-free workflow for diploid de novo genome assembly that combines the chromosome-wide phasing and scaffolding capabilities of single-cell strand sequencing 1,2 with continuous long-read or high-fidelity 3 sequencing data. Employing this strategy, we produced a completely phased de novo genome assembly for each haplotype of an individual of Puerto Rican descent (HG00733) in the absence of parental data. The assemblies are accurate (quality value > 40) and highly contiguous (contig N50 > 23 Mbp) with low switch error rates (0.17%), providing fully phased single-nucleotide variants, indels and structural variants. A comparison of Oxford Nanopore Technologies and Pacific Biosciences phased assemblies identified 154 regions that are preferential sites of contig breaks, irrespective of sequencing technology or phasing algorithms.
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The assemblies include 29 samples with long and linked read sequencing data generated entirely by the HPRC and 18 samples sequenced by other efforts.
“These assemblies include 29 samples with long and linked read sequencing data generated entirely by the HPRC and 18 samples sequenced by other efforts16–18.”
From A draft human pangenome reference. (2023) · cites this paper as [17]
The Data availability section says this study produced HiFi reads for three named individuals, and the HiFi PacBio sequencing methods describe 18 SMRT cells used for those three samples—not 18 samples. Searches for HPRC, 29 samples, and the claimed division between HPRC and other sequencing efforts found no passage in our copy addressing those counts or provenance. (LLM, conf=0.74)
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Self-citationGenome assembly in the telomere-to-telomere era
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Nanopore Technology and Its Applications in Gene Sequencing
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Self-citationAdvancements in long-read genome sequencing technologies and algorithms
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Chromosome-scale, haplotype-resolved assembly of human genomes
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Human-specific genetics: new tools to explore the molecular and cellular basis of human evolution
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Complex genetic variation in nearly complete human genomes
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lra: A long read aligner for sequences and contigs
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Applications of long-read sequencing to Mendelian genetics
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Genome structural variation in human evolution
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A high-quality bonobo genome refines the analysis of hominid evolution
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Profiling variable-number tandem repeat variation across populations using repeat-pangenome graphs
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Gaps and complex structurally variant loci in phased genome assemblies
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Beyond the Human Genome Project: The Age of Complete Human Genome Sequences and Pangenome References
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A 25-year odyssey of genomic technology advances and structural variant discovery
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Self-citationAn integrated personal and population-based Egyptian genome reference
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Self-citationConstruction of Strand-seq libraries in open nanoliter arrays
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A survey of current methods to detect and genotype inversions
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The role of structural variations in Alzheimer’s disease and other neurodegenerative diseases
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Envisioning a new era: Complete genetic information from routine, telomere-to-telomere genomes
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BubbleGun: enumerating bubbles and superbubbles in genome graphs
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Self-citationDetection of trait-associated structural variations using short-read sequencing
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A deep dive into genome assemblies of non-vertebrate animals
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NanoSNP: a progressive and haplotype-aware SNP caller on low-coverage nanopore sequencing data
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Profiling genes encoding the adaptive immune receptor repertoire with gAIRR Suite
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Generation of lineage-resolved complete metagenome-assembled genomes by precision phasingPreprint
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Identification and Genotyping of Transposable Element Insertions From Genome Sequencing Data
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ASHLEYS: automated quality control for single-cell Strand-seq data
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Self-citationLocityper enables targeted genotyping of complex polymorphic genes
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Self-citationFiMAP: A fast identity-by-descent mapping test for biobank-scale cohorts
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Impact and characterization of serial structural variations across humans and great apes
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Self-citationFocused Strategies for Defining the Genetic Architecture of Congenital Heart Defects
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New algorithms for accurate and efficient de novo genome assembly from long DNA sequencing reads
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Coverage-preserving sparsification of overlap graphs for long-read assembly
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Haplotype-resolved assemblies and variant benchmark of a Chinese Quartet
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- Authors
- Human Genome Structural Variation Consortium, Porubsky, D., Ebert, P., Audano, P. A., Vollger, M. R., Harvey, W. T., Marijon, P., Ebler, J., Munson, K. M., Sorensen, M., Sulovari, A., Haukness, M., Ghareghani, M., Lansdorp, P. M., Paten, B., Devine, S. E., Sanders, A. D., Lee, C., Chaisson, M. J. P., Korbel, J. O., Eichler, E. E., & Marschall, T.
- Affiliations
- Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf (DE)
- University of Washington (US)
- University of California, Santa Cruz (US)
- Max Planck Institute for Informatics (DE)
- BC Cancer Agency (CA)
- University of Maryland, Baltimore (US)
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory (DE)
- Ewha Womans University (KR)
- University of Southern California (US)
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute (US)
- Corresponding author
- Eichler, Evan E.
- Marschall, Tobias
- ORCID
- Porubsky, David
- Ebert, Peter
- Audano, Peter A.
- Vollger, Mitchell R.
- Harvey, William T.
- Marijon, Pierre
- Ebler, Jana
- Munson, Katherine M.
- Sorensen, Melanie
- Sulovari, Arvis
- Haukness, Marina
- Ghareghani, Maryam
- Lansdorp, Peter M.
- Paten, Benedict
- Devine, Scott E.
- Sanders, Ashley D.
- Lee, Charles
- Chaisson, Mark J. P.
- Korbel, Jan O.
- Eichler, Evan E.
- Marschall, Tobias
- Venue
- Nature Biotechnology
- Published
- 2020-12-07
- Volume
- 39
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 302-308
- ISSN
- 0733-222X (ISSN-L)
- 1087-0156
- 1546-1696
- PMC
- PMC7954704
- OpenAlex
- W3113006061
- Cited by
- 203
- References
- 64
- Citations by year
- 2026: 12 · 2025: 24 · 2024: 34 · 2023: 44 · 2022: 39 · 2021: 36 · 2020: 13 · 2019: 1
- FWCI
- 10.87
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- hybrid
- doi.org
- Locations
- Nature Biotechnology (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) (acceptedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- MDC Repository (Max-Delbrueck-Center for Molecular Medicine) (acceptedVersion)
- The Mouseion at the JAXlibrary (Jackson Laboratory) (submittedVersion)
- MPG.PuRe (Max Planck Society) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- Funders
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute
- Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (391137747, 395192176, 031A533B, 031A537C, 031A534A, 031A537B, 031A535A, 031A538A, 031A532B, 031A533A)
- Bundesministerium für Bildung und Forschung (031A537C, 031A533A, 2018-2020, 031A535A, 031A538A, 031L0184, 031A534A, 031A532B, 031A533B, 031A537B)
- Ewha Womans University
- German Network for Bioinformatics Infrastructure (031A533A, 031A534A, 031A538A, 031 A535 A, 031 A537B, 031 A532B, 031 A533B, #031A537C)
- National Institutes of Health (HG007497)
- National Human Genome Research Institute (HG010169, U41HG007497, HG002385, R01HG010485, R01HG002898, U01HG010971, T32HG008345, HG002898, HG007497, U01HG010961, R01HG002385, U24HG007234, UM1HG010971, R01HG010169, T32HG000035, U24HG007497, U41HG010972, HG010971)
- National Cancer Institute (P30CA034196)
- U.S. National Library of Medicine (T32LM012419)
- H2020 European Research Council (773026)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Genomics and Phylogenetic Studies
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Genetics › Genomic variations and chromosomal abnormalities
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Single-cell and spatial transcriptomics
- Keywords
- haplotype phasing, reference-free genome assembly, de novo genome assembly, long-read sequencing, diploid genome, structural variants, single nucleotide variants, indels
- MeSH terms
- Algorithms, Haplotypes, Humans, Parents, Puerto Rico, Genome, Human, Sequence Analysis, DNA, Single-Cell Analysis, High-Throughput Nucleotide Sequencing
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