An orally available non-nucleotide STING agonist with antitumor activity

Features and development of Coot

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<i>MolProbity</i> : all-atom structure validation for macromolecular crystallography

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Overview of the <i>CCP</i> 4 suite and current developments

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MOLREP : an Automated Program for Molecular Replacement

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MolProbity: all-atom contacts and structure validation for proteins and nucleic acids

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Dysregulated pH: a perfect storm for cancer progression

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Data processing and analysis with the autoPROC toolbox

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Direct Activation of STING in the Tumor Microenvironment Leads to Potent and Systemic Tumor Regression and Immunity

Corrales, L., Glickman, L. H., McWhirter, S. M., Kanne, D. B., Sivick, K. E., Katibah, G. E., Woo, S.-R., Lemmens, E., Banda, T., Leong, J. J., et al. (2015) · Cell Reports · doi:10.1016/j.celrep.2015.04.031 · Cited by 1,560 · see citing works

Acidity Generated by the Tumor Microenvironment Drives Local Invasion

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Cyclic [G(2′,5′)pA(3′,5′)p] is the metazoan second messenger produced by DNA-activated cyclic GMP-AMP synthase.

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Structural basis of STING binding with and phosphorylation by TBK1

Zhang, C., Shang, G., Gui, X., Zhang, X., Bai, X.-C., & Chen, Z. J. (2019) · Nature · doi:10.1038/s41586-019-1000-2 · Cited by 1,095 · see citing works

Cyclic GMP-AMP Containing Mixed Phosphodiester Linkages Is An Endogenous High-Affinity Ligand for STING

Zhang, X., Shi, H., Wu, J., Zhang, X., Sun, L., Chen, C., & Chen, Z. J. (2013) · Molecular Cell · doi:10.1016/j.molcel.2013.05.022 · Cited by 1,086 · see citing works

Design of amidobenzimidazole STING receptor agonists with systemic activity

Ramanjulu, J. M., Pesiridis, G. S., Yang, J., Concha, N., Singhaus, R., Zhang, S.-Y., Tran, J.-L., Moore, P., Lehmann, S., Eberl, H. C., et al. (2018) · Nature · doi:10.1038/s41586-018-0705-y · Cited by 912 · see citing works

Cryo-EM structures of STING reveal its mechanism of activation by cyclic GMP–AMP

Shang, G., Zhang, C., Chen, Z. J., Bai, X., & Zhang, X. (2019) · Nature · doi:10.1038/s41586-019-0998-5 · Cited by 775 · see citing works

Very Fast Two-Dimensional NMR Spectroscopy for Real-Time Investigation of Dynamic Events in Proteins on the Time Scale of Seconds

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Exploiting structure similarity in refinement: automated NCS and target-structure restraints in<i>BUSTER</i>

Smart, O. S., Womack, T. O., Flensburg, C., Keller, P., Paciorek, W., Sharff, A., Vonrhein, C., & Bricogne, G. (2012) · Acta Crystallographica Section D Biological Crystallography · doi:10.1107/s0907444911056058 · Cited by 612 · see citing works

Structure-Function Analysis of STING Activation by c[G(2′,5′)pA(3′,5′)p] and Targeting by Antiviral DMXAA

Gao, P., Ascano, M., Zillinger, T., Wang, W., Dai, P., Serganov, A. A., Gaffney, B. L., Shuman, S., Jones, R. A., Deng, L., et al. (2013) · Cell · doi:10.1016/j.cell.2013.07.023 · Cited by 595 · see citing works

Combination Cancer Therapy with Immune Checkpoint Blockade: Mechanisms and Strategies

Patel, S. A., & Minn, A. J. (2018) · Immunity · doi:10.1016/j.immuni.2018.03.007 · Cited by 574 · see citing works

TheN-Ethyl-N-Nitrosourea-InducedGoldenticketMouse Mutant Reveals an Essential Function ofStingin theIn VivoInterferon Response toListeria monocytogenesand Cyclic Dinucleotides

Sauer, J., Troha, K., von Moltke, J., Monroe, K. M., Rae, C. S., Brubaker, S. W., Hyodo, M., Hayakawa, Y., Woodward, J. J., Portnoy, D. A., et al. (2010) · Infection and Immunity · doi:10.1128/iai.00999-10 · Cited by 540 · see citing works

Magnitude of Therapeutic STING Activation Determines CD8+ T Cell-Mediated Anti-tumor Immunity

Sivick, K. E., Desbien, A. L., Glickman, L. H., Reiner, G. L., Corrales, L., Surh, N. H., Hudson, T. E., Vu, U. T., Francica, B. J., Banda, T., et al. (2018) · Cell Reports · doi:10.1016/j.celrep.2018.11.047 · Cited by 451 · see citing works

Mouse, but not Human STING, Binds and Signals in Response to the Vascular Disrupting Agent 5,6-Dimethylxanthenone-4-Acetic Acid

Conlon, J. E., Burdette, D. L., Sharma, S., Bhat, N., Thompson, M., Jiang, Z., Rathinam, V. A. K., Monks, B. G., Jin, T., Xiao, T. S., et al. (2013) · The Journal of Immunology · doi:10.4049/jimmunol.1300097 · Cited by 445 · see citing works

Emerging Opportunities and Challenges in Cancer Immunotherapy

Whiteside, T. L., Demaria, S., Rodriguez-Ruiz, M. E., Zarour, H. M., & Melero, I. (2016) · Clinical Cancer Research · doi:10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-16-0049 · Cited by 317 · see citing works

Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms of Human STING Can Affect Innate Immune Response to Cyclic Dinucleotides

Yi, G., Brendel, V., Shu, C., Li, P., Palanathan, S., & Kao, C. C. (2013) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0077846 · Cited by 274 · see citing works

Affinity selection-mass spectrometry screening techniques for small molecule drug discovery

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5,6-Dimethylxanthenone-4-acetic Acid (DMXAA) Activates Stimulator of Interferon Gene (STING)-dependent Innate Immune Pathways and Is Regulated by Mitochondrial Membrane Potential

Prantner, D., Perkins, D. J., Lai, W., Williams, M. S., Sharma, S., Fitzgerald, K. A., & Vogel, S. N. (2012) · Journal of Biological Chemistry · doi:10.1074/jbc.m112.382986 · Cited by 220 · see citing works

Discovery of a Novel cGAMP Competitive Ligand of the Inactive Form of STING

Siu, T., Altman, M. D., Baltus, G. A., Childers, M., Ellis, J. M., Günaydin, H., Hatch, H., Ho, T., Jewell, J. P., Lacey, B. M., et al. (2018) · ACS Medicinal Chemistry Letters · doi:10.1021/acsmedchemlett.8b00466 · Cited by 189 · see citing works

Anticancer Flavonoids Are Mouse-Selective STING Agonists

Kim, S., Li, L., Maliga, Z., Yin, Q., Wu, H., & Mitchison, T. J. (2013) · ACS Chemical Biology · doi:10.1021/cb400264n · Cited by 186 · see citing works

Skin pH Is the Master Switch of Kallikrein 5-Mediated Skin Barrier Destruction in a Murine Atopic Dermatitis Model

Jang, H., Matsuda, A., Jung, K., Karasawa, K., Matsuda, K., Oida, K., Ishizaka, S., Ahn, G., Amagai, Y., Moon, C., et al. (2015) · Journal of Investigative Dermatology · doi:10.1038/jid.2015.363 · Cited by 126 · see citing works

Pharmacological Modulation of the STING Pathway for Cancer Immunotherapy

Berger, G., Marloye, M., & Lawler, S. E. (2019) · Trends in Molecular Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.molmed.2019.02.007 · Cited by 116 · see citing works

The STING agonist DMXAA triggers a cooperation between T lymphocytes and myeloid cells that leads to tumor regression

Weiss, J. M., Guérin, M. V., Régnier, F., Renault, G., Galy–Fauroux, I., Vimeux, L., Feuillet, V., Peranzoni, E., Thoreau, M., Trautmann, A., et al. (2017) · OncoImmunology · doi:10.1080/2162402x.2017.1346765 · Cited by 111 · see citing works

Roles of the cGAS-STING Pathway in Cancer Immunosurveillance and Immunotherapy

Yum, S., Li, M., Frankel, A. E., & Chen, Z. J. (2019) · Annual Review of Cancer Biology · doi:10.1146/annurev-cancerbio-030518-055636 · Cited by 108 · see citing works

Reduction of metastasis using a non-volatile buffer

Hashim, A. I., Cornnell, H. H., Ribeiro, M. D. L. C., Abrahams, D. F., Cunningham, J. J., Lloyd, M. C., Martinez, G. V., Gatenby, R. A., & Gillies, R. J. (2011) · Clinical & Experimental Metastasis · doi:10.1007/s10585-011-9415-7 · Cited by 92 · see citing works

Mapping the IκB Kinase β (IKKβ)-binding Interface of the B14 Protein, a Vaccinia Virus Inhibitor of IKKβ-mediated Activation of Nuclear Factor κB

Benfield, C. T. O., Mansur, D. S., McCoy, L. E., Ferguson, B. J., Bahar, M. W., Oldring, A. P., Grimes, J. M., Stuart, D. I., Graham, S. C., & Smith, G. L. (2011) · Journal of Biological Chemistry · doi:10.1074/jbc.m111.231381 · Cited by 54 · see citing works

Enhancing immunotherapy of STING agonist for lymphoma in preclinical models

Sallets, A., Robinson, S., Kardosh, A., & Levy, R. (2018) · Blood Advances · doi:10.1182/bloodadvances.2018020040 · Cited by 53 · see citing works

Design, synthesis, and biological evaluation of C7-functionalized DMXAA derivatives as potential human-STING agonists

Hwang, J., Kang, T., Lee, J. H., Choi, B., & Han, S. (2018) · Organic & Biomolecular Chemistry · doi:10.1039/c8ob01798k · Cited by 37 · see citing works

Passive drug permeation through membranes and cellular distribution

Scott, D. O., Ghosh, A., Di, L., & Maurer, T. S. (2016) · Pharmacological Research · doi:10.1016/j.phrs.2016.11.028 · Cited by 32 · see citing works

Macrophages as tools and targets in cancer therapy

Mantovani, A., Allavena, P., Marchesi, F., & Garlanda, C. (2022) · Nature Reviews Drug Discovery · doi:10.1038/s41573-022-00520-5 · Cited by 1,807 · see citing works

Combination strategies with PD-1/PD-L1 blockade: current advances and future directions

Yi, M., Zheng, X., Niu, M., Zhu, S., Ge, H., & Wu, K. (2022) · Molecular Cancer · doi:10.1186/s12943-021-01489-2 · Cited by 1,445 · see citing works

Turning cold tumors into hot tumors by improving T-cell infiltration

Liu, Y., & Sun, Z. (2021) · Theranostics · doi:10.7150/thno.58390 · Cited by 836 · see citing works

Amplifying STING activation by cyclic dinucleotide–manganese particles for local and systemic cancer metalloimmunotherapy

Sun, X., Zhang, Y., Li, J., Park, K. S., Han, K., Zhou, X., Xu, Y., Nam, J., Xu, J., Shi, X., et al. (2021) · Nature Nanotechnology · doi:10.1038/s41565-021-00962-9 · Cited by 803 · see citing works

The cGAS–STING pathway and cancer

Samson, N., & Ablasser, A. (2022) · Nature Cancer · doi:10.1038/s43018-022-00468-w · Cited by 705 · see citing works

Roles of natural killer cells in immunity to cancer, and applications to immunotherapy

Wolf, N. K., Kissiov, D. U., & Raulet, D. H. (2022) · Nature reviews. Immunology · doi:10.1038/s41577-022-00732-1 · Cited by 591 · see citing works

Turning cold tumors hot: from molecular mechanisms to clinical applications

Zhang, J., Huang, D., Saw, P. E., & Song, E. (2022) · Trends in Immunology · doi:10.1016/j.it.2022.04.010 · Cited by 534 · see citing works

Targeting cytokine and chemokine signaling pathways for cancer therapy

Yi, M., Li, T., Niu, M., Zhang, H., Wu, Y., Wu, K., & Dai, Z. (2024) · Signal Transduction and Targeted Therapy · doi:10.1038/s41392-024-01868-3 · Cited by 491 · see citing works

Phase I Dose-Escalation Trial of MIW815 (ADU-S100), an Intratumoral STING Agonist, in Patients with Advanced/Metastatic Solid Tumors or Lymphomas

Meric-Bernstam, F., Sweis, R. F., Hodi, F. S., Messersmith, W. A., Andtbacka, R. H. I., Ingham, M., Lewis, N., Chen, X., Pelletier, M., Chen, X., et al. (2022) · Clinical Cancer Research · doi:10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-21-1963 · Cited by 418 · see citing works

STING Agonists as Cancer Therapeutics

Amouzegar, A., Chelvanambi, M., Filderman, J. N., Storkus, W. J., & Luke, J. J. (2021) · Cancers · doi:10.3390/cancers13112695 · Cited by 404 · see citing works

Chemical and Biomolecular Strategies for STING Pathway Activation in Cancer Immunotherapy

Garland, K. M., Sheehy, T. L., & Wilson, J. T. (2022) · Chemical Reviews · doi:10.1021/acs.chemrev.1c00750 · Cited by 368 · see citing works

STING-induced regulatory B cells compromise NK function in cancer immunity

Li, S., Mirlekar, B., Johnson, B. M., Brickey, W. J., Wrobel, J. A., Yang, N., Song, D., Entwistle, S., Tan, X. M., Deng, M., et al. (2022) · Nature · doi:10.1038/s41586-022-05254-3 · Cited by 349 · see citing works

STING agonist delivery by tumour-penetrating PEG-lipid nanodiscs primes robust anticancer immunity

Dane, E. L., Belessiotis‐Richards, A., Backlund, C. M., Wang, J., Hidaka, K., Milling, L. E., Bhagchandani, S. H., Melo, M. B., Wu, S., Li, N., et al. (2022) · Nature Materials · doi:10.1038/s41563-022-01251-z · Cited by 337 · see citing works

Biomolecular Condensates and Cancer

Boija, A., Klein, I. A., & Young, R. A. (2021) · Cancer Cell · doi:10.1016/j.ccell.2020.12.003 · Cited by 320 · see citing works

Therapeutic targeting of tumour myeloid cells

Barry, S. T., Gabrilovich, D. I., Sansom, O. J., Campbell, A. D., & Morton, J. P. (2023) · Nature Reviews Cancer · doi:10.1038/s41568-022-00546-2 · Cited by 305 · see citing works

STING inhibitors target the cyclic dinucleotide binding pocket

Hong, Z., Mei, J., Li, C., Bai, G., Maimaiti, M., Hu, H., Yu, W., Sun, L., Zhang, L., Cheng, D., et al. (2021) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.2105465118 · Cited by 291 · see citing works

Regulation of cGAS–STING signalling and its diversity of cellular outcomes

Zhang, Z., & Zhang, C. (2025) · Nature Reviews Immunology · doi:10.1038/s41577-024-01112-7 · Cited by 287 · see citing works

STING agonism reprograms tumor-associated macrophages and overcomes resistance to PARP inhibition in BRCA1-deficient models of breast cancer

Wang, Q., Bergholz, J. S., Ding, L., Lin, Z., Kabraji, S. K., Hughes, M. E., He, X., Xie, S., Jiang, T., Wang, W., et al. (2022) · Nature Communications · doi:10.1038/s41467-022-30568-1 · Cited by 268 · see citing works

Challenges and Opportunities in the Clinical Development of STING Agonists for Cancer Immunotherapy

Aval, L. M., Pease, J. E., Sharma, R., & Pinato, D. J. (2020) · Journal of Clinical Medicine · doi:10.3390/jcm9103323 · Cited by 250 · see citing works

The STING1 network regulates autophagy and cell death

Zhang, R., Kang, R., & Tang, D. (2021) · Signal Transduction and Targeted Therapy · doi:10.1038/s41392-021-00613-4 · Cited by 256 · see citing works

Combination of the STING Agonist MIW815 (ADU-S100) and PD-1 Inhibitor Spartalizumab in Advanced/Metastatic Solid Tumors or Lymphomas: An Open-Label, Multicenter, Phase Ib Study

Meric‐Bernstam, F., Sweis, R. F., Kasper, S., Hamid, O., Bhatia, S., Dummer, R., Stradella, A., Long, G. V., Spreafico, A., Shimizu, T., et al. (2022) · Clinical Cancer Research · doi:10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-22-2235 · Cited by 271 · see citing works

Interferon-dependent SLC14A1+ cancer-associated fibroblasts promote cancer stemness via WNT5A in bladder cancer

Ma, Z., Li, X., Mao, Y., Chen, W., Huang, Z., Li, G., Yin, J., Liang, X., & Liu, Z. (2022) · Cancer Cell · doi:10.1016/j.ccell.2022.11.005 · Cited by 251 · see citing works

STING inhibits the reactivation of dormant metastasis in lung adenocarcinoma

Hu, J. Y., Rivera, F. J. S., Wang, Z., Johnson, G. N., Ho, Y.-J., Ganesh, K., Umeda, S., Gan, S., Mujal, A. M., Delconte, R. B., et al. (2023) · Nature · doi:10.1038/s41586-023-05880-5 · Cited by 252 · see citing works

ATM inhibition enhances cancer immunotherapy by promoting mtDNA leakage and cGAS/STING activation

Hu, M., Zhou, M., Bao, X., Pan, D., Jiao, M., Liu, X., Li, F., & Li, C. (2020) · Journal of Clinical Investigation · doi:10.1172/jci139333 · Cited by 243 · see citing works

Mitochondrial DNA-triggered innate immune response: mechanisms and diseases

Hu, M.-M., & Shu, H. (2023) · Cellular and Molecular Immunology · doi:10.1038/s41423-023-01086-x · Cited by 247 · see citing works

Exploiting innate immunity for cancer immunotherapy

Yi, M., Li, T., Niu, M., Mei, Q., Zhao, B., Chu, Q., Dai, Z., & Wu, K. (2023) · Molecular Cancer · doi:10.1186/s12943-023-01885-w · Cited by 236 · see citing works

Zinc cyclic di-AMP nanoparticles target and suppress tumours via endothelial STING activation and tumour-associated macrophage reinvigoration

Yang, K., Han, W., Jiang, X., Piffkó, A., Bugno, J., Han, C., Li, S., Liang, H. L., Xu, Z., Zheng, W., et al. (2022) · Nature Nanotechnology · doi:10.1038/s41565-022-01225-x · Cited by 223 · see citing works

Multifaceted functions of STING in human health and disease: from molecular mechanism to targeted strategy

Zhang, Z., Zhou, H., Ouyang, X., Dong, Y., Sarapultsev, A., Luo, S., & Hu, D. (2022) · Signal Transduction and Targeted Therapy · doi:10.1038/s41392-022-01252-z · Cited by 216 · see citing works

Advances in molecular pathology and therapy of non-small cell lung cancer

Huang, Q., Li, Y., Huang, Y., Wu, J., Bao, W., Xue, C., Li, X., Dong, S., Dong, Z., & Hu, S. (2025) · Signal Transduction and Targeted Therapy · doi:10.1038/s41392-025-02243-6 · Cited by 197 · see citing works

Pharmacological activation of STING blocks SARS-CoV-2 infection

Li, M., Ferretti, M., Ying, B., Descamps, H. C., Lee, E. M., Dittmar, M., Lee, J. S., Whig, K., Kamalia, B., Dohnalová, L., et al. (2021) · Science Immunology · doi:10.1126/sciimmunol.abi9007 · Cited by 186 · see citing works

The cGAS‒STING pathway in cancer immunity: mechanisms, challenges, and therapeutic implications

Shen, M., Jiang, X., Qiu, P., Oyang, L., Ren, Z., Wang, J., Peng, M., Zhou, Y., Deng, X., & Liao, Q. (2025) · Journal of Hematology & Oncology · doi:10.1186/s13045-025-01691-5 · Cited by 197 · see citing works

Delivery of STING agonists for adjuvanting subunit vaccines

Herck, S. V., Feng, B., & Tang, L. (2021) · Advanced Drug Delivery Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.addr.2021.114020 · Cited by 178 · see citing works

Combination of oral STING agonist MSA-2 and anti-TGF-β/PD-L1 bispecific antibody YM101: a novel immune cocktail therapy for non-inflamed tumors

Yi, M., Niu, M., Wu, Y., Ge, H., Jiao, D., Zhu, S., Zhang, J., Yan, Y., Zhou, P., Chu, Q., et al. (2022) · Journal of Hematology & Oncology · doi:10.1186/s13045-022-01363-8 · Cited by 176 · see citing works

Activating cGAS-STING pathway with ROS-responsive nanoparticles delivering a hybrid prodrug for enhanced chemo-immunotherapy

Cao, L., Tian, H., Fang, M., Xu, Z., Tang, D., Chen, J., Yin, J., Xiao, H., Shang, K., Han, H., et al. (2022) · Biomaterials · doi:10.1016/j.biomaterials.2022.121856 · Cited by 176 · see citing works

Targeting STING to promote antitumor immunity

Chin, E. N., Sulpizio, A., & Lairson, L. L. (2022) · Trends in Cell Biology · doi:10.1016/j.tcb.2022.06.010 · Cited by 165 · see citing works

Chemically programmed STING-activating nano-liposomal vesicles improve anticancer immunity

Chen, X., Meng, F., Xu, Y., Li, T., Chen, X., & Wang, H. (2023) · Nature Communications · doi:10.1038/s41467-023-40312-y · Cited by 165 · see citing works

The balance of STING signaling orchestrates immunity in cancer

Lanng, K. R. B., Lauridsen, E. L., & Jakobsen, M. R. (2024) · Nature Immunology · doi:10.1038/s41590-024-01872-3 · Cited by 169 · see citing works

Combine and conquer: manganese synergizing anti-TGF-β/PD-L1 bispecific antibody YM101 to overcome immunotherapy resistance in non-inflamed cancers

Yi, M., Niu, M., Zhang, J., Li, S., Zhu, S., Yan, Y., Li, N., Zhou, P., Chu, Q., & Wu, K. (2021) · Journal of Hematology &amp; Oncology · doi:10.1186/s13045-021-01155-6 · Cited by 163 · see citing works

Clathrin-associated AP-1 controls termination of STING signalling

Liu, Y., Xu, P., Rivara, S., Liu, C., Ricci, J., Ren, X., Hurley, J. H., & Ablasser, A. (2022) · Nature · doi:10.1038/s41586-022-05354-0 · Cited by 163 · see citing works

Discovery of MK-1454: A Potent Cyclic Dinucleotide Stimulator of Interferon Genes Agonist for the Treatment of Cancer

Chang, W., Altman, M. D., Lesburg, C. A., Perera, S. A., Piesvaux, J., Schroeder, G. K., Wyss, D. F., Čemerski, S., Chen, Y., DiNunzio, E. N., et al. (2022) · Journal of Medicinal Chemistry · doi:10.1021/acs.jmedchem.1c02197 · Cited by 161 · see citing works

Nanobiomaterial-based vaccination immunotherapy of cancer

Chen, F., Wang, Y., Gao, J., Saeed, M., Li, T., Wang, W., & Yu, H. (2021) · Biomaterials · doi:10.1016/j.biomaterials.2021.120709 · Cited by 159 · see citing works

Leveraging NKG2D Ligands in Immuno-Oncology

Fuertes, M. B., Domaica, C. I., & Zwirner, N. W. (2021) · Frontiers in Immunology · doi:10.3389/fimmu.2021.713158 · Cited by 151 · see citing works

Maintaining manganese in tumor to activate cGAS-STING pathway evokes a robust abscopal anti-tumor effect

Wang, C., Sun, Z., Zhao, C., Zhang, Z., Wang, H., Liu, Y., Guo, Y., Zhang, B., Gu, L., Yu, Y., et al. (2021) · Journal of Controlled Release · doi:10.1016/j.jconrel.2021.01.036 · Cited by 145 · see citing works

A kinase-cGAS cascade to synthesize a therapeutic STING activator

McIntosh, J. A., Liu, Z., Andresen, B. M., Marzijarani, N. S., Moore, J. C., Marshall, N., Borra‐Garske, M., Obligacion, J. V., Fier, P. S., Peng, F., et al. (2022) · Nature · doi:10.1038/s41586-022-04422-9 · Cited by 141 · see citing works

Targeted Degradation of PD‐L1 and Activation of the STING Pathway by Carbon‐Dot‐Based PROTACs for Cancer Immunotherapy

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The Development of STING Agonists and Emerging Results as a Cancer Immunotherapy

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Demystifying the cGAS-STING pathway: precision regulation in the tumor immune microenvironment

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Current understanding of the cGAS-STING signaling pathway: Structure, regulatory mechanisms, and related diseases

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Medicinal plant-derived mtDNA via nanovesicles induces the cGAS-STING pathway to remold tumor-associated macrophages for tumor regression

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Acid‐Ionizable Iron Nanoadjuvant Augments STING Activation for Personalized Vaccination Immunotherapy of Cancer

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Biochemistry, Cell Biology, and Pathophysiology of the Innate Immune cGAS–cGAMP–STING Pathway

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Overcoming cold tumors: a combination strategy of immune checkpoint inhibitors

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The complementarity of DDR, nucleic acids and anti-tumour immunity

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Small molecule-based immunomodulators for cancer therapy

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Simultaneous Activation of Pyroptosis and cGAS‐STING Pathway with Epigenetic/ Photodynamic Nanotheranostic for Enhanced Tumor Photoimmunotherapy

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Targeted delivery of a STING agonist to brain tumors using bioengineered protein nanoparticles for enhanced immunotherapy

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Multifunctional Mesoporous Polydopamine‐Based Systematic Delivery of STING Agonist for Enhanced Synergistic Photothermal‐Immunotherapy

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MPS1 inhibition primes immunogenicity of KRAS-LKB1 mutant lung cancer

Kitajima, S., Tani, T., Springer, B. F., Campisi, M., Osaki, T., Haratani, K., Chen, M., Knelson, E. H., Mahadevan, N. R., Ritter, J., et al. (2022) · Cancer Cell · doi:10.1016/j.ccell.2022.08.015 · Cited by 107 · see citing works

cGAS-STING pathway mediates activation of dendritic cell sensing of immunogenic tumors

Li, G., Zhao, X., Zheng, Z., Zhang, H., Wu, Y., Shen, Y., & Chen, Q. (2024) · Cellular and Molecular Life Sciences · doi:10.1007/s00018-024-05191-6 · Cited by 108 · see citing works

Engineered Nanovaccine Targeting Clec9a+ Dendritic Cells Remarkably Enhances the Cancer Immunotherapy Effects of STING Agonist

Gou, S., Liu, W., Wang, S., Chen, G., Chen, Z., Qiu, L., Zhou, X., Wu, Y., Qi, Y., & Gao, Y. (2021) · Nano Letters · doi:10.1021/acs.nanolett.1c03243 · Cited by 103 · see citing works

Tetrahedral DNA Nanostructure with Interferon Stimulatory DNA Delivers Highly Potent Toxins and Activates the cGAS‐STING Pathway for Robust Chemotherapy and Immunotherapy

Zhang, L., Wang, Y., Karges, J., Tang, D., Zhang, H., Zou, K., Song, J., & Xiao, H. (2022) · Advanced Materials · doi:10.1002/adma.202210267 · Cited by 99 · see citing works

STING agonism overcomes STAT3-mediated immunosuppression and adaptive resistance to PARP inhibition in ovarian cancer

Ding, L., Wang, Q., Martincuks, A., Kearns, M. J., Jiang, T., Lin, Z., Cheng, X., Qian, C., Xie, S., Kim, H., et al. (2023) · Journal for ImmunoTherapy of Cancer · doi:10.1136/jitc-2022-005627 · Cited by 97 · see citing works

Sono‐Driven STING Activation using Semiconducting Polymeric Nanoagonists for Precision Sono‐Immunotherapy of Head and Neck Squamous Cell Carcinoma

Jiang, J., Zhang, M., Lyu, T., Chen, L., Wu, M., Li, R., Li, H., Wang, X., Jiang, X., & Xu, Z. C. (2023) · Advanced Materials · doi:10.1002/adma.202300854 · Cited by 97 · see citing works

Pyridinium Rotor Strategy toward a Robust Photothermal Agent for STING Activation and Multimodal Image-Guided Immunotherapy for Triple-Negative Breast Cancer

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Turning cold tumors into hot tumors to ignite immunotherapy

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The mechanism of STING autoinhibition and activation

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Mechanistic Rationales Guiding Combination Hepatocellular Carcinoma Therapies Involving Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors

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Universal STING mimic boosts antitumour immunity via preferential activation of tumour control signalling pathways

Wang, Y., Li, S., Hu, M., Yang, Y., McCabe, E., Zhang, L., Withrow, A. M., Ting, J. P. ‐., & Liu, R. (2024) · Nature Nanotechnology · doi:10.1038/s41565-024-01624-2 · Cited by 93 · see citing works

Polymeric STING Pro‐agonists for Tumor‐Specific Sonodynamic Immunotherapy

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Lanthanide-Nucleotide Coordination Nanoparticles for STING Activation

Luo, Z., Liang, X., He, T., Qin, X., Li, X., Li, Y., Li, L., Loh, X. J., Gong, C., & Liu, X. (2022) · Journal of the American Chemical Society · doi:10.1021/jacs.2c03266 · Cited by 86 · see citing works

PRMT1 mediated methylation of cGAS suppresses anti-tumor immunity

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STING Agonist-Derived LNP-mRNA Vaccine Enhances Protective Immunity Against SARS-CoV-2

Zhang, Y., Yan, J., Hou, X., Wang, C., Kang, D. D., Xue, Y., Du, S., Deng, B., McComb, D. W., Liu, S., et al. (2023) · Nano Letters · doi:10.1021/acs.nanolett.2c04883 · Cited by 85 · see citing works

Overcoming challenges in the delivery of STING agonists for cancer immunotherapy: A comprehensive review of strategies and future perspectives

Huang, C., Shao, N., Huang, Y., Chen, J., Wang, D., Hu, G., Zhang, H., Luo, L., & Xiao, Z. (2023) · Materials Today Bio · doi:10.1016/j.mtbio.2023.100839 · Cited by 87 · see citing works

Gasdermin-E-mediated pyroptosis drives immune checkpoint inhibitor-associated myocarditis via cGAS-STING activation

Sun, S.-J., Jiao, X., Chen, Z., Cao, Q., Zhu, J., Shen, Q., Liu, Y. F., Zhang, Z., Xu, F., Shi, Y. L., et al. (2024) · Nature Communications · doi:10.1038/s41467-024-50996-5 · Cited by 87 · see citing works

Immunostimulatory Polymers as Adjuvants, Immunotherapies, and Delivery Systems

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cGAS-STING signaling in the tumor microenvironment

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cGAS‐STING pathway agonists are promising vaccine adjuvants

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Nanodelivery of cGAS-STING activators for tumor immunotherapy

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STING, a promising target for small molecular immune modulator: A review

Liu, Y., Lü, X., Qin, N., Qiao, Y., Xing, S., Liu, W., Feng, F., Liu, Z., & Sun, H. (2020) · European Journal of Medicinal Chemistry · doi:10.1016/j.ejmech.2020.113113 · Cited by 82 · see citing works

Nanomedicines harnessing cGAS-STING pathway: sparking immune revitalization to transform ‘cold’ tumors into ‘hot’ tumors

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Therapeutic strategies to remodel immunologically cold tumors

Wang, M., Wang, S., Desai, J., Trapani, J. A., & Neeson, P. J. (2020) · Clinical & Translational Immunology · doi:10.1002/cti2.1226 · Cited by 77 · see citing works

Non-canonical STING–PERK pathway dependent epigenetic regulation of vascular endothelial dysfunction via integrating IRF3 and NF-κB in inflammatory response

Li, X., Chen, X., Zheng, L., Chen, M., Zhang, Y., Zhu, R., Chen, J., Gu, J., Yin, Q., Jiang, H., et al. (2023) · Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica B · doi:10.1016/j.apsb.2023.08.015 · Cited by 75 · see citing works

cGAS–STING, an important signaling pathway in diseases and their therapy

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Mitochondrion‐Targeted Type I Photodynamic Therapy for Agonist Independent cGAS‐STING Activation

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A Manganese Phosphate Nanocluster Activates the cGAS‐STING Pathway for Enhanced Cancer Immunotherapy

Gao, M., Xie, Y., Lei, K., Zhao, Y., Kurum, A., Herck, S. V., Guo, Y., Hu, X., & Tang, L. (2021) · Advanced Therapeutics · doi:10.1002/adtp.202100065 · Cited by 73 · see citing works

Activation of the cGAS-STING pathway combined with CRISPR-Cas9 gene editing triggering long-term immunotherapy

Lu, Q., Chen, R., Du, S., Chen, C., Pan, Y., Luan, X., Yang, J., Zeng, F., He, B., Han, X., et al. (2022) · Biomaterials · doi:10.1016/j.biomaterials.2022.121871 · Cited by 72 · see citing works

cGAMP-activated cGAS–STING signaling: its bacterial origins and evolutionary adaptation by metazoans

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Agonists and Inhibitors of the cGAS-STING Pathway

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Manganese-coordinated nanoparticle with high drug-loading capacity and synergistic photo-/immuno-therapy for cancer treatments

Chen, H., Qu, H., Pan, Y., Cheng, W., & Xue, X. (2024) · Biomaterials · doi:10.1016/j.biomaterials.2024.122745 · Cited by 71 · see citing works

Potentiating cancer immunotherapies with modular albumin-hitchhiking nanobody–STING agonist conjugates

Kimmel, B. R., Arora, K., Chada, N. C., Bharti, V., Kwiatkowski, A. J., Finkelstein, J. E., Hanna, A., Arner, E. N., Sheehy, T. L., Pastora, L. E., et al. (2025) · Nature Biomedical Engineering · doi:10.1038/s41551-025-01400-0 · Cited by 71 · see citing works

Immunotherapy with a sting

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The Evolution of STING Signaling and Its Involvement in Cancer

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Cholesterol-binding motifs in STING that control endoplasmic reticulum retention mediate anti-tumoral activity of cholesterol-lowering compounds

Zhang, B., Laursen, M. F., Hu, L., Hazrati, H., Narita, R., Jensen, L. S., Hansen, A. S., Huang, J., Zhang, Y., Ding, X., et al. (2024) · Nature Communications · doi:10.1038/s41467-024-47046-5 · Cited by 71 · see citing works

Activation of Stimulation of Interferon Genes (STING) Signal and Cancer Immunotherapy

Luo, K.-W., Li, N., Ye, W., Gao, H., Luo, X., & Cheng, B. (2022) · Molecules · doi:10.3390/molecules27144638 · Cited by 65 · see citing works

Self-Assembled STING-Activating Coordination Nanoparticles for Cancer Immunotherapy and Vaccine Applications

Sun, X., Huang, X., Park, K. S., Zhou, X., Kennedy, A. A., Pretto, C. D., Wu, Q., Wan, Z., Xu, Y., Gong, W., et al. (2024) · ACS Nano · doi:10.1021/acsnano.3c11374 · Cited by 67 · see citing works

STING Suppresses Mitochondrial VDAC2 to Govern RCC Growth Independent of Innate Immunity

Zhu, Z., Zhou, X., Du, H., Cloer, E. W., Zhang, J., Liu, M., Wang, Y., Tan, X. M., Hepperla, A. J., Simon, J. M., et al. (2022) · Advanced Science · doi:10.1002/advs.202203718 · Cited by 66 · see citing works

Lipid‐based nanoparticles as drug delivery systems for cancer immunotherapy

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Small-molecule agents for cancer immunotherapy

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Systemic nano-delivery of low-dose STING agonist targeted to CD103+ dendritic cells for cancer immunotherapy

Doshi, A. S., Cantin, S., Prickett, L. B., Mele, D. A., & Amiji, M. M. (2022) · Journal of Controlled Release · doi:10.1016/j.jconrel.2022.03.054 · Cited by 65 · see citing works

Combining cisplatin and a STING agonist into one molecule for metalloimmunotherapy of cancer

Zhang, S., Song, D., Yu, W., Li, J., Wang, X., Li, Y., Zhao, Z., Xue, Q., Zhao, J., Li, J., et al. (2023) · National Science Review · doi:10.1093/nsr/nwae020 · Cited by 65 · see citing works

Identification of MSA-2: An oral antitumor non-nucleotide STING agonist

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A next-generation STING agonist MSA-2: From mechanism to application

Yang, J., Luo, Z., Ma, J., Wang, Y., & Cheng, N. (2024) · Journal of Controlled Release · doi:10.1016/j.jconrel.2024.05.042 · Cited by 40 · see citing works

A novel STING agonist with systemic and durable anti‐tumour activity

Wang, X., Shen, A., Zhang, Y., Chen, X., Ding, J., Zhang, A., Geng, M., Ding, C., & Xie, Z. (2023) · Clinical and Translational Discovery · doi:10.1002/ctd2.231 · Cited by 4 · see citing works

STimulator of INterferon Genes Agonism Accelerates Antitumor Activity in Poorly Immunogenic Tumors

Perera, S. A., Kopinja, J. E., Ma, Y., Muise, E. S., Laskey, J., Chakravarthy, K., Chen, Y., Cui, L., Presland, J. P., Sathe, M., et al. (2021) · Molecular Cancer Therapeutics · doi:10.1158/1535-7163.mct-21-0136 · Cited by 14 · see citing works

Highlights from Recent Cancer Literature

(2020) · Cancer Research · doi:10.1158/0008-5472.4303.80.20