Cyclic [G(2′,5′)pA(3′,5′)p] is the metazoan second messenger produced by DNA-activated cyclic GMP-AMP synthase.

[20] Processing of X-ray diffraction data collected in oscillation mode

Otwinowski, Z., & Minor, W. (1997) · Methods in Enzymology · doi:10.1016/s0076-6879(97)76066-x · Cited by 33,475 · see citing works

Features and development of Coot

Emsley, P., Lohkamp, B., Scott, W. G., & Cowtan, K. D. (2010) · Acta Crystallographica Section D Biological Crystallography · doi:10.1107/s0907444910007493 · Cited by 27,510 · see citing works

<i>PHENIX</i> : a comprehensive Python-based system for macromolecular structure solution

Adams, P. D., Afonine, P. V., Bunkóczi, G., Chen, V. B., Davis, I. W., Echols, N., Headd, J. J., Hung, L.-W., Kapral, G. J., Grosse-Kunstleve, R. W., et al. (2010) · Acta Crystallographica Section D Biological Crystallography · doi:10.1107/s0907444909052925 · Cited by 23,716 · see citing works

<i>Phaser</i> crystallographic software

McCoy, A. J., Grosse-Kunstleve, R. W., Adams, P. D., Winn, M. D., Storoni, L. C., & Read, R. J. (2007) · Journal of Applied Crystallography · doi:10.1107/s0021889807021206 · Cited by 20,612 · see citing works

Cyclic GMP-AMP Synthase Is a Cytosolic DNA Sensor That Activates the Type I Interferon Pathway

Sun, L., Wu, J., Du, F., Chen, X., & Chen, Z. J. (2013) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.1232458 · Cited by 4,996 · see citing works

STING is an endoplasmic reticulum adaptor that facilitates innate immune signalling

Ishikawa, H., & Barber, G. N. (2008) · Nature · doi:10.1038/nature07317 · Cited by 3,576 · see citing works

AIM2 recognizes cytosolic dsDNA and forms a caspase-1-activating inflammasome with ASC

Hornung, V., Ablasser, A., Charrel-Dennis, M., Bauernfeind, F., Horvath, G., Caffrey, D. R., Latz, E., & Fitzgerald, K. A. (2009) · Nature · doi:10.1038/nature07725 · Cited by 2,627 · see citing works

Cyclic GMP-AMP Is an Endogenous Second Messenger in Innate Immune Signaling by Cytosolic DNA

Wu, J., Sun, L., Chen, X., Du, F., Shi, H., Chen, C., & Chen, Z. J. (2012) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.1229963 · Cited by 2,574 · see citing works

AIM2 activates the inflammasome and cell death in response to cytoplasmic DNA

Fernandes-Alnemri, T., Yu, J.-W., Datta, P., Wu, J., & Alnemri, E. S. (2009) · Nature · doi:10.1038/nature07710 · Cited by 1,831 · see citing works

DAI (DLM-1/ZBP1) is a cytosolic DNA sensor and an activator of innate immune response

Takaoka, A., Wang, Z., Choi, M. K., Yanai, H., Negishi, H., Ban, T., Lu, Y., Miyagishi, M., Kodama, T., Honda, K., et al. (2007) · Nature · doi:10.1038/nature06013 · Cited by 1,704 · see citing works

Cyclic di-GMP: the First 25 Years of a Universal Bacterial Second Messenger

Römling, U., Galperin, M. Y., & Gomelsky, M. (2013) · Microbiology and Molecular Biology Reviews · doi:10.1128/mmbr.00043-12 · Cited by 1,679 · see citing works

IFI16 is an innate immune sensor for intracellular DNA

Unterholzner, L., Keating, S. E., Baran, M., Horan, K. A., Jensen, S. B., Sharma, S., Sirois, C. M., Jin, T., Latz, E., Xiao, T. S., et al. (2010) · Nature Immunology · doi:10.1038/ni.1932 · Cited by 1,643 · see citing works

RNA-binding proteins: modular design for efficient function

Lunde, B. M., Moore, C. L., & Varani, G. (2007) · Nature Reviews Molecular Cell Biology · doi:10.1038/nrm2178 · Cited by 1,322 · see citing works

An orthogonal proteomic-genomic screen identifies AIM2 as a cytoplasmic DNA sensor for the inflammasome

Bürckstümmer, T., Baumann, C., Blüml, S., Dixit, E., Dürnberger, G., Jahn, H., Planyavsky, M., Bilban, M., Colinge, J., Bennett, K. L., et al. (2009) · Nature Immunology · doi:10.1038/ni.1702 · Cited by 1,091 · see citing works

Regulation of cellulose synthesis in Acetobacter xylinum by cyclic diguanylic acid

Ross, P., Weinhouse, H., Aloni, Y., Michaeli, D., Weinberger-Ohana, P., Mayer, R., Braun, S., de VROOM, E., van der Marel, G. A., BOOM, J. H. V., et al. (1987) · Nature · doi:10.1038/325279a0 · Cited by 1,018 · see citing works

The helicase DDX41 senses intracellular DNA mediated by the adaptor STING in dendritic cells

Zhang, Z., Yuan, B., Bao, M., Lu, N., Kim, T., & Liu, Y. (2011) · Nature Immunology · doi:10.1038/ni.2091 · Cited by 874 · see citing works

Riboswitches in Eubacteria Sense the Second Messenger Cyclic Di-GMP

Sudarsan, N., Lee, E. R., Zasha Weinberg, A., Moy, R. H., Kim, J. N., Link, K. H., & Breaker, R. R. (2008) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.1159519 · Cited by 720 · see citing works

Structures of the HIN Domain:DNA Complexes Reveal Ligand Binding and Activation Mechanisms of the AIM2 Inflammasome and IFI16 Receptor

Jin, T., Perry, A., Jiang, J., Smith, P. T., Curry, J. A., Unterholzner, L., Jiang, Z., Horvath, G. L., Rathinam, V. A. K., Johnstone, R. W., et al. (2012) · Immunity · doi:10.1016/j.immuni.2012.02.014 · Cited by 571 · see citing works

Structural and mechanistic determinants of c-di-GMP signalling

Schirmer, T., & Jenal, U. (2009) · Nature Reviews Microbiology · doi:10.1038/nrmicro2203 · Cited by 482 · see citing works

Structural basis of activity and allosteric control of diguanylate cyclase

Chan, C., Paul, R., Samoray, D., Amiot, N., Giese, B., Jenal, U., & Schirmer, T. (2004) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.0406134101 · Cited by 477 · see citing works

Coordinated Regulation of Accessory Genetic Elements Produces Cyclic Di-Nucleotides for V. cholerae Virulence

Davies, B. W., Bogard, R. W., Young, T. S., & Mekalanos, J. J. (2012) · Cell · doi:10.1016/j.cell.2012.01.053 · Cited by 425 · see citing works

The cytosolic nucleic acid sensor LRRFIP1 mediates the production of type I interferon via a β-catenin-dependent pathway

Yang, P., An, H., Liu, X., Wen, M., Zheng, Y., Rui, Y., & Cao, X. (2010) · Nature Immunology · doi:10.1038/ni.1876 · Cited by 392 · see citing works

Intracellular DNA recognition

Hornung, V., & Latz, E. (2010) · Nature reviews. Immunology · doi:10.1038/nri2690 · Cited by 366 · see citing works

Structural Analysis of the STING Adaptor Protein Reveals a Hydrophobic Dimer Interface and Mode of Cyclic di-GMP Binding

Ouyang, S., Song, X., Wang, Y., Ru, H., Shaw, N., Jiang, Y., Niu, F., Zhu, Y., Qiu, W., Parvatiyar, K., et al. (2012) · Immunity · doi:10.1016/j.immuni.2012.03.019 · Cited by 351 · see citing works

An Allosteric Self-Splicing Ribozyme Triggered by a Bacterial Second Messenger

Lee, E. R., Baker, J. L., Zasha Weinberg, A., Sudarsan, N., & Breaker, R. R. (2010) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.1190713 · Cited by 348 · see citing works

Structure of STING bound to cyclic di-GMP reveals the mechanism of cyclic dinucleotide recognition by the immune system

Shu, C., Yi, G., Watts, T., Kao, C. C., & Li, P. (2012) · Nature Structural & Molecular Biology · doi:10.1038/nsmb.2331 · Cited by 311 · see citing works

Structural basis of ligand binding by a c-di-GMP riboswitch

Smith, K. D., Lipchock, S. V., Ames, T. D., Wang, J., Breaker, R. R., & Strobel, S. A. (2009) · Nature Structural & Molecular Biology · doi:10.1038/nsmb.1702 · Cited by 285 · see citing works

Cyclic di-GMP Sensing via the Innate Immune Signaling Protein STING

Yin, Q., Tian, Y., Kabaleeswaran, V., Jiang, X., Tu, D., Eck, M. J., Chen, Z. J., & Wu, H. (2012) · Molecular Cell · doi:10.1016/j.molcel.2012.05.029 · Cited by 280 · see citing works

The structural basis for the sensing and binding of cyclic di-GMP by STING

Huang, Y.-H., Liu, X., Du, X., Jiang, Z., & Su, X. (2012) · Nature Structural & Molecular Biology · doi:10.1038/nsmb.2333 · Cited by 214 · see citing works

Cytosolic DNA sensors regulating type I interferon induction

Keating, S. E., Baran, M., & Bowie, A. (2011) · Trends in Immunology · doi:10.1016/j.it.2011.08.004 · Cited by 207 · see citing works

Recognition of the bacterial second messenger cyclic diguanylate by its cognate riboswitch

Kulshina, N., Baird, N., & Ferré-D’Amaré, A. R. (2009) · Nature Structural & Molecular Biology · doi:10.1038/nsmb.1701 · Cited by 197 · see citing works

Prokaryotic transcription regulators: more than just the helix-turn-helix motif

Huffman, J. L., & Brennan, R. G. (2002) · Current Opinion in Structural Biology · doi:10.1016/s0959-440x(02)00295-6 · Cited by 190 · see citing works

Crystal Structure of the 2′-Specific and Double-Stranded RNA-Activated Interferon-Induced Antiviral Protein 2′-5′-Oligoadenylate Synthetase

Hartmann, R., Justesen, J., Sarkar, S. N., Sen, G. C., & Yee, V. C. (2003) · Molecular Cell · doi:10.1016/s1097-2765(03)00433-7 · Cited by 182 · see citing works

Structural basis for cytosolic double-stranded RNA surveillance by human oligoadenylate synthetase 1

Donovan, J., Dufner, M., & Korennykh, A. (2013) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.1218528110 · Cited by 163 · see citing works

Sensing the messenger: The diverse ways that bacteria signal through c‐di‐GMP

Krasteva, P. V., Giglio, K. M., & Sondermann, H. (2012) · Protein Science · doi:10.1002/pro.2093 · Cited by 126 · see citing works

One-Flask Syntheses of c-di-GMP and the [Rp,Rp] and [Rp,Sp] Thiophosphate Analogues

Gaffney, B. L., Veliath, E., Zhao, J., & Jones, R. A. (2010) · Organic Letters · doi:10.1021/ol101236b · Cited by 111 · see citing works

Identification of 2′-Phosphodiesterase, Which Plays a Role in the 2-5A System Regulated by Interferon

Kubota, K., Nakahara, K., Ohtsuka, T., Yoshida, S., Kawaguchi, J., Fujita, Y., Ozeki, Y., Hara, A., Yoshimura, C., Furukawa, H., et al. (2004) · Journal of Biological Chemistry · doi:10.1074/jbc.m400089200 · Cited by 79 · see citing works

NF45 dimerizes with NF90, Zfr and SPNR via a conserved domain that has a nucleotidyltransferase fold

Wolkowicz, U. M., & Cook, A. G. (2012) · Nucleic Acids Research · doi:10.1093/nar/gks696 · Cited by 73 · see citing works

Atomic-resolution structure of the cellulose synthase regulator cyclic diguanylic acid.

Egli, M., Gessner, R. V., Williams, L. D., Quigley, G. J., van der Marel, G. A., BOOM, J. H. V., Rich, A., & Frederick, C. (1990) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.87.8.3235 · Cited by 58 · see citing works

Sensing the Dark Side of DNA

O'Neill, L. A. J. (2013) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.1234724 · Cited by 51 · see citing works

Measurement of adenylyl cyclase by separating cyclic AMP on silica gel thin-layer chromatography

Higashida, H., Hossain, K. Z., Takahagi, H., & Noda, M. (2002) · Analytical Biochemistry · doi:10.1016/s0003-2697(02)00237-3 · Cited by 11 · see citing works

One‐Flask Synthesis of Cyclic Diguanosine Monophosphate (c‐di‐GMP)

Gaffney, B. L., & Jones, R. A. (2012) · Current Protocols in Nucleic Acid Chemistry · doi:10.1002/0471142700.nc1408s48 · Cited by 9 · see citing works

Atomic-resolution structure

Benka, S. G. (2002) · Physics Today · doi:10.1063/1.4796643 · Cited by 4 · see citing works

Regulation and function of the cGAS–STING pathway of cytosolic DNA sensing

Chen, Q., Sun, L., & Chen, Z. J. (2016) · Nature Immunology · doi:10.1038/ni.3558 · Cited by 2,333 · see citing works

The cGAS–STING pathway as a therapeutic target in inflammatory diseases

Decout, A., Katz, J. D., Venkatraman, S., & Ablasser, A. (2021) · Nature Reviews Immunology · doi:10.1038/s41577-021-00524-z · Cited by 2,309 · see citing works

STING-Dependent Cytosolic DNA Sensing Promotes Radiation-Induced Type I Interferon-Dependent Antitumor Immunity in Immunogenic Tumors

Deng, L., Liang, H., Xu, M., Yang, X., Burnette, B., Arina, A., Li, X.-D., Mauceri, H., Beckett, M., Darga, T., et al. (2014) · Immunity · doi:10.1016/j.immuni.2014.10.019 · Cited by 2,182 · see citing works

Molecular mechanisms and cellular functions of cGAS–STING signalling

Hopfner, K.-P., & Hornung, V. (2020) · Nature Reviews Molecular Cell Biology · doi:10.1038/s41580-020-0244-x · Cited by 2,052 · see citing works

DNA exonuclease Trex1 regulates radiotherapy-induced tumour immunogenicity

Vanpouille-Box, C., Alard, A., Aryankalayil, M. J., Sarfraz, Y., Diamond, J. M., Schneider, R. J., Inghirami, G., Coleman, C. N., Formenti, S. C., & Demaria, S. (2017) · Nature Communications · doi:10.1038/ncomms15618 · Cited by 1,834 · see citing works

cGAS surveillance of micronuclei links genome instability to innate immunity

Mackenzie, K. J., Carroll, P., Martin, C.-A., Murina, O., Fluteau, A., Simpson, D. J., Olova, N., Sutcliffe, H., Rainger, J. K., Leitch, A., et al. (2017) · Nature · doi:10.1038/nature23449 · Cited by 1,752 · see citing works

CGAS produces a 2′-5′-linked cyclic dinucleotide second messenger that activates STING.

Ablasser, A., Goldeck, M., Cavlar, T., Deimling, T., Witte, G., Röhl, I., Hopfner, K.-P., Ludwig, J., & Hornung, V. (2013) · Nature · doi:10.1038/nature12306 · Cited by 1,695 · see citing works

Mechanisms of Cellular Senescence: Cell Cycle Arrest and Senescence Associated Secretory Phenotype

Kumari, R., & Jat, P. (2021) · Frontiers in Cell and Developmental Biology · doi:10.3389/fcell.2021.645593 · Cited by 1,622 · see citing works

Direct Activation of STING in the Tumor Microenvironment Leads to Potent and Systemic Tumor Regression and Immunity

Corrales, L., Glickman, L. H., McWhirter, S. M., Kanne, D. B., Sivick, K. E., Katibah, G. E., Woo, S.-R., Lemmens, E., Banda, T., Leong, J. J., et al. (2015) · Cell Reports · doi:10.1016/j.celrep.2015.04.031 · Cited by 1,560 · see citing works

DNA sensing by the cGAS–STING pathway in health and disease

Motwani, M., Pesiridis, S., & Fitzgerald, K. A. (2019) · Nature Reviews Genetics · doi:10.1038/s41576-019-0151-1 · Cited by 1,467 · see citing works

Combination strategies with PD-1/PD-L1 blockade: current advances and future directions

Yi, M., Zheng, X., Niu, M., Zhu, S., Ge, H., & Wu, K. (2022) · Molecular Cancer · doi:10.1186/s12943-021-01489-2 · Cited by 1,445 · see citing works

The cGAS–cGAMP–STING pathway connects DNA damage to inflammation, senescence, and cancer

Li, T., & Chen, Z. J. (2018) · Journal of Experimental Medicine · doi:10.1084/jem.20180139 · Cited by 1,293 · see citing works

The Cytosolic DNA-Sensing cGAS–STING Pathway in Cancer

Kwon, J., & Bakhoum, S. F. (2020) · Cancer Discovery · doi:10.1158/2159-8290.cd-19-0761 · Cited by 1,293 · see citing works

Innate immune sensing of cytosolic chromatin fragments through cGAS promotes senescence

Glück, S., Guey, B., Gulen, M. F., Wolter, K., Kang, T.-W., Schmacke, N. A., Bridgeman, A., Rehwinkel, J., Zender, L., & Ablasser, A. (2017) · Nature Cell Biology · doi:10.1038/ncb3586 · Cited by 1,196 · see citing works

Targeting STING with covalent small-molecule inhibitors

Haag, S. M., Gulen, M. F., Reymond, L., Gibelin, A., Abrami, L., Decout, A., Heymann, M., van der Goot, F. G., Turcatti, G., Behrendt, R., et al. (2018) · Nature · doi:10.1038/s41586-018-0287-8 · Cited by 1,178 · see citing works

Innate Immune Sensing and Signaling of Cytosolic Nucleic Acids

Wu, J., & Chen, Z. J. (2014) · Annual Review of Immunology · doi:10.1146/annurev-immunol-032713-120156 · Cited by 1,179 · see citing works

Pivotal Roles of cGAS-cGAMP Signaling in Antiviral Defense and Immune Adjuvant Effects

Li, X.-D., Wu, J., Gao, D., Wang, H., Sun, L., & Chen, Z. J. (2013) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.1244040 · Cited by 1,097 · see citing works

Cyclic GMP-AMP Containing Mixed Phosphodiester Linkages Is An Endogenous High-Affinity Ligand for STING

Zhang, X., Shi, H., Wu, J., Zhang, X., Sun, L., Chen, C., & Chen, Z. J. (2013) · Molecular Cell · doi:10.1016/j.molcel.2013.05.022 · Cited by 1,086 · see citing works

cGAS in action: Expanding roles in immunity and inflammation

Ablasser, A., & Chen, Z. J. (2019) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.aat8657 · Cited by 1,077 · see citing works

cGAS–STING drives ageing-related inflammation and neurodegeneration

Gulen, M. F., Samson, N., Keller, A., Schwabenland, M., Liu, C., Glück, S., Thacker, V. V., Favre, L., Mangeat, B., Kroese, L. J., et al. (2023) · Nature · doi:10.1038/s41586-023-06373-1 · Cited by 1,074 · see citing works

DNA-induced liquid phase condensation of cGAS activates innate immune signaling

Du, M., & Chen, Z. J. (2018) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.aat1022 · Cited by 1,068 · see citing works

The cGAS-cGAMP-STING Pathway of Cytosolic DNA Sensing and Signaling

Cai, X., Chiu, Y., & Chen, Z. J. (2014) · Molecular Cell · doi:10.1016/j.molcel.2014.03.040 · Cited by 995 · see citing works

Cyclic GMP-AMP Synthase Is an Innate Immune Sensor of HIV and Other Retroviruses

Gao, D., Wu, J., Wu, Y.-T., Du, F., Aroh, C., Yan, N., Sun, L., & Chen, Z. J. (2013) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.1240933 · Cited by 986 · see citing works

Harnessing innate immunity in cancer therapy

Demaria, O., Cornen, S., Daëron, M., Morel, Y., Medzhitov, R., & Vivier, E. (2019) · Nature · doi:10.1038/s41586-019-1593-5 · Cited by 957 · see citing works

Mitochondria in oxidative stress, inflammation and aging: from mechanisms to therapeutic advances

Xu, X., Pang, Y., & Fan, X. (2025) · Signal Transduction and Targeted Therapy · doi:10.1038/s41392-025-02253-4 · Cited by 939 · see citing works

Design of amidobenzimidazole STING receptor agonists with systemic activity

Ramanjulu, J. M., Pesiridis, G. S., Yang, J., Concha, N., Singhaus, R., Zhang, S.-Y., Tran, J.-L., Moore, P., Lehmann, S., Eberl, H. C., et al. (2018) · Nature · doi:10.1038/s41586-018-0705-y · Cited by 912 · see citing works

Pan-viral specificity of IFN-induced genes reveals new roles for cGAS in innate immunity

Schoggins, J. W., MacDuff, D. A., Imanaka, N., Gainey, M. D., Shrestha, B., Eitson, J. L., Mar, K. B., Richardson, R. B., Ratushny, A. V., Litvak, V., et al. (2014) · Nature · doi:10.1038/nature12862 · Cited by 896 · see citing works

Structural mechanism of cytosolic DNA sensing by cGAS

Çivril, F., Deimling, T., Mann, C. C. D. O., Ablasser, A., Moldt, M., Witte, G., Hornung, V., & Hopfner, K. (2013) · Nature · doi:10.1038/nature12305 · Cited by 888 · see citing works

Mitochondrial DNA in inflammation and immunity

Riley, J. S., & Tait, S. W. G. (2020) · EMBO Reports · doi:10.15252/embr.201949799 · Cited by 876 · see citing works

Manganese Increases the Sensitivity of the cGAS-STING Pathway for Double-Stranded DNA and Is Required for the Host Defense against DNA Viruses

Wang, C., Guan, Y., Lv, M., Zhang, R., Guo, Z., Wei, X., Du, X., Yang, J., Li, T., Wan, Y., et al. (2018) · Immunity · doi:10.1016/j.immuni.2018.03.017 · Cited by 869 · see citing works

Structures and Mechanisms in the cGAS-STING Innate Immunity Pathway

Zhang, X., Bai, X., & Chen, Z. J. (2020) · Immunity · doi:10.1016/j.immuni.2020.05.013 · Cited by 845 · see citing works

The innate immune DNA Sensor cGAS produces a noncanonical cyclic dinucleotide that activates human STING.

Diner, E. J., Burdette, D. L., Wilson, S. C., Monroe, K. M., Kellenberger, C. A., Hyodo, M., Hayakawa, Y., Hammond, M. C., & Vance, R. E. (2013) · Cell Reports · doi:10.1016/j.celrep.2013.05.009 · Cited by 767 · see citing works

STING agonist formulated cancer vaccines can cure established tumors resistant to PD-1 blockade

Fu, J., Kanne, D. B., Leong, M., Glickman, L. H., McWhirter, S. M., Lemmens, E., Mechette, K., Leong, J. J., Lauer, P., Liu, W., et al. (2015) · Science Translational Medicine · doi:10.1126/scitranslmed.aaa4306 · Cited by 720 · see citing works

The cGAS–STING pathway and cancer

Samson, N., & Ablasser, A. (2022) · Nature Cancer · doi:10.1038/s43018-022-00468-w · Cited by 705 · see citing works

An orally available non-nucleotide STING agonist with antitumor activity

Pan, B.-S., Perera, S. A., Piesvaux, J. A., Presland, J. P., Schroeder, G. K., Cumming, J. N., Trotter, B. W., Altman, M. D., Buevich, A. V., Cash, B., et al. (2020) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.aba6098 · Cited by 694 · see citing works

Activation of cyclic GMP-AMP synthase by self-DNA causes autoimmune diseases

Gao, D., Li, T., Li, X.-D., Chen, X., Li, Q., Wight‐Carter, M., & Chen, Z. J. (2015) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.1516465112 · Cited by 685 · see citing works

Endosomolytic polymersomes increase the activity of cyclic dinucleotide STING agonists to enhance cancer immunotherapy

Shae, D., Becker, K. W., Christov, P. P., Yun, D. S., Lytton‐Jean, A. K. R., Sevimli, S., Ascano, M., Kelley, M. C., Johnson, D. B., Balko, J. M., et al. (2019) · Nature Nanotechnology · doi:10.1038/s41565-018-0342-5 · Cited by 681 · see citing works

Cyclic Dinucleotides Trigger ULK1 (ATG1) Phosphorylation of STING to Prevent Sustained Innate Immune Signaling

Konno, H., Konno, K., & Barber, G. N. (2013) · Cell · doi:10.1016/j.cell.2013.09.049 · Cited by 676 · see citing works

Cyclic GMP-AMP Synthase Is Activated by Double-Stranded DNA-Induced Oligomerization

Li, X., Shu, C., Yi, G., Chaton, C. T., Shelton, C. L., Diao, J., Zuo, X., Kao, C. C., Herr, A. B., & Li, P. (2013) · Immunity · doi:10.1016/j.immuni.2013.10.019 · Cited by 656 · see citing works

Cell intrinsic immunity spreads to bystander cells via the intercellular transfer of cGAMP

Ablasser, A., Schmid-Burgk, J. L., Hemmerling, I., Horvath, G. L., Schmidt, T., Latz, E., & Hornung, V. (2013) · Nature · doi:10.1038/nature12640 · Cited by 649 · see citing works

Tumor-Derived cGAMP Triggers a STING-Mediated Interferon Response in Non-tumor Cells to Activate the NK Cell Response

Marcus, A., Mao, A. J., Lensink-Vasan, M., Wang, L., Vance, R. E., & Raulet, D. H. (2018) · Immunity · doi:10.1016/j.immuni.2018.09.016 · Cited by 609 · see citing works

Structure-Function Analysis of STING Activation by c[G(2′,5′)pA(3′,5′)p] and Targeting by Antiviral DMXAA

Gao, P., Ascano, M., Zillinger, T., Wang, W., Dai, P., Serganov, A. A., Gaffney, B. L., Shuman, S., Jones, R. A., Deng, L., et al. (2013) · Cell · doi:10.1016/j.cell.2013.07.023 · Cited by 595 · see citing works

Discriminating self from non-self in nucleic acid sensing

Schlee, M., & Hartmann, G. (2016) · Nature reviews. Immunology · doi:10.1038/nri.2016.78 · Cited by 587 · see citing works

Mitochondrial Damage Causes Inflammation via cGAS-STING Signaling in Acute Kidney Injury

Maekawa, H., Inoue, T., Ouchi, H., Jao, T.-M., Inoue, R., Nishi, H., Fujii, R., Ishidate, F., Tanaka, T., Tanaka, Y., et al. (2019) · Cell Reports · doi:10.1016/j.celrep.2019.09.050 · Cited by 586 · see citing works

Molecular mechanisms of mitochondrial DNA release and activation of the cGAS-STING pathway

Kim, J., Kim, H., & Chung, J. H. (2023) · Experimental & Molecular Medicine · doi:10.1038/s12276-023-00965-7 · Cited by 579 · see citing works

STING activation of tumor endothelial cells initiates spontaneous and therapeutic antitumor immunity

Demaria, O., Gassart, A. D., Coso, S., Gestermann, N., Domizio, J. D., Flatz, L., Gaide, O., Michielin, O. A., Hwu, P., Petrova, T. V., et al. (2015) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.1512832112 · Cited by 574 · see citing works

cGAS is essential for the antitumor effect of immune checkpoint blockade

Wang, H., Hu, S., Chen, X., Shi, H., Chen, C., Sun, L., & Chen, Z. J. (2017) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.1621363114 · Cited by 563 · see citing works

Hydrolysis of 2′3′-cGAMP by ENPP1 and design of nonhydrolyzable analogs

Li, L., Yin, Q., Kuss, P., Maliga, Z., Millán, J. L., Wu, H., & Mitchison, T. J. (2014) · Nature Chemical Biology · doi:10.1038/nchembio.1661 · Cited by 537 · see citing works

cGAS senses long and HMGB/TFAM-bound U-turn DNA by forming protein-DNA ladders

Andreeva, L., Hiller, B., Kostrewa, D., Lässig, C., de Oliveira Mann, C. C., Jan Drexler, D., Maiser, A., Gaidt, M., Leonhardt, H., Hornung, V., et al. (2017) · Nature · doi:10.1038/nature23890 · Cited by 511 · see citing works

The Cytosolic DNA Sensor cGAS Forms an Oligomeric Complex with DNA and Undergoes Switch-like Conformational Changes in the Activation Loop

Zhang, X., Wu, J., Du, F., Xu, H., Sun, L., Chen, Z., Brautigam, C. A., Zhang, X., & Chen, Z. J. (2014) · Cell Reports · doi:10.1016/j.celrep.2014.01.003 · Cited by 507 · see citing works

Signalling strength determines proapoptotic functions of STING

Gulen, M. F., Koch, U., Haag, S. M., Schuler, F., Apetoh, L., Villunger, A., Radtke, F., & Ablasser, A. (2017) · Nature Communications · doi:10.1038/s41467-017-00573-w · Cited by 505 · see citing works

Targeting cytokine and chemokine signaling pathways for cancer therapy

Yi, M., Li, T., Niu, M., Zhang, H., Wu, Y., Wu, K., & Dai, Z. (2024) · Signal Transduction and Targeted Therapy · doi:10.1038/s41392-024-01868-3 · Cited by 491 · see citing works

The host STING pathway at the interface of cancer and immunity

Corrales, L., McWhirter, S. M., Dubensky, T. W., & Gajewski, T. F. (2016) · Journal of Clinical Investigation · doi:10.1172/jci86892 · Cited by 487 · see citing works

Oxidative Damage of DNA Confers Resistance to Cytosolic Nuclease TREX1 Degradation and Potentiates STING-Dependent Immune Sensing

Gehrke, N., Mertens, C., Zillinger, T., Wenzel, J., Bald, T., Zahn, S., Tüting, T., Hartmann, G., & Barchet, W. (2013) · Immunity · doi:10.1016/j.immuni.2013.08.004 · Cited by 476 · see citing works

Viral evasion of intracellular DNA and RNA sensing

Chan, Y., & Gack, M. U. (2016) · Nature Reviews Microbiology · doi:10.1038/nrmicro.2016.45 · Cited by 451 · see citing works

A conserved PLPLRT/SD motif of STING mediates the recruitment and activation of TBK1

Zhao, B., Du, F., Xu, P., Shu, C., Sankaran, B., Bell, S. L., Liu, M., Lei, Y., Gao, X., Fu, X., et al. (2019) · Nature · doi:10.1038/s41586-019-1228-x · Cited by 447 · see citing works

Mitochondria and cell death-associated inflammation

Vringer, E., & Tait, S. W. G. (2022) · Cell Death and Differentiation · doi:10.1038/s41418-022-01094-w · Cited by 441 · see citing works

AARS1 and AARS2 sense l-lactate to regulate cGAS as global lysine lactyltransferases

Li, H., Liu, C., Li, R., Zhou, L., Ran, Y., Yang, Q., Huang, H., Lu, H., Song, H., Yang, B., et al. (2024) · Nature · doi:10.1038/s41586-024-07992-y · Cited by 444 · see citing works

Detection of Microbial Infections Through Innate Immune Sensing of Nucleic Acids

Tan, J. X., Sun, L., Chen, J., & Chen, Z. J. (2018) · Annual Review of Microbiology · doi:10.1146/annurev-micro-102215-095605 · Cited by 437 · see citing works

Activating cGAS-STING pathway for the optimal effect of cancer immunotherapy

Li, A., Yi, M., Qin, S., Song, Y., Chu, Q., & Wu, K. (2019) · Journal of Hematology &amp; Oncology · doi:10.1186/s13045-019-0721-x · Cited by 413 · see citing works

Mitochondria in innate immune signaling

Banoth, B., & Cassel, S. L. (2018) · Translational Research · doi:10.1016/j.trsl.2018.07.014 · Cited by 410 · see citing works

STING Polymer Structure Reveals Mechanisms for Activation, Hyperactivation, and Inhibition

Ergun, S. L., Fernández, D., Weiss, T. M., & Li, L. (2019) · Cell · doi:10.1016/j.cell.2019.05.036 · Cited by 408 · see citing works

The Cytoplasmic DNA Sensor cGAS Promotes Mitotic Cell Death

Zierhut, C., Yamaguchi, N., Paredes, M. C. G., Luo, J., Carroll, T., & Funabiki, H. (2019) · Cell · doi:10.1016/j.cell.2019.05.035 · Cited by 403 · see citing works

Structure of Human cGAS Reveals a Conserved Family of Second-Messenger Enzymes in Innate Immunity

Kranzusch, P. J., Lee, A. S.-Y., Berger, J. M., & Doudna, J. A. (2013) · Cell Reports · doi:10.1016/j.celrep.2013.05.008 · Cited by 385 · see citing works

Structure of the Human cGAS–DNA Complex Reveals Enhanced Control of Immune Surveillance

Zhou, W., Whiteley, A. T., Mann, C. C. D. O., Morehouse, B. R., Nowak, R. P., Fischer, E. S., Gray, N. S., Mekalanos, J. J., & Kranzusch, P. J. (2018) · Cell · doi:10.1016/j.cell.2018.06.026 · Cited by 380 · see citing works

SLC19A1 transports immunoreactive cyclic dinucleotides.

Luteijn, R. D., Zaver, S. A., Gowen, B. G., Wyman, S. K., Garelis, N. E., Onia, L., McWhirter, S. M., Katibah, G. E., Corn, J. E., Woodward, J. J., et al. (2019) · Nature · doi:10.1038/s41586-019-1553-0 · Cited by 379 · see citing works

Small molecule inhibition of cGAS reduces interferon expression in primary macrophages from autoimmune mice

Vincent, J., Adura, C., Gao, P., Luz, A. N., Lama, L., Asano, Y., Okamoto, R., Imaeda, T., Aida, J., Rothamel, K. L., et al. (2017) · Nature Communications · doi:10.1038/s41467-017-00833-9 · Cited by 375 · see citing works

Acetylation Blocks cGAS Activity and Inhibits Self-DNA-Induced Autoimmunity

Dai, J., Huang, Y.-J., He, X., Zhao, M., Wang, X., Liu, Z.-S., Xue, W., Cai, H., Zhan, X.-Y., Huang, S.-Y., et al. (2019) · Cell · doi:10.1016/j.cell.2019.01.016 · Cited by 371 · see citing works

TRIM14 Inhibits cGAS Degradation Mediated by Selective Autophagy Receptor p62 to Promote Innate Immune Responses

Chen, M., Meng, Q., Qin, Y., Liang, P., Tan, P., He, L., Zhou, Y., Chen, Y., Huang, J., Wang, R., et al. (2016) · Molecular Cell · doi:10.1016/j.molcel.2016.08.025 · Cited by 367 · see citing works

Chemical and Biomolecular Strategies for STING Pathway Activation in Cancer Immunotherapy

Garland, K. M., Sheehy, T. L., & Wilson, J. T. (2022) · Chemical Reviews · doi:10.1021/acs.chemrev.1c00750 · Cited by 368 · see citing works

Microbial Sensing by Toll-Like Receptors and Intracellular Nucleic Acid SensorsPreprint

Pandey, S., Kawai, T., & Akira, S. (2014) · Cold Spring Harbor Perspectives in Biology · doi:10.1101/cshperspect.a016246 · Cited by 365 · see citing works

Crosstalk between Cytoplasmic RIG-I and STING Sensing Pathways

Zevini, A., Olagnier, D. P., & Hiscott, J. B. (2017) · Trends in Immunology · doi:10.1016/j.it.2016.12.004 · Cited by 364 · see citing works

Bacterial cGAS-like enzymes synthesize diverse nucleotide signals

Whiteley, A. T., Eaglesham, J. B., Mann, C. C. D. O., Morehouse, B. R., Lowey, B., Nieminen, E. A., Danilchanka, O., King, D., Lee, A. S. Y., Mekalanos, J. J., et al. (2019) · Nature · doi:10.1038/s41586-019-0953-5 · Cited by 361 · see citing works

Cytosolic RNA:DNA hybrids activate the cGAS–STING axis

Mankan, A. K., Schmidt, T., Chauhan, D., Goldeck, M., Höning, K., Gaidt, M. M., Kubarenko, A. V., Andreeva, L., Hopfner, K., & Hornung, V. (2014) · The EMBO Journal · doi:10.15252/embj.201488726 · Cited by 359 · see citing works

Crosstalk between the cGAS DNA Sensor and Beclin-1 Autophagy Protein Shapes Innate Antimicrobial Immune Responses

Liang, Q., Seo, G. J., Choi, Y. J., Kwak, M., Ge, J., Rodgers, M. A., Shi, M., Leslie, B. J., Hopfner, K., Ha, T., et al. (2014) · Cell Host & Microbe · doi:10.1016/j.chom.2014.01.009 · Cited by 351 · see citing works

HDAC3 inhibition ameliorates ischemia/reperfusion-induced brain injury by regulating the microglial cGAS-STING pathway

Liao, Y., Cheng, J., Kong, X., Li, S., Li, X., Zhang, M., Zhang, H., Yang, T., Dong, Y., Li, J., et al. (2020) · Theranostics · doi:10.7150/thno.47651 · Cited by 348 · see citing works

The cGAS–STING signaling in cardiovascular and metabolic diseases: Future novel target option for pharmacotherapy

Oduro, P. K., Zheng, X., Wei, J., Yang, Y., Wang, Y., Zhang, H., Liu, E., Gao, X., Du, M., & Wang, Q. (2021) · Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica B · doi:10.1016/j.apsb.2021.05.011 · Cited by 349 · see citing works

OAS proteins and cGAS: unifying concepts in sensing and responding to cytosolic nucleic acids

Hornung, V., Hartmann, R., Ablasser, A., & Hopfner, K. (2014) · Nature reviews. Immunology · doi:10.1038/nri3719 · Cited by 341 · see citing works

Apoptotic Caspases Suppress Type I Interferon Production via the Cleavage of cGAS, MAVS, and IRF3

Ning, X., Wang, Y., Jing, M., Sha, M., Lv, M., Gao, P., Zhang, R., Huang, X., Feng, J., & Jiang, Z. (2019) · Molecular Cell · doi:10.1016/j.molcel.2019.02.013 · Cited by 338 · see citing works

Molecular mechanisms for enhanced DNA vaccine immunogenicity

Li, L., & Petrovsky, N. (2015) · Expert Review of Vaccines · doi:10.1586/14760584.2016.1124762 · Cited by 334 · see citing works

Regulation of cGAS- and RLR-mediated immunity to nucleic acids

Ablasser, A., & Hur, S. (2019) · Nature Immunology · doi:10.1038/s41590-019-0556-1 · Cited by 333 · see citing works

Mn2+ Directly Activates cGAS and Structural Analysis Suggests Mn2+ Induces a Noncanonical Catalytic Synthesis of 2′3′-cGAMP

Zhao, Z., Ma, Z., Wang, B., Guan, Y., Su, X., & Jiang, Z. (2020) · Cell Reports · doi:10.1016/j.celrep.2020.108053 · Cited by 333 · see citing works

The enemy within: endogenous retroelements and autoimmune disease

Volkman, H. E., & Stetson, D. B. (2014) · Nature Immunology · doi:10.1038/ni.2872 · Cited by 333 · see citing works

Small molecules targeting the innate immune cGAS‒STING‒TBK1 signaling pathway

Ding, C., Song, Z., Shen, A., Chen, T., & Zhang, A. (2020) · Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica B · doi:10.1016/j.apsb.2020.03.001 · Cited by 323 · see citing works

Agonist-Mediated Activation of STING Induces Apoptosis in Malignant B Cells

Tang, C.-H. A., Zundell, J. A., Ranatunga, S., Lin, C., Nefedova, Y., Valle, J. R. D., & Hu, C. A. (2016) · Cancer Research · doi:10.1158/0008-5472.can-15-1885 · Cited by 318 · see citing works

Dendritic Cells but Not Macrophages Sense Tumor Mitochondrial DNA for Cross-priming through Signal Regulatory Protein α Signaling

Xu, M. M., Yang, P., Han, D., Shi, Y., Cao, X., Liang, H. L., Chen, X., Li, X.-D., Deng, L., Chen, Z. J., et al. (2017) · Immunity · doi:10.1016/j.immuni.2017.07.016 · Cited by 315 · see citing works

Type I interferon-mediated tumor immunity and its role in immunotherapy

Yu, R., Zhu, B., & Chen, D. (2022) · Cellular and Molecular Life Sciences · doi:10.1007/s00018-022-04219-z · Cited by 309 · see citing works

Development of human cGAS-specific small-molecule inhibitors for repression of dsDNA-triggered interferon expression

Lama, L., Adura, C., Xie, W., Tomita, D., Kamei, T., Kuryavyi, V., Gogakos, T., Steinberg, J. I., Miller, M., Ramos-Espiritu, L., et al. (2019) · Nature Communications · doi:10.1038/s41467-019-08620-4 · Cited by 303 · see citing works

G3BP1 promotes DNA binding and activation of cGAS

Liu, Z.-S., Cai, H., Xue, W., Wang, M., Xia, T., Li, W.-J., Xing, J., Zhao, M., Huang, Y.-J., Chen, D., et al. (2018) · Nature Immunology · doi:10.1038/s41590-018-0262-4 · Cited by 295 · see citing works

A non-canonical cGAS–STING–PERK pathway facilitates the translational program critical for senescence and organ fibrosis

Zhang, D., Liu, Y., Zhu, Y., Zhang, Q. Y., Guan, H., Liu, S., Chen, S., Chen, M., Chen, C., Liao, Z., et al. (2022) · Nature Cell Biology · doi:10.1038/s41556-022-00894-z · Cited by 295 · see citing works

Activation of innate immune cGAS-STING pathway contributes to Alzheimer’s pathogenesis in 5×FAD mice

Xie, X., Ma, G., Li, X., Zhao, J., Zhao, Z., & Zeng, J. (2023) · Nature Aging · doi:10.1038/s43587-022-00337-2 · Cited by 292 · see citing works

STING inhibitors target the cyclic dinucleotide binding pocket

Hong, Z., Mei, J., Li, C., Bai, G., Maimaiti, M., Hu, H., Yu, W., Sun, L., Zhang, L., Cheng, D., et al. (2021) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.2105465118 · Cited by 291 · see citing works

Cancer-Cell-Intrinsic cGAS Expression Mediates Tumor Immunogenicity

Schadt, L., Sparano, C., Schweiger, N. A., Siliņa, K., Cecconi, V., Lucchiari, G., Yagita∥, H., Guggisberg, E., Saba, S., Naščáková, Z., et al. (2019) · Cell Reports · doi:10.1016/j.celrep.2019.09.065 · Cited by 290 · see citing works

Trial watch: STING agonists in cancer therapy

Le Naour, J., Zitvogel, L., Galluzzi, L., Vacchelli, E., & Kroemer, G. (2020) · OncoImmunology · doi:10.1080/2162402x.2020.1777624 · Cited by 289 · see citing works

Cytoplasmic DNA: sources, sensing, and role in aging and disease

Miller, K. N., Victorelli, S. G., Salmonowicz, H., Dasgupta, N., Liu, T., Passos, J. F., & Adams, P. D. (2021) · Cell · doi:10.1016/j.cell.2021.09.034 · Cited by 288 · see citing works

Regulation of cGAS–STING signalling and its diversity of cellular outcomes

Zhang, Z., & Zhang, C. (2025) · Nature Reviews Immunology · doi:10.1038/s41577-024-01112-7 · Cited by 287 · see citing works

Nucleic Acid Immunity

Hartmann, G. (2017) · Advances in Immunology · doi:10.1016/bs.ai.2016.11.001 · Cited by 285 · see citing works

A Circular RNA Protects Dormant Hematopoietic Stem Cells from DNA Sensor cGAS-Mediated Exhaustion

Xia, P., Wang, S., Ye, B., Du, Y., Li, C., Xiong, Z., Qu, Y., & Fan, Z. (2018) · Immunity · doi:10.1016/j.immuni.2018.03.016 · Cited by 279 · see citing works

Inhibition of cGAS DNA Sensing by a Herpesvirus Virion Protein

Wu, J., Li, W., Shao, Y., Avey, D. R., Fu, B., Gillen, J., Hand, T. H., Ma, S., Liu, X., Miley, W., et al. (2015) · Cell Host & Microbe · doi:10.1016/j.chom.2015.07.015 · Cited by 278 · see citing works

Cytosolic DNA sensing by cGAS: regulation, function, and human diseases

Yu, L., & Liu, P. (2021) · Signal Transduction and Targeted Therapy · doi:10.1038/s41392-021-00554-y · Cited by 278 · see citing works

Cyclic GMP-AMP Synthase (cGAS) is a cytosolic DNA sensor that activates type I interferon pathway by generating a second messenger (P1346)

Sun, L., Wu, J., & Chen, Z. J. (2013) · The Journal of Immunology · doi:10.4049/jimmunol.190.supp.207.2 · Cited by 8 · see citing works

The catalytic mechanism of cyclic GMP‐AMP synthase (cGAS) and implications for innate immunity and inhibition

Hall, J., Ralph, E. C., Shanker, S., Wang, H., Byrnes, L. J., Horst, R., Wong, J., Brault, A. L., Dumlao, D. S., Smith, J. F., et al. (2017) · Protein Science · doi:10.1002/pro.3304 · Cited by 75 · see citing works

Cytosolic DNA sensing unraveled

Panne, D. (2013) · Nature Chemical Biology · doi:10.1038/nchembio.1318 · Cited by 3 · see citing works

Cyclic GMP-AMP Synthase Is Activated by Double-Stranded DNA-Induced Oligomerization

Li, X., Shu, C., Yi, G., Chaton, C. T., Shelton, C. L., Diao, J., Zuo, X., Kao, C. C., Herr, A. B., & Li, P. (2013) · Immunity · doi:10.1016/j.immuni.2013.10.019 · Cited by 656 · see citing works

Abstract B030: Structure-function studies of cytosolic DNA sensing pathway

Gao, P., Ascano, M., Zillinger, T., Barchet, W., Tuschl, T., & Patel, D. J. (2016) · Cancer Immunology Research · doi:10.1158/2326-6074.cricimteatiaacr15-b030