Neuropilin-1 facilitates SARS-CoV-2 cell entry and infectivity
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Abstract
Another host factor for SARS-CoV-2: Virus-host interactions determine cellular entry and spreading in tissues. Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) and the earlier SARS-CoV use angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) as a receptor; however, their tissue tropism differs, raising the possibility that additional host factors are involved. The spike protein of SARS-CoV-2 contains a cleavage site for the protease furin that is absent from SARS-CoV (see the Perspective by Kielian). Cantuti-Castelvetri et al. now show that neuropilin-1 (NRP1), which is known to bind furin-cleaved substrates, potentiates SARS-CoV-2 infectivity. NRP1 is abundantly expressed in the respiratory and olfactory epithelium, with highest expression in endothelial and epithelial cells. Daly et al. found that the furin-cleaved S1 fragment of the spike protein binds directly to cell surface NRP1 and blocking this interaction with a small-molecule inhibitor or monoclonal antibodies reduced viral infection in cell culture. Understanding the role of NRP1 in SARS-CoV-2 infection may suggest potential targets for future antiviral therapeutics. Science , this issue p. 856 , p. 861 ; see also p. 765
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Neuropilin1 (NRP1) is an important cofactor for SARS-CoV-2 entry, particularly in cells with low ACE2 expression.
“Most recently, Neuropilin1 (NRP1) was identified as an important cofactor for entry, particularly in cells with low level ACE2 expression (Cantuti-Castelvetri et al., 2020).”
From COVID-19 and the human innate immune system (2021) · cites this paper as Cantuti-Castelvetri et al., 2020
Mesenchymal cells across all ages and ventricles expressed Ace2, cathepsins (Ctsl and Ctsb), and Neuropilin-1 (NRP1).
“Mesenchymal cells across all ages and ventricles expressed Ace2 (Angiotensin I converting enzyme 2; Figure 4J,S4J), the SARS-CoV-2 receptor, and other known and putative accessory components, including cathepsins (Ctsl and Ctsb (Muus et al., 2020)) and Neuropilin-1 (NRP1 (Cantuti-Castelvetri et al., 2020)) (Figure 4J, S4J).”
From A cellular and spatial map of the choroid plexus across brain ventricles and ages (2021) · cites this paper as Cantuti-Castelvetri et al., 2020
NRP1 protein expression was validated in mesenchymal cells.
“We also validated the expression of NRP1 protein, an effector of SARS-CoV-2 cell entry and infectivity, in mesenchymal cells (Cantuti-Castelvetri et al., 2020) (Figure 4M).”
From A cellular and spatial map of the choroid plexus across brain ventricles and ages (2021) · cites this paper as Cantuti-Castelvetri et al., 2020
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- Authors
- Cantuti-Castelvetri, L., Ojha, R., Pedro, L. D., Djannatian, M., Franz, J., Kuivanen, S., van der Meer, F., Kallio, K., Kaya, T., Anastasina, M., Smura, T., Levanov, L., Szirovicza, L., Tobi, A., Kallio-Kokko, H., Österlund, P., Joensuu, M., Meunier, F. A., Butcher, S. J., Winkler, M. S., Mollenhauer, B., Helenius, A., Gokce, O., Teesalu, T., Hepojoki, J., Vapalahti, O., Stadelmann, C., Balistreri, G., & Simons, M.
- Affiliations
- Institute of Neuronal Cell Biology, Technical University Munich, Munich, Germany.
- University of Helsinki (FI)
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DE)
- Universitätsmedizin Göttingen (DE)
- Department of Neuropathology, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany.
- Department of Virology, Medicum, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.
- University of Tartu (EE)
- Department of Virology, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland.
- Finnish Institute for Health and Welfare (FI)
- The University of Queensland (AU)
- ETH Zurich (CH)
- Institute for Stroke and Dementia Research (ISD), University Hospital, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany.
- University of Zurich (CH)
- Corresponding author
- Ojha, Ravi
- Pedro, Liliana D.
- Djannatian, Minou
- Franz, Jonas
- Kuivanen, Suvi
- Balistreri, Giuseppe
- Simons, Mikael
- ORCID
- Cantuti-Castelvetri, Ludovico
- Ojha, Ravi
- Pedro, Liliana D.
- Djannatian, Minou
- Franz, Jonas
- Kuivanen, Suvi
- van der Meer, Franziska
- Kallio, Katri
- Kaya, Tuğberk
- Anastasina, Maria
- Smura, Teemu
- Levanov, Lev
- Szirovicza, Leonora
- Tobi, Allan
- Österlund, Pamela
- Joensuu, Merja
- Meunier, Frédéric A.
- Butcher, Sarah J.
- Winkler, Martin Sebastian
- Mollenhauer, Brit
- Gokce, Ozgun
- Teesalu, Tambet
- Hepojoki, Jussi
- Vapalahti, Olli
- Stadelmann, Christine
- Balistreri, Giuseppe
- Simons, Mikael
- Venue
- Science
- Published
- 2020-11-13
- Volume
- 370
- Issue
- 6518
- Pages
- 856-860
- ISSN
- 0036-8075 (ISSN-L)
- 1095-9203
- PMC
- PMC7857391
- OpenAlex
- W3093867667
- Cited by
- 1,925
- References
- 47
- Citations by year
- 2026: 56 · 2025: 120 · 2024: 211 · 2023: 277 · 2022: 461 · 2021: 669 · 2020: 128 · 2018: 2
- FWCI
- 50.07
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- hybrid
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Science (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) (acceptedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Open access LMU (Ludwid Maxmilian's Universitat Munchen) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- Työväentutkimus Vuosikirja (submittedVersion)
- mediaTUM (Technical University of Munich) (submittedVersion)
- GoeScholar The Publication Server of the Georg-August-Universität Göttingen (Georg-August-Universität Göttingen) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- Funders
- ERC CoV
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Infectious Diseases › SARS-CoV-2 and COVID-19 Research
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Infectious Diseases › COVID-19 Clinical Research Studies
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Infectious Diseases › SARS-CoV-2 detection and testing
- Keywords
- neuropilin-1, SARS-CoV-2, viral entry, furin cleavage, spike protein, host factors, viral infectivity, monoclonal antibodies, small molecule inhibitors, antiviral agents, viral tropism, ACE2
- MeSH terms
- Protein Domains, Betacoronavirus, Host Microbial Interactions, Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme 2, COVID-19, SARS-CoV-2, Animals, Antibodies, Monoclonal, Female, Humans, Peptidyl-Dipeptidase A, Lung, Male, Mice, Inbred C57BL, Mutation, Olfactory Mucosa, Peptide Fragments, Pneumonia, Viral, Protein Binding, Serine Endopeptidases, Coronavirus Infections, Caco-2 Cells, Respiratory Mucosa, Neuropilin-1, Neuropilin-2, Mice, Virus Internalization, Metal Nanoparticles, HEK293 Cells, Pandemics, Spike Glycoprotein, Coronavirus
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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