The DOI matches its Crossref record; 144 of the 145 references it cites were found in a registry or an index; 61 of the 212 sources its claims cite were checked for support.
Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances in the environment
Open accessAbstract
Over the past several years, the term PFAS (per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances) has grown to be emblematic of environmental contamination, garnering public, scientific, and regulatory concern. PFAS are synthesized by two processes, direct fluorination (e.g., electrochemical fluorination) and oligomerization (e.g., fluorotelomerization). More than a megatonne of PFAS is produced yearly, and thousands of PFAS wind up in end-use products. Atmospheric and aqueous fugitive releases during manufacturing, use, and disposal have resulted in the global distribution of these compounds. Volatile PFAS facilitate long-range transport, commonly followed by complex transformation schemes to recalcitrant terminal PFAS, which do not degrade under environmental conditions and thus migrate through the environment and accumulate in biota through multiple pathways. Efforts to remediate PFAS-contaminated matrices still are in their infancy, with much current research targeting drinking water.
Overview
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
76 No full text of the sources · 34 No basis given · 28 Partly supported · 17 Own interpretation · 10 Supported so far · 10 Sources not found · 9 Supported · 3 Not checked yet · 2 Couldn’t confirm · 1 Mixed support · accuracy not yet measured
The cited sources that could be checked couldn’t confirm or dispute this claim.
In the paper
“More than a megatonne is produced yearly and thousands of PFAS wind up in end-use products.”
§ Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances in the environment > Abstract
What the sources say
- Could not verifycites [24] sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
Table 1 in §1.1 reports annual end uses of major refrigerants, not global PFAS production. A search for PFAS production and a one-megatonne annual figure found no passage in our copy that establishes the claimed amount. (LLM, conf=0.78)
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Could not verify
The sources with a verdict support this claim; the rest weren’t checked yet, have no full text we could read, or their verdicts aren’t rated yet.
In the paper
“coupled with epidemiological evidence of the health impacts for legacy PFAS (5, 6)”
§ Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances in the environment > Introduction
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [5] source
- Supportedcites [6] source
The Abstract says that available toxicity data primarily concern legacy PFAS, including PFOA and PFOS, and that epidemiological studies have found associations between PFAS exposure and a range of health effects. This supports the citing sentence’s broad characterization of epidemiological evidence, without implying that every reported association is causal. (LLM, conf=0.93)
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
The sources with a verdict support this claim; the rest weren’t checked yet, have no full text we could read, or their verdicts aren’t rated yet.
In the paper
“with their detection in sera across the human population”
§ Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances in the environment > Introduction
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [5] source
- Supportedcites [6] source
The Introduction states that widespread exposure has led to measurable PFAS in the blood of nearly the entire population in developed countries. The paper also discusses PFAS measurements in human serum, supporting the claim of detection across the human population. (LLM, conf=0.91)
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“substances in these two groups can be highly diverse, including both non-functionalized (with -CF3) and functionalized termini, with different structural combinations and molar ratios of monomers (for co-polymers), and from low molecular weight (<1000 Da) to very high (>100000 Da) (30-32)”
§ Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances in the environment > Major PFAS groups & uses
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [30] source
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [31] source
- Partly supportedcites [32] sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Group 2 overview and Table 13 describe fluoropolymers made from different monomers and list varied co- and terpolymer compositions; the Additional information section gives a PFPE example with a CF3 end and a functionalized end (pages unavailable in our copy). These passages support structural diversity, but they do not establish differing monomer molar ratios or the claimed molecular-weight range from <1,000 to >100,000 Da. (LLM, conf=0.83)
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
The sources with a verdict support this claim; the rest weren’t checked yet, have no full text we could read, or their verdicts aren’t rated yet.
In the paper
“Although some fluorotelomers evidently transform without forming intermediate FTOHs (9, 22, 49, 59)”
§ Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances in the environment > Environmental stability, degradation schemes and transformation rates
What the sources say
- Supportedcites [9] source
The Nonpolymer perfluoroalkyl and polyfluoroalkyl substances section describes atmospheric degradation of fluorotelomer olefins (FTOs) through a perfluoroalkyl aldehyde intermediate, rather than an FTOH intermediate. It separately says fluorotelomer iodides may hydrolyze to FTOHs, supporting the distinction that some fluorotelomers transform without forming FTOHs. No page number is available in our copy. (LLM, conf=0.88)
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [22] source
- Supportedcites [49] source
The FtTAoS Biotransformation Pathways section (page not available) describes FtTAoS transforming through sulfoxide and sulfone intermediates to fluorotelomer sulfonates, followed by further oxidation products. Its proposed pathway does not include an intermediate fluorotelomer alcohol, consistent with the citing sentence’s qualified wording, “evidently.” (LLM, conf=0.88)
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Supported
The sources with a verdict support this claim; the rest weren’t checked yet, have no full text we could read, or their verdicts aren’t rated yet.
In the paper
“Fluorotelomers share many similarities to PACF/PASF-based derivatives other than perfluoroalkyl(ether) acids, including molecular structures, degradability (9, 23, 29), use applications (2), and manufacturing trends”
§ Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances in the environment > Major PFAS groups & uses
What the sources say
- Supportedcites [9] source
The citation (2) is attached to the comparison of use applications. In the section on nonpolymer substances (page not provided), the paper describes PASF-derived products used for surface treatments and paper packaging protection; it also describes fluorotelomer-based products used for surface protection and grease-proof food-contact paper. (LLM, conf=0.91)
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [23] source
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [29] source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Supported
Every source the paper cites for this claim was checked and supports it.
In the paper
“thus, many side-chain fluorinated aromatics are used in pharmaceutical (12) or agricultural (11) applications.”
§ Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances in the environment > Major PFAS groups & uses
What the sources say
- Supportedcites [11] source
The Classification of Fluoro-Agrochemicals by Chemotype section reports 117 entries (22%) with an Ar-CF3 moiety, a fluorinated group attached to an aromatic ring, and says fluoro-functionalized aromatic compounds contribute greatly to agrochemicals. This supports the agricultural-applications portion attributed to this source; the citing sentence assigns the pharmaceutical portion to citation (12). (LLM, conf=0.90)
- Supportedcites [12] source
The citation to this paper is attached to the pharmaceutical application, not the separately cited agricultural application. In “Chemotypes of the Fluoro-Pharmaceuticals on the Market,” the paper identifies 54 aryl–CF3 drugs, supporting the claim that many side-chain fluorinated aromatics are used in pharmaceuticals. (LLM, conf=0.90)
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Supported
Every source the paper cites for this claim was checked and supports it.
In the paper
“Unknown amounts of perfluoroalkyl(ether) carboxylic and sulfonic acids are being used to replace long-chain PFCAs and PFSAs (34) in industrial applications such as fluoropolymer production and metal plating, respectively.”
§ Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances in the environment > Major PFAS groups & uses
What the sources say
- Supportedcites [34] source
Section 2.1 describes perfluoroether carboxylate alternatives used in fluoropolymer manufacture, and the metal-plating discussion (p. 244) identifies perfluoroether sulfonate alternatives to PFOS. The discussion on p. 246 states that the actual volumes produced and used for fluorinated alternatives remain unknown. (LLM, conf=0.94)
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Supported
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“precursor transformations under environmental conditions, including processes such as hydrolysis (38), oxidation (39, 40), reduction, decarboxylation and hydroxylation (41), ultimately yield stable PFAS.”
§ Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances in the environment > Environmental stability, degradation schemes and transformation rates
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [38] source
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [39] source
- Partly supportedcites [40] sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Introduction states that oxidation of some polyfluorinated precursors produces PFAAs, and the Sediment-Free Experiments report that heat-activated persulfate oxidation produced PFCAs. This supports the oxidation portion associated with this citation, but the experiments used engineered treatment conditions, and some resulting PFCAs subsequently degraded; they do not establish that oxidation under environmental conditions ultimately yields stable PFAS. (LLM, conf=0.84)
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Every source the paper cites for this claim was checked and supports it.
In the paper
“In the vadose zone, recent studies have shown that the surfactant nature of PFAS also fosters sorption at the air-water interface, retarding PFAS migration (91).”
§ Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances in the environment > Environmental mobility & distribution
What the sources say
- Supportedcites [91] source
The Introduction identifies the air-water interface as a retention domain in the vadose zone and reports significant interfacial retention of PFOS and PFOA during transport through unsaturated porous media. It also describes PFAS as surface-active, supporting the cited sentence's account of interfacial adsorption slowing migration. (LLM, conf=0.90)
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Supported
Every source the paper cites for this claim was checked and supports it.
In the paper
“variations in PFAS species detected in waste-collection-vehicle leachate compared to landfill leachate suggest alternative biodegradation pathways in long-term anaerobic settings such as landfills (72).”
§ Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances in the environment > Environmental stability, degradation schemes and transformation rates
What the sources say
- Supportedcites [72] source
Section 3.3 reports that vehicle leachate contained mostly PFAS precursors while landfill leachate contained mostly terminal PFAS, and says the differences suggest a potential biodegradation pathway in landfills. Section 3.2 describes the landfill environment as low in oxygen with prolonged contact time, consistent with the claim’s long-term anaerobic setting. The paper presents the pathway as a suggestion, not a demonstrated mechanism. (LLM, conf=0.88)
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Supported
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“The most established treatments for water are sorption to granular activated carbon (GAC) or ion-exchange stationary phases (141).”
§ Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances in the environment > Remediation
What the sources say
- Partly supportedcites [141] sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Treatment Overview and Summary identify activated carbon and anion-exchange resins as effective PFAS-removal technologies. But the Summary calls activated carbon—not both treatments—the most widely reported and evaluated, while the Anion Exchange Treatment section says continuous-flow resin studies were limited. The paper also includes high-pressure membranes among the effective technologies, so it does not establish GAC and ion exchange together as the two most established treatments. (LLM, conf=0.84)
boosted- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Partly supported
The sources with a verdict support this claim; the rest weren’t checked yet, have no full text we could read, or their verdicts aren’t rated yet.
In the paper
“Removal performance of sorbents differs among targeted PFAS, concentrations, background water quality, and sorbent properties among other parameters (141, 147, 148).”
§ Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances in the environment > Remediation
What the sources say
- Supportedcites [141] source
Section 5.2 explains that PFAS adsorption depends on the sorbent–sorbate combination and concentration. Sections 5.4 and 4.1 describe differences among PFAS and the effects of background organic matter, competing ions, and resin type on removal. The indexed passages provide section labels but no page numbers. (LLM, conf=0.92)
- Not matchedcites [147]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [148] source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Supported
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“PFAS exposures via food chains are more difficult to resolve, and dietary exposure through drinking water and contaminated food sources (e.g., seafood and other animal products) are among the greatest exposure sources for ecosystems and human populations alike (109, 111).”
§ Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances in the environment > Environmental exposure
What the sources say
- Partly supportedcites [109] sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The ‘Approaches for quantifying exposure sources’ section (page unavailable) says dietary intake is generally the largest source of human PFAS exposure and identifies drinking water, seafood, and other animal products as important sources, with contributions varying by population. The paper discusses PFAS accumulation in marine food chains, but does not establish that dietary exposure is among the greatest PFAS exposure sources for ecosystems. (LLM, conf=0.88)
- Not matchedcites [111]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Partly supported
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“Treatment and remediation of PFAS-impacted media is especially challenging because the chemistry of PFAS renders them unaffected by most traditional treatment technologies (141).”
§ Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances in the environment > Remediation
What the sources say
- Partly supportedcites [141] sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Treatment Overview says the strength of the C–F bond makes PFAS hard to remove using many common treatment technologies, and that common drinking-water approaches are generally ineffective. The cited paper addresses source water and drinking water, however; it does not establish the claim for PFAS-impacted media generally. (LLM, conf=0.82)
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Partly supported
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“Cooperative binding models have further correlated (and predicted) protein associations, relying on traditional measures of hydrophobicity and its effect on biomacromolecule interactions (124).”
§ Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances in the environment > Environmental exposure
What the sources say
- Partly supportedcites [124] sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Results and Discussion sections report that the Hill model accounts for cooperativity in PFAS–albumin binding and that binding constants correlate with log Kow, a measure of hydrophobicity (pages not specified in our copy). They do not show that a cooperative model predicted protein associations from hydrophobicity alone; the paper also identifies steric effects as important. (LLM, conf=0.84)
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Partly supported
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“Human-health effects from exposure to PFAS have been studied extensively, identifying possible carcinogenic, reproductive, endocrine, neurotoxic, dyslipidemia, and immunotoxic effects (6, 108, 109).”
§ Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances in the environment > Environmental exposure
What the sources say
- Partly supportedcites [6] sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Abstract (page not available) reports human epidemiological associations with cancer, reproductive outcomes, altered thyroid and immune function, and lipid dysregulation. The Neurotoxicity section (page not available) says potential nervous-system effects have not been widely investigated and cites mainly cell and rodent findings; the Reproductive and developmental outcomes section describes human neurodevelopment studies as inconclusive. Thus, the source supports most of the list, but not the implication that extensive human research has identified neurotoxic effects. (LLM, conf=0.84)
- Partly supportedcites [108] sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The review reports possible human carcinogenic effects (section 3.2), reproductive and endocrine effects (sections 5.1–5.2), altered blood lipids (section 5.5), and immunomodulation (the passage under “Sagiv et al.”). It does not establish the claimed neurotoxic effects in humans; the neurobehavioral study located in the copy concerns zebrafish (References). Page numbers were not available in the indexed passages. (LLM, conf=0.85)
- Supportedcites [109] source
The Academic studies section reports links with kidney and testicular cancer, high cholesterol, thyroid disease, pregnancy-induced hypertension, and age at menarche. The Immune effects and Neurodevelopmental effects sections address the remaining outcomes. The review treats these as possible effects, not established effects across all PFAS exposures: it describes human neurodevelopmental evidence as mixed and calls for further research. (LLM, conf=0.84)
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Partly supported
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“Mechanism-based studies and in-silico approaches are beginning to fill data gaps pinpointing the cellular and molecular pathways resulting in toxicity (136, 137).”
§ Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances in the environment > Environmental exposure
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [136] source
- Partly supportedcites [137] sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Introduction (page not provided) describes major gaps in knowledge of PFAS modes of action and reports evidence that some PFAS interact with nuclear receptors. The Conclusions (page not provided) suggest that invertebrate testing, including multi-omics testing, could help fill knowledge gaps. The paper does not say that in-silico approaches are beginning to pinpoint the cellular and molecular pathways causing PFAS toxicity. (LLM, conf=0.77)
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Every source the paper cites for this claim was checked and supports it.
In the paper
“Elimination half-life has been identified as an endpoint relevant to bioaccumulation and effects (4).”
§ Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances in the environment > Environmental exposure
What the sources say
- Supportedcites [4] source
The “Bioaccumulation and bioactivity estimates” section explicitly says elimination half-life is related to both bioaccumulation and effects, and identifies methods to determine or estimate it as relevant to PFAS evaluation. (LLM, conf=0.95)
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Supported
Every source the paper cites for this claim was checked and supports it.
In the paper
“While the bioaccumulation of some persistent organic pollutants often is related to lipid partition coefficients, PFAS are not exclusively associated with lipids (120).”
§ Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances in the environment > Environmental exposure
What the sources say
- Supportedcites [120] source
The wildlife bioaccumulation section says PFAA associate with proteins and phospholipids rather than storage lipids. The paper also states that proteins and phospholipids are important to PFAS tissue partitioning, supporting the claim that PFAS are not exclusively associated with lipids. (LLM, conf=0.92)
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Supported
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“Likewise, studies evaluating treatment options for PFAS-laden reverse-osmosis membrane concentrate or ion-exchange regenerant are at their infancy (149).”
§ Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances in the environment > Remediation
What the sources say
- Partly supportedcites [149] sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Introduction says that much less research has addressed PFAS-laden residual streams and that managing membrane concentrates has received little attention. This supports the claim about reverse-osmosis concentrate. The paper mentions ion exchange as a PFAS-removal technology but does not specifically establish that studies of treatment options for ion-exchange regenerant are in their infancy. (LLM, conf=0.85)
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Partly supported
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“Catalytic oxidation at lower temperatures (e.g., 400 °C) has been demonstrated for some PFAS (155).”
§ Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances in the environment > Remediation
What the sources say
- Partly supportedcites [155] sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Conclusions report more than 85% removal of the studied fluorotelomer alcohols at about 400 °C using CaO. The paper describes this as CaO-facilitated thermal treatment, not catalytic oxidation, and cautions that removal of the original compounds does not necessarily mean complete destruction of fluorinated products. (LLM, conf=0.86)
boosteddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Partly supported
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“In-situ treatment of PFAS in soil requires different techniques, such as permeable reactive barriers or addition of powdered activated carbon – of which, none have shown the ability to control PFAS plumes in the long term (150).”
§ Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances in the environment > Remediation
What the sources say
- Partly supportedcites [150] sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
Section 4.2.2 (pp. 31–32) discusses activated carbon as a PFAS soil amendment and reports reduced leaching in tests. The future research priorities (p. 47) call for ways to assess the long-term effectiveness of in-situ immobilization, but do not establish that activated carbon or permeable reactive barriers have failed to control PFAS plumes over the long term. The cited paper therefore supports the treatment example and uncertainty about durability, not the categorical plume-control claim. (LLM, conf=0.85)
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Partly supported
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Of the known PFAS, there is a paucity of data adequately describing potential impacts to ecosystems and their provisioning services”
§ Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances in the environment > Introduction
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Atmospheric and aqueous fugitive releases during manufacturing, use and disposal have resulted in the global distribution of these compounds.”
§ Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances in the environment > Abstract
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: unclear — It is unclear why the paper says it holds.
In the paper
“The growing number of PFAS susceptible to partial degradation (3) further complicates environmental fingerprinting and remediation efforts.”
§ Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances in the environment > Introduction
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [3] source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“which do not degrade under environmental conditions”
§ Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances in the environment > Abstract
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: unclear — It is unclear why the paper says it holds.
In the paper
“The ubiquitous presence of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) in the environment after decades of manufacturing and consumer use (Fig. 1) has garnered global interest”
§ Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances in the environment > Introduction
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [1]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Not matched
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“thereby migrating through the environment and accumulating in biota through multiple pathways”
§ Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances in the environment > Abstract
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Volatile PFAS facilitate long-range transport, commonly followed by complex transformation schemes to recalcitrant terminal PFAS”
§ Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances in the environment > Abstract
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: unclear — It is unclear why the paper says it holds.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Volatile PFAS facilitate long-range transport, commonly followed by complex transformation schemes to recalcitrant terminal PFAS”
§ Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances in the environment > Abstract
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: unclear — It is unclear why the paper says it holds.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“inadequate public information exists for many PFAS internationally, particularly those currently in use, due to confidential-business-information claims and insufficient regulatory structures (14-16).”
§ Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances in the environment > Major PFAS groups & uses
What the sources say
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The stability of many PFAS degradants fosters their ubiquity in the environment.”
§ Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances in the environment > Introduction
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“Despite an unsaturated bond, p-perfluorous nonenoxybenzene sulfonate is not readily biodegradable (36).”
§ Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances in the environment > Major PFAS groups & uses
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [36] source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“microbial transformation of 8:2 FTOH was significantly enhanced with the addition of soybean root exudates in solution (50)”
§ Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances in the environment > Environmental stability, degradation schemes and transformation rates
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [50] source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“frequently detected precursors including perfluorooctane sulfonamides, fluorotelomer alcohols (FTOHs) and fluorotelomer sulfonates, have been found to contribute up to 86% of total PFAS identified in wastewater-treatment-plant sludge (37).”
§ Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances in the environment > Environmental stability, degradation schemes and transformation rates
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [37] source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“PFAS transformation under environmental conditions can be approximated using first-order kinetics (67).”
§ Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances in the environment > Environmental stability, degradation schemes and transformation rates
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [67] source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“Despite typically high stability as a group, ~20% of PFAS may undergo transformation in the environment (3).”
§ Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances in the environment > Environmental stability, degradation schemes and transformation rates
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [3] source
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In the environment and biota, PACF/PASF-based derivatives may degrade and partially transform into different perfluoroalkyl acids.”
§ Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances in the environment > Major PFAS groups & uses
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“one of the archetypal “legacy PFAS” transformation schemes involves FTOHs which are subject to (bio)transformation through numerous intermediates leading to formation of terminal PFCAs through chain-shortening processes (Fig. 3A).”
§ Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances in the environment > Environmental stability, degradation schemes and transformation rates
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“a steep accumulation of trifluoroacetate in the environment is becoming increasingly evident (27).”
§ Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances in the environment > Major PFAS groups & uses
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [27] source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“perfluorooctane sulfonamide was transformed in the presence of carrot and lettuce crops, but not in their absence, in amended soils (51).”
§ Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances in the environment > Environmental stability, degradation schemes and transformation rates
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [51] source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A claim is checked only against the cited paper’s full text, never its abstract, and none is available for its sources.
In the paper
“Biotransformation of labile PFAS also can be mediated by plant-specific enzymes.”
§ Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances in the environment > Environmental stability, degradation schemes and transformation rates
What the sources say
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A claim is checked only against the cited paper’s full text, never its abstract, and none is available for its sources.
In the paper
“Several PFAS can undergo transformation resulting in the formation of FTOHs through processes such oxidation, reduction (53), desulfonation (54) and hydrolysis (38, 55-58) (Fig 3A).”
§ Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances in the environment > Environmental stability, degradation schemes and transformation rates
What the sources say
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“They can degrade to PFCAs, such as trifluoroacetate, as well.”
§ Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances in the environment > Major PFAS groups & uses
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“These labile compounds are precursors to recalcitrant, terminal transformation products such as PFCAs and PFSAs.”
§ Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances in the environment > Environmental stability, degradation schemes and transformation rates
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“the anaerobic biotransformations of 6:2 and 8:2 FTOHs slowed substantially (30 and 145 days, respectively) compared to aerobic conditions (<2 and 2-7 days, respectively) (62)”
§ Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances in the environment > Environmental stability, degradation schemes and transformation rates
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [62] source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“there remain uncertainties regarding the levels of impurities or synthetic byproducts and lifecycle emissions of these polymers, which may impact degradation rates”
§ Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances in the environment > Environmental stability, degradation schemes and transformation rates
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“consistent with log Kd values, subsoil accumulation of i) PFCAs exceeds PFSAs for the common fluoroalkyl number =8”
§ Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances in the environment > Environmental mobility & distribution
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [97] source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The transformation rates discussed above affect the time available for migration.”
§ Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances in the environment > Environmental mobility & distribution
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
None of the sources cited for this claim could be matched to a paper in Crossref, so there is nothing to check it against.
In the paper
“When transformation rates of short-lived intermediates exceed environmental-transport rates, these intermediates can remain proximate to their precursors”
§ Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances in the environment > Environmental mobility & distribution
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [77]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not matchedcites [78]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plainconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Not matched
In the paper
“Most PFAS sorption studies have been conducted with surface soils where NOM, typically present at relatively high concentrations (Fig. 4 (92)), constitutes a major substrate.”
§ Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances in the environment > Environmental mobility & distribution
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [92]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Not matched
A claim is checked only against the cited paper’s full text, never its abstract, and none is available for its sources.
In the paper
“Along each branch, the formation and disappearance of intermediates can be modeled as a sequential decay chain (23), with each step characterized by a pseudo first-order rate constant (67).”
§ Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances in the environment > Environmental stability, degradation schemes and transformation rates
What the sources say
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“PFAS that typically are intermediates in oxidizing settings may exist as terminal products under reducing conditions.”
§ Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances in the environment > Environmental stability, degradation schemes and transformation rates
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“As with transport in soils, vegetative accumulation factors (VAF=[PFAS]vegetation/[PFAS]soil) are largely influenced by the propensity of specific PFAS to partition into water as it is transported through plants.”
§ Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances in the environment > Environmental mobility & distribution
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“In soils and sediment, sorption can slow the observed rate of microbial transformation (69).”
§ Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances in the environment > Environmental stability, degradation schemes and transformation rates
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [69] source
plainconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A claim is checked only against the cited paper’s full text, never its abstract, and none is available for its sources.
In the paper
“These VAFs have revealed plant species- and tissue-specific trends (99-101).”
§ Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances in the environment > Environmental mobility & distribution
What the sources say
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“i) the distribution coefficient increases logarithmically with fluoroalkyl carbon numbers >5”
§ Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances in the environment > Environmental mobility & distribution
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [95] source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A claim is checked only against the cited paper’s full text, never its abstract, and none is available for its sources.
In the paper
“Environmental degradation of labile precursors is observed to occur in a ‘tree structure,’ with the formation of numerous intermediates along branching transformation pathways (53, 68).”
§ Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances in the environment > Environmental stability, degradation schemes and transformation rates
What the sources say
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“air samples collected at remote oceanic locations are reported to contain several FTOH and/or perfluorosulfonamido ethanol species in both gas and particulate phases (80).”
§ Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances in the environment > Environmental mobility & distribution
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [80] source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“It is noteworthy that subsoil accumulation for fluoroalkyl number >10 also vary little with chain length, perhaps reflecting facilitated transport of PFAS sorbed to colloids winnowing through the soil column (98).”
§ Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances in the environment > Environmental mobility & distribution
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [98] source
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“iii) for equal fluoroalkyl carbon numbers, sorption generally decreases according to zwitterions > sulfonamides > telomers > PFSAs > PFCAs > ethers.”
§ Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances in the environment > Environmental mobility & distribution
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [95] source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A claim is checked only against the cited paper’s full text, never its abstract, and none is available for its sources.
In the paper
“Based on these and related observations, a large portion of PFAS global distribution, including to remote regions, has been attributed to atmospheric transport (79, 87).”
§ Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances in the environment > Environmental mobility & distribution
What the sources say
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“When precursor degradation does not complicate interpretation (96), relative values of log Kd are reflected in PFAS distribution patterns across the spectrum of environmental settings.”
§ Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances in the environment > Environmental mobility & distribution
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [96] source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“One common precursor source is aqueous-film-forming foam (AFFF), formulations of which contain mixtures of PFAS, and co-contaminants such as non-fluorinated surfactants.”
§ Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances in the environment > Environmental stability, degradation schemes and transformation rates
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“Atmospheric lifetimes have been reported for FTOHs of ~20 days (86).”
§ Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances in the environment > Environmental mobility & distribution
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [86] source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Mobility of PFAS in the environment is dictated by properties of the mobile (usually air and water) and immobile phases (e.g., natural organic matter (NOM), mineral assemblages) as well as the PFAS species.”
§ Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances in the environment > Environmental mobility & distribution
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A claim is checked only against the cited paper’s full text, never its abstract, and none is available for its sources.
In the paper
“these complex mixtures could have downstream implications for PFAS mobility, as co-contaminants in AFFF mixtures impact microbial toxicity, and PFAS solubility, partitioning (73) and remediation”
§ Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances in the environment > Environmental stability, degradation schemes and transformation rates
What the sources say
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Rests on an assumption: Contaminants commonly occur as components of complex mixtures.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“secular equilibrium of short-lived intermediates might contribute to the non-detect status of some inferred compounds (e.g., 2-perfluorooctyl acetaldehyde, Fig. 3).”
§ Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances in the environment > Environmental mobility & distribution
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Taken together, the complexity of real-world environmental conditions acting on primary precursors, intermediates and terminal products can result in divergence from reaction schemes and degradation rates derived under laboratory conditions.”
§ Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances in the environment > Environmental stability, degradation schemes and transformation rates
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Aluminosilicate clays bear permanent negative surface charges, presenting potential sorption sites for cationic and zwitterionic PFAS.”
§ Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances in the environment > Environmental mobility & distribution
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“To assess sorption across a wide breadth of PFAS species and complex sorption matrices, experiments have been performed on 29 PFAS in 10 soils (95). The investigators concluded that simple distribution coefficients, Kd (soil/water concentrations), effectively characterized relative distribution amongst PFAS.”
§ Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances in the environment > Environmental mobility & distribution
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [95] source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“ii) distribution coefficients converge to similar values amongst PFAS species and chain-lengths having fluorinated carbons ≤5”
§ Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances in the environment > Environmental mobility & distribution
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [95] source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“For PFAS with intermediate transformation rates (e.g., FTOHs and fluorotelomer unsaturated carboxylic acids, Fig. 3) relative to environmental transport processes, these compounds can migrate considerable distances before transformation to recalcitrant PFAS, thereby dispersing widely in the environment (79).”
§ Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances in the environment > Environmental mobility & distribution
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [79] source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“VAF trends with chain length and amongst terminal moieties, suggest that chemical properties of PFAS also exert a strong influence over plant uptake.”
§ Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances in the environment > Environmental mobility & distribution
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A claim is checked only against the cited paper’s full text, never its abstract, and none is available for its sources.
In the paper
“These complexities are aggravated by the many experimental challenges associated with larger PFAS, such as fluoropolymers and sidechain fluorinated polymers, the structure, and monomeric compositions of which often are not completely characterized (23, 38, 74).”
§ Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances in the environment > Environmental stability, degradation schemes and transformation rates
What the sources say
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“the presence of different PFAS has resulted in changing compositions of microbial communities when comparing cultures spiked with PFOA or PFOS to microbial compositions without PFAS (46).”
§ Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances in the environment > Environmental stability, degradation schemes and transformation rates
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [46] source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A claim is checked only against the cited paper’s full text, never its abstract, and none is available for its sources.
In the paper
“However, a recent review of VAFs across numerous species and tissues, reported uniformly declining trends in total VAF with increasing fluoroalkyl number for PFCAs and PFSAs (102) (e.g., Fig. 4C (101)).”
§ Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances in the environment > Environmental mobility & distribution
What the sources say
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“In a riverine setting, sediments downstream of a carpet industry have been reported to retain higher ratios of long-chain homologues than short (downstream Site 5/upstream source Site 4; Fig. 4E) (106), consistent with preferential sorption of the longer homologues (perhaps impacted by precursor transformation as well).”
§ Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances in the environment > Environmental mobility & distribution
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [106] source
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“PFAS toxicity, bioaccumulation and persistence generally are increasingly problematic with increasing chain-length.”
§ Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances in the environment > Environmental exposure
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A claim is checked only against the cited paper’s full text, never its abstract, and none is available for its sources.
In the paper
“Bioaccumulation modeling suggests that both protein interactions and lipid partitioning are important parameters for accurately assessing PFAS (122, 123), although predicting biomacromolecule interactions has proven difficult due to their physiochemical properties.”
§ Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances in the environment > Environmental exposure
What the sources say
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“for example, aquatic vegetative-leaf accumulation (AVAF=[PFAS]vegetation/[PFAS]water; Fig. 4F) was relatively higher for long-chain compounds (107).”
§ Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances in the environment > Environmental mobility & distribution
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [107] source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“However, transformation of precursors in exposure media and biota can confound interpretation of high concentrations of some PFAS (e.g., PFOS) as biomagnification without explicit identification of trophic magnification (128).”
§ Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances in the environment > Environmental exposure
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [128] source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A claim is checked only against the cited paper’s full text, never its abstract, and none is available for its sources.
In the paper
“Estuarine, marine, and freshwater environments have demonstrated trophic magnification of long-chain PFAS (Fig. 5) (130, 131).”
§ Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances in the environment > Environmental exposure
What the sources say
boostedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“Mirroring these AVAF trends, aquatic macroinvertebrate accumulation factors (AMAF=[PFAS]macroinvertebrate/[PFAS]sediment; Fig. 4F) for blackworms (Lumbriculus variegatus) increases with fluoroalkyl number as well (107).”
§ Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances in the environment > Environmental mobility & distribution
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [107] source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“For example, macroinvertebrate accumulation factors (MAF=[PFAS]macroinvertebrate/[PFAS]soil) reported for earthworms (Eisenia andrei) in biosolid-amended soil possess trends of increasing MAF with fluoroalkyl number (Fig. 4C) (104).”
§ Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances in the environment > Environmental mobility & distribution
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [104] source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“Effects in predators, also frequently seen in humans, seem to be largely cytotoxic, immunological, reproductive, or carcinogenic (125).”
§ Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances in the environment > Environmental exposure
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [125] source
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“Nevertheless, the specific physiochemical differences, such as chain-length, result in different distribution of PFAS in biological tissues (125).”
§ Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances in the environment > Environmental exposure
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [125] source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“Exposure models for aquatic food webs at AFFF-contaminated sites found benthic invertebrate consumers to be the avian dietary guild at highest exposure risk (114).”
§ Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances in the environment > Environmental exposure
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [114] source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In contrast to the VAF patterns largely governed by relative PFAS aqueous-sorbed partitioning, soil macroinvertebrates feeding directly on long-chain-rich vegetative detritus and NOM tend to express trends opposite that for VAFs.”
§ Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances in the environment > Environmental mobility & distribution
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“Reports of plant uptake of emerging PFAS compounds are limited, but studies examining the concentration of chloroether sulfonic acids (F-53B, a replacement for PFOS in electroplating industry) suggest similar variation with chain length (103).”
§ Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances in the environment > Environmental mobility & distribution
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [103] source
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“Counterintuitively, exposure to low concentrations of PFAS can exacerbate bioconcentration, motivating biologically based, physiological models exploring this phenomenon (127).”
§ Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances in the environment > Environmental exposure
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [127] source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“Overall, evidence suggests that the ultimate global reservoirs of PFAS are oceans and marine sediments (134), emphasizing the importance of elucidating consequences of PFAS contamination in these ecosystems (135).”
§ Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances in the environment > Environmental exposure
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [134] source
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“However, with animal models reflecting similar postulated mechanisms of action, the toxic potential of these compounds to wildlife cannot be dismissed (110).”
§ Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances in the environment > Environmental exposure
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [110] source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A claim is checked only against the cited paper’s full text, never its abstract, and none is available for its sources.
In the paper
“Similarly, lipid metabolism (139) and behavioral endpoints (140) were affected in subsequent generations of other species.”
§ Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances in the environment > Environmental exposure
What the sources say
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“For example, landfills are recognized PFAS sources via PFAS-enriched landfill gas and liquid leachates (71).”
§ Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances in the environment > Remediation
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [71] source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The only permanent solution to PFAS is the destructive remineralization of the underlying fluorine—whether directly acting on contaminated media, or from treatment of residual streams of other treatment techniques, such as spent sorbents or regenerant solutions.”
§ Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances in the environment > Remediation
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Thermal processes, however, have not been demonstrated at scale, where inefficiencies can reduce performance.”
§ Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances in the environment > Remediation
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“Soil contamination is a threat to nearby water sources due to downward and lateral migration of PFAS into receiving water bodies (Fig. 4).”
§ Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances in the environment > Remediation
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Fig. 4
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Not matched
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Early studies on structurally similar PFAS suggest that behavioral trends gleaned from legacy PFAS studies can be useful as a basis to predict fate, toxicity, and remediation strategies for emerging compounds.”
§ Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances in the environment > Conclusions
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In the United States, expansion of the Toxic Release Inventory will include approximately 172 long-chain PFAS starting in 2021, providing limited, but valuable information in the form of sources, compositions, and quantities released for these compounds.”
§ Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances in the environment > Conclusions
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“Currently, two commercially viable long-term storage approaches are landfilling affected media or underground injection of contaminated water (145).”
§ Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances in the environment > Remediation
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [145]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Not matched
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Atmospheric emission of products of incomplete destruction or the air-pollution control technologies associated with thermal-treatment processes, including the regeneration of spent GAC, can become additional PFAS sources.”
§ Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances in the environment > Remediation
plainconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Thermal treatment is a destructive approach that can achieve PFAS mineralization.”
§ Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances in the environment > Remediation
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- It may state two separate claims as one. 75
- Probably not a substantial claim. 22
Some cited sources support this claim and some don’t — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“Efficiency of these transformations decreases from aerobic to anoxic to anaerobic (60, 61) conditions, and PFCA yields and rates of formation depend on specific precursor and transformation conditions (9).”
§ Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances in the environment > Environmental stability, degradation schemes and transformation rates
What the sources say
- Disputedcites [60] sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Conclusions (p. 12) report PFCA transformation yields of 11.12%, 0.46%, and 3.39% under aerobic, anoxic, and anaerobic conditions, respectively. Transformation efficiency therefore does not decrease in the stated order: anaerobic yield exceeds anoxic yield. The paper does report decreasing 8:2 FTOH biodegradation rate constants, but those are distinct from PFCA transformation yields; the sentence’s separate claim about precursor-dependent yields and rates is cited to another source. (LLM, conf=0.88)
Checked by a reasoning model — may be wrong.
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [61] source
- Supportedcites [9] source
Citation (9) is attached to the claim about PFCA yields and formation rates, not the preceding aerobic-to-anaerobic comparison. The Nonpolymer perfluoroalkyl and polyfluoroalkyl substances section states that both vary with the precursor substance and degradation conditions; no page number is supplied for this passage. (LLM, conf=0.95)
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Disputed
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“With global production volumes of fluoropolymers surpassing 230,000 tonnes/year (2)”
§ Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances in the environment > Introduction
What the sources say
- Partly supportedcites [2] sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Discussion section (‘Scope of the present study and uncertainties’; page not provided) estimates fluoropolymer production at about 230,000 tonnes per year globally. That supports the scale and annual basis of the claim, but ‘about’ does not establish that production surpasses 230,000 tonnes. (LLM, conf=0.86)
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Partly supported
Every source the paper cites for this claim was checked and supports it.
In the paper
“PFAS have been incorporated in more than 200 use areas ranging from industrial-mining applications to food production and fire-fighting foams due to the innate chemical and thermal stability of the carbon-fluorine bond and ability to repel oil and water (2).”
§ Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances in the environment > Introduction
What the sources say
- Supportedcites [2] source
The Results report more than 200 uses across 64 categories and give examples including drilling fluids and fire-fighting foams. The Introduction explains that C–F bonds make PFAS stable and that their perfluorocarbon portions are water- and oil-repellent. The Discussion also describes food packaging as a PFAS use. (LLM, conf=0.90)
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Supported
The cited sources that could be checked couldn’t confirm or dispute this claim.
In the paper
“This revised definition is more inclusive with unambiguous inclusion of PFAS such as side-chain fluorinated aromatics (Fig. 2) (11, 12).”
§ Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances in the environment > Major PFAS groups & uses
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [10]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Could not verifycites [11] sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Introduction’s “Environmental Risk of Fluoro-Agrochemicals” section discusses PFAS and perfluoroalkyl chains, but does not address an OECD definition or the classification of side-chain fluorinated aromatics. Searches for the 2021 OECD revision and side-chain fluorinated aromatics found no passage supporting the attributed claim; page numbers are unavailable in our copy. (LLM, conf=0.77)
- Could not verifycites [12] sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Chemotypes of the Fluoro-Pharmaceuticals on the Market section (page unavailable) classifies fluorinated drug structures, including aryl–CF3 compounds, but does not discuss PFAS definitions. Searches for the 2021 OECD revision and side-chain fluorinated aromatics found no passage addressing whether that definition includes them. (LLM, conf=0.78)
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“Major PFAS groups from direct fluorination include those hydrofluorocarbons, hydrofluoroethers, hydrochlorofluoroolefins and hydrofluoroolefins that contain a -CF3 moiety and have an overall global production of over one megatonne/year (24).”
§ Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances in the environment > Major PFAS groups & uses
What the sources say
- Partly supportedcites [24] sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
Section 2.2 (page not available) says major commercial routes for HFCs and HFOs involve a reaction with hydrofluoric acid, and section 2.1.3.1 reports HFC production quantities. The cited paper does not identify the listed compounds as major PFAS groups from direct fluorination, address hydrofluoroethers or the -CF3 qualifier, or establish combined global production above one megatonne per year. (LLM, conf=0.82)
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
- Partly supported
The sources with a verdict support this claim; the rest weren’t checked yet, have no full text we could read, or their verdicts aren’t rated yet.
In the paper
“Within individual PFAS groups, the functional moieties of starting materials may further react following conventional reaction pathways to yield different PFAS (9); thus, depending on the complexity of synthetic routes, final products may contain a number of unreacted intermediates and degradation products (22, 23).”
§ Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances in the environment > Major PFAS groups & uses
What the sources say
- Supportedcites [9] source
The citation to Buck et al. (9) is attached to the first clause. In “Manufacturing Processes > Telomerization” (page unavailable), the paper describes raw-material intermediates being reacted further to produce a range of fluorotelomer-based products. The statement about what final products may contain has separate citations (22, 23) and is not attributed to this source. (LLM, conf=0.91)
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [22] source
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [23] source
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Supported
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“Addition of the -CF3 moiety can reduce biological degradation, increase biological activity, and assist with membrane transport, making the parent compound longer lasting or more effective”
§ Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances in the environment > Major PFAS groups & uses
What the sources say
- Partly supportedcites [11] sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Chemotype section says fluorinated groups can improve binding to biological targets, and the Agrochemical Type section says increased fluorine content can improve uptake across surface barriers and movement within membranes. The Environmental Risk section describes resistance to enzymatic degradation for fluoro-agrochemicals generally. These passages support the proposed effects at a broader level, but do not establish that adding a -CF3 moiety specifically produces all three effects in a parent compound; page numbers are unavailable in our copy. (LLM, conf=0.83)
- Partly supportedcites [12] sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
“Fluoro-Pharmaceuticals in the Past Three Decades” (page not supplied) says C–F bonds often increase metabolic stability, supporting the reduced-degradation part in general. It describes effects on absorption as complex and does not establish that adding a –CF3 group assists membrane transport or increases biological activity relative to the parent compound. The potency example in “Chiral Fluoro-Pharmaceuticals” compares two fluorinated enantiomers, not a –CF3-modified compound with its parent. (LLM, conf=0.85)
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Partly supported
The sources with a verdict support this claim; the rest weren’t checked yet, have no full text we could read, or their verdicts aren’t rated yet.
In the paper
“Historically, hundreds of PACF/PASF-based derivatives with a wide range of perfluorocarbon-chain lengths were produced, on the order of kilotonnes/year (15, 29), and used for industrial and consumer applications (2).”
§ Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances in the environment > Major PFAS groups & uses
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [15] source
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [29] source
- Supportedcites [2] source
The citation to this paper is attached to the industrial and consumer applications, not the kilotonnes-per-year figure. The Results identify PACF- and PASF-based substances among the PFAS whose uses were surveyed, and the Conclusions state that PFAS are used across industry branches and in many consumer products. No page numbers were provided in our copy. (LLM, conf=0.85)
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“with unknown, but likely considerable amounts being produced and used annually (e.g., prozac).”
§ Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances in the environment > Major PFAS groups & uses
What the sources say
- Could not verifycites [11] sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The chemotype-classification section describes fluorinated aromatic agrochemicals, but gives no annual production or use amounts. The Introduction discusses fluorinated pharmaceuticals, while the passages found for production volume do not mention Prozac or estimate quantities for side-chain fluorinated aromatics. Searches for Prozac, annual amounts, production volume, and fluoxetine did not verify the attributed claim. (LLM, conf=0.76)
- Partly supportedcites [12] sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Chemotypes of the Fluoro-Pharmaceuticals on the Market section identifies 54 aryl–CF3 pharmaceuticals, supporting the presence of side-chain-fluorinated aromatics among marketed drugs. But the paper counts registered drugs, not amounts produced or used annually; searches for production quantities and Prozac did not establish that part of the claim. (LLM, conf=0.78)
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Could not verify
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“Oligomerization is less aggressive and mainly results in homologous series of target compounds (9), as have been observed near fluoropolymer (20) and perfluoropolyether (21) manufacturing and processing sites.”
§ Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances in the environment > Major PFAS groups & uses
What the sources say
- Partly supportedcites [9] sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Manufacturing Processes > Telomerization section (page unavailable) describes a reaction that yields a mixture of related perfluoroalkyl iodides with progressively longer chains, supporting the homologous-series part of the citation. It does not describe oligomerization as “less aggressive” or compare its aggressiveness with another process. The observations near manufacturing sites are attached to other citations in the citing sentence, so they are not assessed against this source. (LLM, conf=0.76)
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [20] source
- Supportedcites [21] sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The paper reports multiple chloroperfluoropolyether carboxylate congeners in New Jersey soils sampled around Solvay and identifies five consistent congeners in water downstream of a Solvay facility in Italy (Abstract; page not specified). This supports the observation attributed to citation (21). The separate claim that oligomerization is less aggressive is attached to citation (9), not this source. (LLM, conf=0.90)
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Partly supported
Every source the paper cites for this claim was checked and supports it.
In the paper
“High concentrations of organic solvents have been shown to inhibit PFOA degradation under in-situ remedial chemical-oxidation studies, suggesting that interactions of PFAS with other non-PFAS co-contaminants can alter PFAS transformation (40).”
§ Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances in the environment > Environmental stability, degradation schemes and transformation rates
What the sources say
- Supportedcites [40] source
The Results and Discussion section, under “Implications for Groundwater Remediation,” states that high solvent concentrations prevented PFOA transformation because the solvents scavenged sulfate radicals. This supports the claim that non-PFAS co-contaminants can alter PFAS transformation under conditions representative of in situ chemical oxidation. No page number is supplied in our copy. (LLM, conf=0.93)
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Supported
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“These soil concentrations have been used to define global-background PFAS ranges in surface soils (means ~10-60 pg/g), such that surface soils rarely contain lower PFAS and higher concentrations suggest local/regional sources (88).”
§ Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances in the environment > Environmental mobility & distribution
What the sources say
- Partly supportedcites [88] sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
Table 1 (Results and discussion; page unavailable) gives global-background means of about 11–58 pg/g for the reported compounds, and Methods treats high concentrations as potentially reflecting local or regional sources. The paper does not establish that surface soils rarely have concentrations below those means; Table 1 also reports some Southern Hemisphere means below 10 pg/g. (LLM, conf=0.86)
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Partly supported
The sources with a verdict support this claim; the rest weren’t checked yet, have no full text we could read, or their verdicts aren’t rated yet.
In the paper
“Atmospheric residence time governs transport distance (83) and depends on a variety of PFAS properties including volatility, reactivity, molecular weight, and vapor-particulate partitioning (82, 84, 85).”
§ Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances in the environment > Environmental mobility & distribution
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [83] source
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [82] source
- Supportedcites [84] source
Citation 83 is attached to the claim that atmospheric residence time governs transport distance, not to the subsequent list of PFAS properties. In §3.4 (page unavailable), the paper links predicted atmospheric lifetime to the spatial distribution of deposition and reports that most emitted PFAS travels beyond approximately 150 km. (LLM, conf=0.84)
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“In terrestrial settings, PFAS transport usually is via aqueous advection, with migration retarded by sorption on NOM, minerals and at fluid-fluid interfaces (particularly air-water) (91).”
§ Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances in the environment > Environmental mobility & distribution
What the sources say
- Partly supportedcites [91] sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Introduction (page not available) identifies sorption to solids and adsorption at fluid-fluid interfaces as processes affecting PFAS transport; it also reports significant air-water interfacial retention in unsaturated porous media. It does not specify NOM or minerals as the sorbing solids, or state that terrestrial transport usually occurs via aqueous advection. (LLM, conf=0.86)
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Partly supported
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“PFAS precursors are susceptible to in-vivo metabolic conversion to terminal acids or sulfonamides post-exposure as well as transformation during (or subsequent to) atmospheric or oceanic transport (see previous sections).”
§ Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances in the environment > Environmental exposure
What the sources say
- Partly supportedcites [119] sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Introduction says PFAA precursors transform both in the environment and in vivo to acids such as PFOS. Model Development describes an in-vivo pathway through sulfonamide intermediates to PFOS. The paper does not establish transformation during or after atmospheric or oceanic transport, or identify sulfonamides as terminal products. Page numbers were not available in our copy. (LLM, conf=0.87)
- Partly supportedcites [120] sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Biomonitoring section (page unavailable) says PFAS precursors can biotransform in humans and wildlife into terminal products such as PFOS and PFOA. The Overview of PFAS Sources and Environmental Pathways (page unavailable) describes atmospheric transport with precursor degradation, but contrasts this with oceanic transport of terminal products. It identifies sulfonamides as precursors, not terminal products, and does not establish transformation during or after oceanic transport. (LLM, conf=0.86)
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Partly supported
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“Solubilized (i.e., waterborne) rather than dietary exposure was linked to reduced amphipod survival and reproduction (133) while higher trophic-level organisms are exposed primarily through ingestion (109).”
§ Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances in the environment > Environmental exposure
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [133] source
- Partly supportedcites [109] sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
Citation (109) is attached to the claim about higher trophic-level organisms, not the amphipod finding. In “Approaches for quantifying exposure sources” (page unavailable), the review says dietary intake is generally the largest PFAS exposure source for human adults. It does not establish that ingestion is the primary exposure route for higher trophic-level organisms generally. (LLM, conf=0.83)
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“Widespread global persistence of PFAS has resulted in detectable concentrations of the compounds in the blood of almost the entire human population (6).”
§ Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances in the environment > Environmental exposure
What the sources say
- Partly supportedcites [6] sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Introduction says that widespread exposure, together with the environmental persistence and biological half-lives of some PFAS, has led to measurable PFAS in the blood of nearly the entire population in developed countries. The citing sentence extends that finding to almost the entire global population and attributes it to persistence alone; the passage does not support those extensions. No page number was supplied for the passage. (LLM, conf=0.90)
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Partly supported
Every source the paper cites for this claim was checked and supports it.
In the paper
“Seabirds, marine mammals, and terrestrial species show the greatest magnification factors compared with exclusively aquatic food webs in which organisms with gills eliminate perfluoroalkyl acids more efficiently (120).”
§ Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances in the environment > Environmental exposure
What the sources say
- Supportedcites [120] source
The PFAS bioaccumulation metrics section reports the highest PFAA trophic magnification factors in avian and marine mammal food webs, with lower factors in aquatic food webs. The bioaccumulation modeling section also includes terrestrial wildlife among air-breathing animals with greater biomagnification. The paper presents efficient elimination through gills as the proposed explanation for the aquatic contrast. (LLM, conf=0.90)
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Supported
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“Given the strength of the C-F bond, complete mineralization is difficult, with fluorinated products of incomplete destruction remaining a concern (142, 143).”
§ Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances in the environment > Remediation
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [142]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Supportedcites [143] source
In “Theoretical combustion requirements” (page not provided), the review says C–F bond cleavage requires substantial energy and may produce stable fluorinated intermediates. It describes complete mineralization as dependent on combustion conditions and identifies thermal degradation by-products as a primary concern. (LLM, conf=0.92)
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
The sources with a verdict support this claim; the rest weren’t checked yet, have no full text we could read, or their verdicts aren’t rated yet.
In the paper
“Conversely, potential perfluoroalkyl-acid bioaccumulation in other fauna is greatest in long-chain compounds (120), with clear trends of bioaccumulation increasing with chain length (Figs. 4C, 4F, 5) (121).”
§ Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances in the environment > Environmental exposure
What the sources say
- Supportedcites [120] source
The ‘PFAS bioaccumulation metrics’ section reports that long-chain PFCAs with 12–14 carbons generally have the highest bioaccumulation potential. It also reports increasing bioaccumulation with chain length in several aquatic animal groups, while noting exceptions; the cited source supports the first, general claim rather than an exception-free rule. (LLM, conf=0.90)
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [121] source
boosteddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Supported
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“PFAS-impacted drinking water often is the primary route of human exposure (146), and treatment techniques for aqueous media are the most well-established—although performance and cost for removal of some short-chain PFAS can be particularly challenging.”
§ Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances in the environment > Remediation
What the sources say
- Partly supportedcites [146] sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
In “Why are PFAAs in drinking water a current concern?” (page unavailable), the paper says that even low drinking-water concentrations substantially increase PFAA blood levels in exposed communities. It does not establish that drinking water is often the primary human exposure route; it also identifies diet and consumer products as exposure sources. Citation (146) is attached to the exposure-route clause, not the subsequent treatment-techniques clause. (LLM, conf=0.83)
boostedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Partly supported
The sources with a verdict support this claim; the rest weren’t checked yet, have no full text we could read, or their verdicts aren’t rated yet.
In the paper
“At higher trophic levels, PFSAs (e.g., PFOS) bioaccumulate at greater rates than PFCAs (e.g., PFOA) of the same chain length (Fig. 5) (114, 129) and tend to be more toxic (4).”
§ Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances in the environment > Environmental exposure
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [114] source
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [129] source
- Supportedcites [4] source
Citation (4) is attached to the toxicity comparison, not the bioaccumulation comparison, which has separate citations. The paper’s Toxicity overview states that sulfonates were more toxic than carboxylates of similar chain length in birds and rodents, and reports the same pattern for C8 PFOS and PFOA in fish. Page numbers were not provided in the supplied passages. (LLM, conf=0.93)
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“Using these approaches, a number of moderate- and long-chain PFAS have been shown to 1) elicit varying degrees of oxidative stress and modify the antioxidant defense systems of invertebrates, 2) induce neurotoxic and reprotoxic effects across species, and 3) reside in organisms longer than or comparable to any known class of anthropogenic contaminants (120).”
§ Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances in the environment > Environmental exposure
What the sources say
- Partly supportedcites [120] sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
Split into 2 atoms — 0 confirmed, 1 partially supported, 0 disputed, 0 misattributed, 1 unverifiable. Expand the claim to see per-atom verdicts.
boosteddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Partly supported
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“While this can be an effective short-term site-management technique, it is not a permanent solution, and likely will not retain all PFAS species effectively (148, 150, 151).”
§ Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances in the environment > Remediation
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [148] source
- Supportedcites [150] source
The stabilization discussion (p. 32) reports reduced leaching but identifies PFBA as an exception and says effectiveness varies by PFAS characteristics. The conclusion (p. 46) says immobilization reduces leaching without removing PFAS mass and that immobilized compounds may become bioavailable again over time. Together, these support the claim that stabilization can be useful for site management but is neither permanent nor equally effective for all PFAS. (LLM, conf=0.90)
- Partly supportedcites [151] sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Abstract says stabilization can inhibit PFAS migration but does not destroy or remove PFAS. The results section (labeled “118 D” in our copy) reports substantial, but incomplete, reductions in leaching for the compounds tested. The study was limited to laboratory testing; it does not establish short-term in-situ performance, long-term permanence, or retention across all PFAS species. (LLM, conf=0.86)
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“Another approach to site management is in-situ modification to enhance mobility of PFAS for pump-and-treat application or to stabilize PFAS migration using GAC or other sorbents (e.g., clays) to limit impacts (150).”
§ Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances in the environment > Remediation
What the sources say
- Partly supportedcites [150] sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
Section 4.1.1 (p. 26) describes in-situ soil flushing to mobilize and extract contaminants, but does not identify pump-and-treat as the application. Section 4.2.1 describes activated carbon, including GAC, and clay-based sorbents for PFAS removal; the stabilization discussion (p. 32) reports reduced PFAS leaching with some additives. (LLM, conf=0.85)
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Partly supported
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“Although many of these technologies have shown the ability to destroy select PFAS, none have demonstrated long-term performance approaching mineralization at full scale with natural- and industrial-water matrices for a wide assortment of PFAS.”
§ Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances in the environment > Remediation
What the sources say
- Partly supportedcites [149] sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Summary and Conclusion (section 5; page not provided) says some technologies achieve high destruction of parent PFAS, but none has shown complete mineralization at full scale under membrane-concentrate water qualities and treatment conditions. It does not establish the broader claim about long-term performance across natural- and industrial-water matrices and a wide assortment of PFAS. (LLM, conf=0.87)
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [156] source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Partly supported
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“Incineration by itself has been shown to at least partially destroy even highly fluorinated wastes (143), and advanced thermal oxidation can be used on solid, liquid, and gas samples to convert PFAS to constituent gases with an acid-scrubber cleanup (152).”
§ Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances in the environment > Remediation
What the sources say
- Partly supportedcites [143] sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The cited review’s “Full-scale incineration studies” section reports PFAS destruction in waste gas streams using a thermal oxidizer and four-stage scrubbing system. It does not establish that the system treats solid and liquid samples, converts PFAS specifically into constituent gases, or uses an acid scrubber. The separate incineration claim is attached to citation (143), not this source (152); page numbers are unavailable in our copy. (LLM, conf=0.85)
- Not matchedcites [152]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plainconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Partly supported
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“More than a megatonne is produced yearly and thousands of PFAS wind up in end-use products.”
§ Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances in the environment > Abstract
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Efforts to remediate PFAS-contaminated matrices still are in their infancy with much current research targeting drinking water.”
§ Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances in the environment > Abstract
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“estimated cumulative global emissions of perfluoroalkyl acids summing to ≥46,000 tonnes (7)”
§ Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances in the environment > Introduction
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [7] source
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“PFAS are a class of substances within a wide universe of organofluorine compounds (8)”
§ Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances in the environment > Major PFAS groups & uses
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [8] source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“PFAS also have a wide range of bioaccumulation and adverse-effect concerns, governed by their varied physiochemical properties.”
§ Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances in the environment > Major PFAS groups & uses
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“As PFAS flow through commerce from primary manufacturer to commercial user to final disposal, environmental release occurs via both controlled and fugitive waste streams”
§ Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances in the environment > Introduction
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“with an ever-expanding inventory of >1400 individual chemicals in the Toxic Substances Control Act Inventory and >8000 unique known structures (1)”
§ Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances in the environment > Introduction
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [1]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“PFAS are synthesized by two processes, direct fluorination (e.g., electrochemical) and oligomerization (e.g., fluorotelomerization).”
§ Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances in the environment > Abstract
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Whereas some PFAS transformation pathways have been well-characterized, others degrade through yet unknown pathways”
§ Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances in the environment > Introduction
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In contrast, most historical work within the research community has focused on a small set of perfluoroalkyl(ether) acids and their precursors, with an emphasis on environmental and biological occurrence investigations.”
§ Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances in the environment > Major PFAS groups & uses
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“In both studies, enhanced degradation was attributed to the organic carbon content of the soil, as addition of carbon sources can increase microbial degradation rates through co-metabolic processes (52).”
§ Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances in the environment > Environmental stability, degradation schemes and transformation rates
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [52] source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A claim is checked only against the cited paper’s full text, never its abstract, and none is available for its sources.
In the paper
“Direct fluorination is aggressive and often results in uncontrolled chemical reactions such as carbon-chain shortening and re-arrangement (17-19), leading to a wide range of byproducts including cyclic and branched isomers.”
§ Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances in the environment > Major PFAS groups & uses
What the sources say
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“some conditions (e.g., within industrial stacks) can promote partitioning to air via particulate sorption, and volatile PFAS such as FTOHs can exist in the gas phase (42), making atmospheric/photochemical transformation possible.”
§ Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances in the environment > Environmental stability, degradation schemes and transformation rates
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [42] source
plainconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“These are high-production polymers possessing fluorinated backbones, with fluoropolymers being produced on the scale of 100s kilotonnes/year and unknown, but likely considerable, amounts for perfluoropolyethers.”
§ Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances in the environment > Major PFAS groups & uses
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“On average perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) yields from 8:2 FTOH were reported to be 25% in aerobic soils compared to <1% in anaerobic sludge (62).”
§ Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances in the environment > Environmental stability, degradation schemes and transformation rates
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [62] source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Critical data gaps include PFAS identities, locations/quantities of production and processing, and final uses of products, limiting the capability to identify where environmental and human exposure occur.”
§ Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances in the environment > Major PFAS groups & uses
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“this complexity has not been clearly communicated with a comprehensive overview of different fluoropolymers and perfluoropolyethers on the market.”
§ Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances in the environment > Major PFAS groups & uses
boosted- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Given their variety and complexity, their subsequent bioavailability and degradability are highly variable and complex, which is generally overlooked, understudied and/or unknown.”
§ Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances in the environment > Major PFAS groups & uses
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“While having low global-warming potentials, hydrofluoroethers and hydrofluoroolefins can ultimately degrade to highly persistent perfluorocarboxylic acids (PFCAs) such as trifluoroacetate”
§ Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances in the environment > Major PFAS groups & uses
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [27] source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The fluorine in PFAS is mined from fluorite (CaF2) mineral deposits, which is digested to form hydrofluoric acid (HF) (Fig. 1).”
§ Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances in the environment > Major PFAS groups & uses
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Fluorotelomers were historically produced on the order of 9 kilotonnes/year (33), with current amounts being unknown.”
§ Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances in the environment > Major PFAS groups & uses
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [33]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
In the paper
“Perfluoroalkene derivatives such as p-perfluorous nonenoxybenzene sulfonate have been produced since the 1980s; large-scale production (on the scale of kilotonnes/year) recently was initiated in China as an alternative to perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS) in firefighting and oil production (35).”
§ Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances in the environment > Major PFAS groups & uses
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [35] source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A claim is checked only against the cited paper’s full text, never its abstract, and none is available for its sources.
In the paper
“Since the early 2000s, numerous long-chain (fluoroalkyl carbon number ≥6) PACF/PASF-based derivatives have been - and are being - phased out due to widespread concern, whereas shorter-chain PACF/PASF-based derivatives still are being produced and widely used, although in unknown amounts (15, 29).”
§ Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances in the environment > Major PFAS groups & uses
What the sources say
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“these unintentional PFAS can constitute an important part of human and environmental exposure, and merit scrutiny.”
§ Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances in the environment > Major PFAS groups & uses
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
A claim is checked only against the cited paper’s full text, never its abstract, and none is available for its sources.
In the paper
“In the soil-water environment, microbe-facilitated functional group biotransformation can occur aerobically (43, 44) or anaerobically (45-47), and some microbes that carry out these reactions have been identified (46, 48, 49).”
§ Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances in the environment > Environmental stability, degradation schemes and transformation rates
What the sources say
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“degradation studies conducted under controlled conditions result in considerable variation in biotransformation potential and possibly different major stable perfluorinated degradation products when extrapolating half-lives and major products from laboratory to environmental conditions.”
§ Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances in the environment > Environmental stability, degradation schemes and transformation rates
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“data suggest that the presence of complex mixtures could indirectly alter biodegradation and that the presence of one PFAS may affect the transformation rate of another, although transformation kinetics of PFAS mixtures has not been reported.”
§ Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances in the environment > Environmental stability, degradation schemes and transformation rates
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Rests on an assumption: Environmental transformation of PFAS is mainly mediated by microbes.
- Rests on an assumption: Contaminants commonly occur as components of complex mixtures.
In the paper
“With long-chain PFAS preferentially adsorbing to soil phases, molecular weight can be used as an approximate indicator of relative stability amongst PFAS sharing common reaction centers (43).”
§ Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances in the environment > Environmental stability, degradation schemes and transformation rates
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [43] source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“in a study of soils collected from remote sites globally, all samples contained PFAS, with homologue ratios (e.g., PFOA/perfluorononanoic acid, PFOA/PFNA) consistent with atmospheric transport (79).”
§ Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances in the environment > Environmental mobility & distribution
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [79] source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“biodegradation studies of N-ethyl-perfluorooctanesulfonamido-ethanol in sludge reported a half-life of 0.7-4.2 days, yet the biodegradation in marine sediments was found to proceed at much slower rates (t1/2, 4 °C = 160 days and t1/2, 25 °C = 44 days)”
§ Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances in the environment > Environmental stability, degradation schemes and transformation rates
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [66] source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Ferric and aluminum (oxy)hydroxides bear pH-dependent, positive surface charges below their zero-point of charge at pH~8, so these minerals can electrostatically sorb anionic PFAS.”
§ Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances in the environment > Environmental mobility & distribution
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Comparing the sorption of cationic, zwitterionic and anionic PFAS showed i) concentration-dependent sorption for cationic and zwitterionic PFAS, ii) pronounced sorption hysteresis for zwitterions, and iii) major electrostatic and NOM sorption for cationic and zwitterionic PFAS (94).”
§ Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances in the environment > Environmental mobility & distribution
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [94] source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A claim is checked only against the cited paper’s full text, never its abstract, and none is available for its sources.
In the paper
“Early precursor PFAS include volatile species (FTOHs and sulfonamido ethanols, Fig. 3), the presence of which has been established globally (80-82).”
§ Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances in the environment > Environmental mobility & distribution
What the sources say
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Transport of PFAS into terrestrial plants occurs via a variety of pathways, with the most studied being uptake through roots.”
§ Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances in the environment > Environmental mobility & distribution
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Exploring surface-soil sorption mechanisms of two PFAS having sulfonate termini revealed an easily extractable fraction, as well as less reversibly sorbed fractions composed of i) perfluoroalkyl groups hydrophobically associating with NOM, ii) sulfonate moieties covalently binding to NOM–OH groups forming ester linkages, and iii) physical entrapment in NOM or minerals (93).”
§ Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances in the environment > Environmental mobility & distribution
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [93] source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“ii) shorter chains vary little amongst each other, and iii) shorter chains exceeds that of longer.”
§ Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances in the environment > Environmental mobility & distribution
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [97] source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Authigenic minerals typically are abundant in the subsurface and these minerals possess surface charges for electrostatic sorption.”
§ Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances in the environment > Environmental mobility & distribution
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [92]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
In the paper
“The high NOM concentrations of surface soils typically diminish precipitously in the first several centimeters below ground surface where mineral surfaces come to dominate the vertically more-expansive subsurface realm (Fig. 4) (92).”
§ Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances in the environment > Environmental mobility & distribution
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [92]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“transformation rate is dependent on a number of other environmental factors including pH, temperature and microbial population (70), and these factors contribute to a wide variation of reported precursor half-lives.”
§ Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances in the environment > Environmental stability, degradation schemes and transformation rates
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [70] source
Checked before — its earlier verdict is held back until a new check runs.
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not checked yet
In the paper
“It also was observed that log Kd for anionic PFAS increased with decreasing pH, a pattern consistent with increasing positive electrostatic charge on pH-dependent surfaces of (oxy)hydroxide minerals.”
§ Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances in the environment > Environmental mobility & distribution
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [95] source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A claim is checked only against the cited paper’s full text, never its abstract, and none is available for its sources.
In the paper
“Bioaccumulation factors for terrestrial vegetation are greater for PFCAs than PFSAs, with shorter-chain perfluoroalkyl acids bioaccumulating to a greater degree than longer, largely driven by variation in PFAS solubility (126), followed by uptake and translocation into tissues (e.g., Fig. 4C) (100, 101).”
§ Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances in the environment > Environmental exposure
What the sources say
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Estimation of environmental exposure is hindered by the sheer number of functionally diverse PFAS and is further complicated by their presence as complex mixtures.”
§ Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances in the environment > Environmental exposure
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Given travel times exceeding 24 years for flow from the landfill to the water-supply well, several PFCA homologues fell to non-detect levels, but perfluorobutanoic acid, perfluorohexanoic acid and PFOA exhibited a pattern of lower downgradient/upgradient ratios (specifically, downgradient Well 1/upgradient Well OW1f03) with increasing PFCA chain length (Fig. 4D).”
§ Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances in the environment > Environmental mobility & distribution
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [105] source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Biomagnification in predators is related to trophic level, food-chain length, and capacity to metabolize PFAS precursors (125).”
§ Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances in the environment > Environmental exposure
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [125] source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Long-chain PFAS concentrations tend to increase with trophic level in aquatic food webs, consistent with biomagnification processes (127).”
§ Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances in the environment > Environmental exposure
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [127] source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Many existing treatment technologies are only capable of concentrating PFAS (144), and concentrated treatment residuals can result in reintroduction of PFAS into the environment (Fig 6);”
§ Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances in the environment > Remediation
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [144] source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“For instance, unexposed progeny of fish exposed to PFOA and PFOS had lower survival rates, reduced growth, and thyroid-related effects as revealed by histology (138).”
§ Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances in the environment > Environmental exposure
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [138] source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“for example, treatment of drinking water can reduce human exposure at the site of treatment while also acting as a PFAS source where residuals are generated, reinforcing the need for a preventative and holistic approach (145).”
§ Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances in the environment > Remediation
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [145]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
A claim is checked only against the cited paper’s full text, never its abstract, and none is available for its sources.
In the paper
“For example, while PFSAs were the most abundant PFAS in both sediment and water at sites contaminated with AFFF (114), aquatic invertebrates exposed to AFFF displayed elevated concentrations of PFCAs as well as the 6:2 fluorotelomer sulfonate (114, 115).”
§ Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances in the environment > Environmental exposure
What the sources say
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“PFAS do not behave like neutral, hydrophobic organic contaminants and instead are hypothesized to involve both phospholipids and proteinaceous tissues due in part to their anionic nature (123).”
§ Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances in the environment > Environmental exposure
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [123] source
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A claim is checked only against the cited paper’s full text, never its abstract, and none is available for its sources.
In the paper
“Discrepancies in the relative concentrations of PFAS in fish compared to benthic invertebrates appear largely dependent on the compounds’ functional group and exposure routes, with elevated PFAS concentrations often linked to site-specific sources and/or benthic prey (131-133).”
§ Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances in the environment > Environmental exposure
What the sources say
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Current international reporting practices used to document PFAS synthesis, production volumes, and potential releases vary among countries and are not always tailored to provide the knowledge necessary to adequately track and understand the movement of these compounds in the environment.”
§ Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances in the environment > Conclusions
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Such sequestration is a temporary solution. Since most PFAS do not naturally degrade to non-fluorinated chemical species, these long-term sinks are time-delayed sources.”
§ Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances in the environment > Remediation
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Rests on an assumption: Most PFAS do not break down naturally into non-fluorinated substances.
In the paper
“However, under regulatory frameworks around the world, information on many PFAS is protected as confidential-business information and will not be included in this inventory (16), thereby necessitating substantial continued discovery and forensic-identification efforts around the world.”
§ Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances in the environment > Conclusions
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [16] source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Also, the energy costs of many of these technologies limit their sustainability and desirability, and the formation of harmful byproducts (e.g. bromate, perchlorate) remain a concern (144).”
§ Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances in the environment > Remediation
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [144] source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Other PFAS, such as those classified as chemical substances of unknown or variable composition, byproducts and biological materials and polymers, may be too complex to fully characterize and can challenge scientific investigation.”
§ Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances in the environment > Conclusions
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Environmental media such as soils that can be diffusely contaminated via i) wet/dry deposition, ii) land application of PFAS-enriched materials such as biosolids, wastewater or leachate, and iii) usage of PFAS-containing products such as AFFFs and pesticides, or uncontrolled release via unlined landfills or spills (Print Fig.).”
§ Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances in the environment > Remediation
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
A claim is checked only against the cited paper’s full text, never its abstract, and none is available for its sources.
In the paper
“However, thermal treatment requires substantial temperatures (>700 °C) for a sufficient period to convert PFAS into HF and non-fluorinated products, with more highly fluorinated species requiring more time and higher temperature (153, 154).”
§ Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances in the environment > Remediation
What the sources say
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“GAC typically is reactivated and single-use resins typically are incinerated where little is known regarding PFAS fate in full-scale facilities.”
§ Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances in the environment > Remediation
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper relies on this without support.
Environmental transformation of PFAS is mainly mediated by microbes.
“Considering PFAS environmental transformation is mediated primarily by microbes, data suggest that the presence of complex mixtures could indirectly alter biodegradation”
The paper relies on this without support.
Contaminants commonly occur as components of complex mixtures.
“In addition to accounting for environmental conditions (67), another complicating factor is that contaminants commonly exist as components in complex mixtures.”
The paper relies on this without support.
The set of newly introduced PFAS lacking physical, chemical, and toxicological data is growing quickly and contains many compounds with diverse properties and unknown exposure effects.
“The pool of novel PFAS, for which physical, chemical and toxicological data remain undetermined, is expanding rapidly and now includes untold numbers of compounds having widely varying chemical structures, volatilities and solubilities, as well as uncertain potential exposure consequences.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Most PFAS do not break down naturally into non-fluorinated substances.
“Since most PFAS do not naturally degrade to non-fluorinated chemical species, these long-term sinks are time-delayed sources.”
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
The source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“Furthermore, the slight PFCA enrichment likely reflects contemporary source patterns as they continue to be used in consumer and industrial products, while long-chain PFSAs have experienced substantial reductions in environmental inputs following regulatory phase-outs [49,50].”
From Land use and seasonal controls on Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances (PFAS) distribution and partitioning from diffuse sources in subtropical urban waterways (2026) · cites this paper as [49]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“Furthermore, the solubility of PFASs affects their mobility in the environment, with shorter-chain PFASs (e.g., C4 PFBA and C4 PFSA) being more soluble than longer-chain counterparts, resulting in increased environmental mobility [75,76].”
From Industrial Applications, Environmental Fate, Human Exposure, and Health Effects of PFAS (2025) · cites this paper as [75]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“PFAS can be readily transported via aquatic systems, and oceans are believed to be one of their final global sinks (Nakayama et al., 2019; Prevedouros et al., 2006; Wang et al., 2023b).”
From Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) in the marine environment: An overview and prospects (2025) · cites this paper as Evich et al., 2022
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“Longer-chain PFASs tend to sorb more strongly to soils, leading to prolonged residence times and potential for slow leaching to groundwater, while shorter-chain PFASs are more mobile and can migrate more readily to water bodies or be taken up by plants [75,169,170].”
From Industrial Applications, Environmental Fate, Human Exposure, and Health Effects of PFAS (2025) · cites this paper as [75]
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“Today, PFAS are widely detected in the abiotic and biotic matrices (Evich et al., 2022).”
From Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) in the marine environment: An overview and prospects (2025) · cites this paper as Evich et al., 2022
In the citing paper
“Fluorinated organic chemicals, such as per- and polyfluorinated alkyl substances (PFAS) and fluorinated pesticides, are both broadly useful and unusually long-lived.”
From The link between ancient microbial fluoride resistance mechanisms and bioengineering organofluorine degradation or synthesis (2024) · cites this paper as [3]
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
Each contradiction between two passages listed here was confirmed by an independent check.
Rated minor: it would not touch a result — a value no result rests on, a p-value that stays on the same side of the significance level, or a conflict that is clerical, resolved elsewhere in the paper, or outside its own findings.
In the paper
§ Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances in the environment > Environmental stability, degradation schemes and transformation rates
“In both studies, enhanced degradation was attributed to the organic carbon content of the soil”
§ Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances in the environment > Environmental stability, degradation schemes and transformation rates
“microbial transformation of 8:2 FTOH was significantly enhanced with the addition of soybean root exudates in solution”
Citations
Cites
Buck, R. C., Franklin, J., Berger, U., Conder, J. M., Cousins, I. T., de Voogt, P., Jensen, A. A., Kannan, K., Mabury, S. A., & van Leeuwen, S. P. (2011) · Integrated Environmental Assessment and Management · doi:10.1002/ieam.258 · Cited by 4,641 · cited 6×
“Efficiency of these transformations decreases from aerobic to anoxic to anaerobic (60, 61) conditions, and PFCA yields and rates of formation depend on specific precursor and transformation conditions (9).”
InfluentialSunderland, E. M., Hu, X. C., Dassuncao, C., Tokranov, A. K., Wagner, C. C., & Allen, J. G. (2019) · Journal of Exposure Science & Environmental Epidemiology · doi:10.1038/s41370-018-0094-1 · Cited by 2,786 · cited 3×
“PFAS exposures via food chains are more difficult to resolve, and dietary exposure through drinking water and contaminated food sources (e.g., seafood and other animal products) are among the greatest exposure sources for ecosystems and human populations alike (109, 111).”
An overview of the uses of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS)
Glüge, J., Scheringer, M., Cousins, I. T., DeWitt, J. C., Goldenman, G., Herzke, D., Lohmann, R., Ng, C. A., Trier, X., & Wang, Z. (2020) · Environmental Science: Processes & Impacts · doi:10.1039/d0em00291g · Cited by 2,466
Self-citationFenton, S. E., Ducatman, A., Boobis, A., DeWitt, J. C., Lau, C., Ng, C., Smith, J. S., & Roberts, S. M. (2020) · Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry · doi:10.1002/etc.4890 · Cited by 2,445 · cited 3×
“Widespread global persistence of PFAS has resulted in detectable concentrations of the compounds in the blood of almost the entire human population (6).”
Contribution of Organofluorine Compounds to Pharmaceuticals
Inoue, M., Sumii, Y., & Shibata, N. (2020) · ACS Omega · doi:10.1021/acsomega.0c00830 · Cited by 1,944 · cited 3×
“2) (11, 12).”
Organofluorine Chemistry: Principles and Commercial Applications
(1994) · doi:10.1007/978-1-4899-1202-2 · Cited by 1,691
Current Contributions of Organofluorine Compounds to the Agrochemical Industry
Ogawa, Y., Tokunaga, E., Kobayashi, O., Hirai, K., & Shibata, N. (2020) · iScience · doi:10.1016/j.isci.2020.101467 · Cited by 1,253 · cited 3×
“2) (11, 12).”
Conder, J. M., Hoke, R. A., Wolf, W. D., Russell, M. H., & Buck, R. C. (2008) · Environmental Science & Technology · doi:10.1021/es070895g · Cited by 1,206
Wang, Z., Cousins, I. T., Scheringer, M., & Hungerbühler, K. (2013) · Environment International · doi:10.1016/j.envint.2013.08.021 · Cited by 924 · cited 9×
“These labile compounds are precursors to recalcitrant, terminal transformation products such as PFCAs and PFSAs.”
InfluentialSelf-citationBarzen-Hanson, K. A., Roberts, S. C., Choyke, S., Oetjen, K., McAlees, A., Riddell, N., McCrindle, R., Ferguson, P. L., Higgins, C. P., & Field, J. A. (2017) · Environmental Science & Technology · doi:10.1021/acs.est.6b05843 · Cited by 873 · cited 2×
“…PFAS groups, the functional moieties of starting materials may further react following conventional reaction pathways to yield different PFAS (9); thus, depending on the complexity of synthetic routes, final products may contain a number of unreacted intermediates and degradation products (22, 23).”
Research works printed but not linked: 2
- G. Friedlander J. W. Kennedy E. S. Macias J. M. Miller Nuclear and Radiochemistry (Wiley Interscience ed. 3 1981).
- 10.1021/acs.est.0c06580 · DOI · Paper page
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Cousins, I. T., Johansson, J. H., Salter, M. E., Sha, B., & Scheringer, M. (2022) · Environmental Science & Technology · doi:10.1021/acs.est.2c02765 · Cited by 662
Li, X., Shen, X., Jiang, W., Xi, Y., & Song, L. (2024) · Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety · doi:10.1016/j.ecoenv.2024.116420 · Cited by 606
Brunn, H., Arnold, G., Körner, W., Rippen, G., Steinhäuser, K. G., & Valentin, I. (2023) · Environmental Sciences Europe · doi:10.1186/s12302-023-00721-8 · Cited by 504
Realistic roles for hydrogen in the future energy transition
Johnson, N., Liebreich, M., Kammen, D. M., Ekins, P., McKenna, R., & Staffell, I. (2025) · Nature Reviews Clean Technology · doi:10.1038/s44359-025-00050-4 · Cited by 573
“Resource usage could be reduced with further advances in catalysis and materials science 24 , and PFAS contamination from hydrogen technologies is an emerging concern that also requires further study 209,271 .”
Berhanu, A., Mutanda, I., Taolin, J., Qaria, M. A., Yang, B., & Zhu, D. (2023) · Science of The Total Environment · doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.160010 · Cited by 294
Metadata
- Authors
- Evich, M. G., Davis, M. J. B., McCord, J. P., Acrey, B., Awkerman, J. A., Knappe, D. R. U., Lindstrom, A. B., Speth, T. F., Tebes-Stevens, C., Strynar, M. J., Wang, Z., Weber, E. J., Henderson, W. M., & Washington, J. W.
- Affiliations
- Environmental Protection Agency (US)
- North Carolina State University (US)
- ETH Zurich (CH)
- Corresponding author
- Evich, Marina G.
- Davis, Mary J. B.
- McCord, James P.
- Henderson, W. Matthew
- Washington, John W.
- ORCID
- Venue
- Science
- Published
- 2022-02-04
- Volume
- 375
- Issue
- 6580
- Pages
- eabg9065-eabg9065
- ISSN
- 0036-8075 (ISSN-L)
- 1095-9203
- PMC
- PMC8902460
- OpenAlex
- W4210795660
- Semantic Scholar
- 837c39e0380d556e09de72a592265b7667e72827
- Cited by
- 2,157
- References
- 145
- Citations by year
- 2026: 739 · 2025: 664 · 2024: 419 · 2023: 249 · 2022: 86
- FWCI
- 24.70
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- Science (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (P42ES031009, P42ES027706)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Environmental Chemistry › Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances research
- Physical Sciences › Chemistry › Organic Chemistry › Fluorine in Organic Chemistry
- Physical Sciences › Materials Science › Polymers and Plastics › Synthesis and properties of polymers
- Keywords
- per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances, PFAS, environmental contamination, fluorination, fugitive emissions, long-range transport, PFAS transformation, bioaccumulation, PFAS remediation, drinking water contamination
- MeSH terms
- Animals, Biodegradation, Environmental, Environmental Exposure, Environmental Pollutants, Fluorocarbon Polymers, Fluorocarbons, Humans, Water Pollution, Chemical, Environmental Restoration and Remediation, Halogenation, Drinking Water
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
A language model drew the claims from the paper on 2026-09-28, under version 3 of the claim definition (prompt extract-v3).
A second model labelled each claim on 2026-09-28 (model jev-1.13-20260917, definition revision gold-guideline-v0.2).
Cited sources are checked with a language model’s help (gpt-6-sol).
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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