Flow cytometry-based method to detect persisters in Candida albicans
Open accessAbstract
Candida albicans biofilms contain a subpopulation whose members are defined as persisters, displaying great tolerance of fungicides. To directly observe such persisters, an effective method using green fluorescent protein (GFP) strain labeling by mutation of the gene encoding glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase ( TDH3 ), combined with propidium iodide (PI) staining, was established. Amphotericin B-tolerant persisters harbor the characteristics of both GFP positivity [GFP (+)] and propidium iodide (PI) negativity [PI (−)], which are easily visualized using a fluorescence microscope and measured by flow cytometry.
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By PI staining and GFP labeling of TDH3, persisters characterized as PI-negative and GFP-positive can be detected and sorted by flow cytometry.
“By PI staining and GFP labeling TDH3, persisters characterized as PI(−) and GFP(+) can be detected and sorted by flow cytometry [44].”
From Antifungal persistence: Clinical relevance and mechanisms (2025) · cites this paper as [44]
Combining live/dead staining with flow cytometry allows antifungal persistence to be detected more accurately in real time and in a high-throughput manner.
“Further, combining live/dead staining method with flow cytometry, antifungal persistence can be detected more accurately in real-time and in a high-throughput manner.”
From Antifungal persistence: Clinical relevance and mechanisms (2025) · cites this paper as [44]
TDH3 has higher expression in stationary phase cells than in log phase cells.
“TDH3, a gene encoding glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase, has higher expression in stationary phase cells than in log phase.”
From Antifungal persistence: Clinical relevance and mechanisms (2025) · cites this paper as [44]
The two GFP-tagged C. albicans strains were previously constructed in our laboratory.
“The two GFP-tagged C. albicans strains were previously constructed in our laboratory28,40.”
From Chiloscyphenol A derived from Chinese liverworts exerts fungicidal action by eliciting both mitochondrial dysfunction and plasma membrane destruction (2018) · cites this paper as [40]
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- Authors
- Chang, W., Zhang, M., Li, Y., & Lou, H.
- Affiliations
- Shandong University (CN)
- Department of Natural Product Chemistry, Key Lab of Chemical Biology of Ministry of Education, Shandong University, Jinan City, Shandong Province, China
- Venue
- Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy
- Publisher
- American Society for Microbiology
- Published
- 2015-08
- Volume
- 59
- Issue
- 8
- Pages
- 5044-5048
- ISSN
- 0066-4804 (ISSN-L)
- 1098-6596
- PMC
- PMC4505205
- OpenAlex
- W1912208253
- Cited by
- 7
- References
- 14
- Citations by year
- 2025: 1 · 2022: 1 · 2021: 1 · 2020: 1 · 2018: 3
- FWCI
- 0.78
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Infectious Diseases › Antifungal resistance and susceptibility
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Fungal and yeast genetics research
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Bacterial biofilms and quorum sensing
- Keywords
- Candida albicans, persister cells, biofilm, fungicide tolerance, green fluorescent protein tagging, glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase, propidium iodide staining
- MeSH terms
- Amphotericin B, Antifungal Agents, Candida albicans, Candidiasis, Flow Cytometry, Fluorescent Dyes, Glyceraldehyde-3-Phosphate Dehydrogenases, Humans, Microbial Sensitivity Tests, Microscopy, Fluorescence, Propidium, Biofilms, Drug Resistance, Multiple, Fungal, Green Fluorescent Proteins
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