Clinical and laboratory update on blastomycosis.

Saccente, Michael; Woods, Gail L.

doi:10.1128/cmr.00056-09

Cited by 450Fungal Infections and StudiesAntifungal resistance and susceptibilityActinomycetales infections and treatment

Clinical and laboratory update on blastomycosis.

Open access

Saccente, Michael, Woods, Gail L.·2010·Clinical Microbiology Reviews

DOI 10.1128/cmr.00056-09PMC PMC2863359

Open this paper in CoChat — free account

Abstract

Blastomycosis is endemic in regions of North America that border the Great Lakes and the St. Lawrence River, as well as in the Mississippi River and Ohio River basins. Men are affected more often than women and children because men are more likely to participate in activities that put them at risk for exposure to Blastomyces dermatitidis. Human infection occurs when soil containing microfoci of mycelia is disturbed and airborne conidia are inhaled. If natural defenses in the alveoli fail to contain the infection, lymphohematogenous dissemination ensues. Normal host responses generate a characteristic pyogranulomatous reaction. The most common sites of clinical disease are the lung and skin; osseous, genitourinary, and central nervous system manifestations follow in decreasing order of frequency. Blastomycosis is one of the great mimickers in medicine; verrucous cutaneous blastomycosis resembles malignancy, and mass-like lung opacities due to B. dermatitidis often are confused with cancer. Blastomycosis may be clinically indistinguishable from tuberculosis. Diagnosis is based on culture and direct visualization of round, multinucleated yeast forms that produce daughter cells from a single broad-based bud. Although a long course of amphotericin B is usually curative, itraconazole is also highly effective and is the mainstay of therapy for most patients with blastomycosis.

The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.

Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.

Integrity signals

Registry

Crossref · 10.1128/cmr.00056-09

Cites

127 of 127 references verified0 citation errors · 0 not checkable

Statistics

Claims the paper makes

The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.

Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.

Claims other papers make about this one

Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?

The high proportion of patients with positive confirmatory laboratory tests (culture and microscopy) likely reflects detection of more severe cases.
“The high proportion of patients with positive confirmatory laboratory tests, such as culture and microscopy, likely reflects detection of more severe cases because serologic tests for blastomycosis offer only presumptive evidence of infection (12), and serologic tests were not included in most states’ case definitions (Appendix).”
From Blastomycosis Surveillance in 5 States, United States, 1987–2018 (2021) · cites this paper as [12]

Self-check

Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.

The self-check needs the paper’s full text.

Clinical Practice Guidelines for the Management of Blastomycosis: 2008 Update by the Infectious Diseases Society of America
Chapman, S. W., Dismukes, W. E., Proia, L. A., Bradsher, R. W., Pappas, P. G., Threlkeld, M. G., & Kauffman, C. A. (2008) · Clinical Infectious Diseases · doi:10.1086/588300 · Cited by 751 · see citing works
Multicenter Clinical Evaluation of the (1->3) -D-Glucan Assay as an Aid to Diagnosis of Fungal Infections in Humans
Ostrosky-Zeichner, L., Alexander, B. D., Kett, D. H., Vazquez, J., Pappas, P. G., Saeki, F., Ketchum, P. A., Wingard, J., Schiff, R., Tamura, H., et al. (2005) · Clinical Infectious Diseases · doi:10.1086/432470 · Cited by 669 · see citing works
-D-Glucan as a Diagnostic Adjunct for Invasive Fungal Infections: Validation, Cutoff Development, and Performance in Patients with Acute Myelogenous Leukemia and Myelodysplastic Syndrome
Odabaşı, Z., Mattiuzzi, G. N., Estey, E., Kantarjian, H. M., Saeki, F., Ridge, R. J., Ketchum, P. A., Finkelman, M., Rex, J. H., & Ostrosky‐Zeichner, L. (2004) · Clinical Infectious Diseases · doi:10.1086/421944 · Cited by 641 · see citing works
EVALUATION OF A
Knecht, A. A. (1972) · JONA The Journal of Nursing Administration · doi:10.1097/00005110-197203000-00014 · Cited by 627 · see citing works
Oral Azole Drugs as Systemic Antifungal Therapy
Wood, A. J. J., Como, J. A., & Dismukes, W. E. (1994) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejm199401273300407 · Cited by 595 · see citing works
Comparison of In Vitro Activities of the New Triazole SCH56592 and the Echinocandins MK-0991 (L-743,872) and LY303366 against Opportunistic Filamentous and Dimorphic Fungi and Yeasts
Espinel‐Ingroff, A. (1998) · Journal of Clinical Microbiology · doi:10.1128/jcm.36.10.2950-2956.1998 · Cited by 576 · see citing works
Evaluation of a (1→3)-β- d -Glucan Assay for Diagnosis of Invasive Fungal Infections
Pickering, J. W., Sant, H. W., Bowles, C. A. P., Roberts, W. L., & Woods, G. L. (2005) · Journal of Clinical Microbiology · doi:10.1128/jcm.43.12.5957-5962.2005 · Cited by 380 · see citing works
Self-citation
Isolation ofBlastomyces dermatitidisin Soil Associated with a Large Outbreak of Blastomycosis in Wisconsin
Klein, B. S., Vergeront, J. M., Weeks, R. J., Kumar, U. N., Mathai, G., Varkey, B., Kaufman, L., Bradsher, R. W., Jf, S., Davis, J. P., et al. (1986) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejm198602273140901 · Cited by 375 · see citing works
Comparative Efficacy and Distribution of Lipid Formulations of Amphotericin B in Experimental Candida albicans Infection of the Central Nervous System
Groll, A. H., Giri, N., Petraitis, V., Petraitienė, R., Candelario, M., Bacher, J., Piscitelli, S. C., & Walsh, T. J. (2000) · The Journal of Infectious Diseases · doi:10.1086/315643 · Cited by 373 · see citing works
Pharmacology of Systemic Antifungal Agents
Ashley, E. S. D., Lewis, R. E., Lewis, J. S., Martin, C. A., & Andes, D. R. (2006) · Clinical Infectious Diseases · doi:10.1086/504492 · Cited by 311 · see citing works
Itraconazole therapy for blastomycosis and histoplasmosis
Dismukes, W. E., Bradsher, R. W., Cloud, G., Kauffman, C. A., Chapman, S. W., George, R. B., Stevens, D. A., Girard, W. M., Saag, M. S., & Bowles-Patton, C. (1992) · The American Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1016/0002-9343(92)90575-v · Cited by 306 · see citing works
Introduction to Antifungal Drugs
Dismukes, W. E. (2000) · Clinical Infectious Diseases · doi:10.1086/313748 · Cited by 262 · see citing works
Hospitalizations for Endemic Mycoses: A Population-Based National Study
Chu, J. H., Feudtner, C., Heydon, K. H., Walsh, T. J., & Zaoutis, T. E. (2006) · Clinical Infectious Diseases · doi:10.1086/500405 · Cited by 254 · see citing works
Antigen Assay with the Potential To Aid in Diagnosis of Blastomycosis
Durkin, M., Witt, J., LeMonte, A. M., Wheat, B., & Connolly, P. (2004) · Journal of Clinical Microbiology · doi:10.1128/jcm.42.10.4873-4875.2004 · Cited by 236 · see citing works
Blastomycosis in Patients with the Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome
Pappas, P. G., Pottage, J. C., Powderly, W. G., Fraser, V. J., Stratton, C. W., McKenzie, S., Tapper Michael, L., Chmel, H., Bonebrake, F. C., Blum, R., et al. (1992) · Annals of Internal Medicine · doi:10.7326/0003-4819-116-10-847 · Cited by 235 · see citing works
Blastomycosis
Bradsher, R. W., Chapman, S. W., & Pappas, P. G. (2003) · Infectious Disease Clinics of North America · doi:10.1016/s0891-5520(02)00038-7 · Cited by 230 · see citing works
Practice Guidelines for the Management of Patients with Blastomycosis
Chapman, S. W., Bradsher, R. W., Campbell, G. D., Pappas, P. G., & Kauffman, C. A. (2000) · Clinical Infectious Diseases · doi:10.1086/313750 · Cited by 214 · see citing works
In Vitro Activities of Voriconazole, Itraconazole, and Amphotericin B against Blastomyces dermatitidis , Coccidioides immitis , and Histoplasma capsulatum
Li, R., Ciblak, M. A., Nordoff, N. G., Pasarell, L., Warnock, D. W., & McGinnis, M. R. (2000) · Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy · doi:10.1128/aac.44.6.1734-1736.2000 · Cited by 199 · see citing works
Cross‐Reactivity inHistoplasma capsulatumvariety capsulatum Antigen Assays of Urine Samples from Patients with Endemic Mycoses
Wheat, L. J., Wheat, H., Connolly, P., Kleiman, M. B., Supparatpinyo, K., Nelson, K. E., Bradsher, R. W., & Restrepo, Á. (1997) · Clinical Infectious Diseases · doi:10.1086/513647 · Cited by 196 · see citing works
Prevention of Amphotericin B—Induced Renal Impairment
Branch, R. A. (1988) · Archives of Internal Medicine · doi:10.1001/archinte.1988.00380110049010 · Cited by 195 · see citing works
NORTH AMERICAN BLASTOMYCOSIS
Witorsch, P., & Utz, J. P. (1968) · Medicine · doi:10.1097/00005792-196805000-00001 · Cited by 190 · see citing works
Two Outbreaks of Blastomycosis Along Rivers in Wisconsin: Isolation of Blastomyces dermatitidis from Riverbank Soil and Evidence of its Transmission Along Waterways
Klein, B. S., Vergeront, J. M., DiSalvo, A. F., Kaufman, L., & Davis, J. P. (1987) · American Review of Respiratory Disease · doi:10.1164/ajrccm/136.6.1333 · Cited by 190 · see citing works
Histoplasmosis and Blastomycosis
Bradsher, R. W. (1996) · Clinical Infectious Diseases · doi:10.1093/clinids/22.supplement_2.s102 · Cited by 184 · see citing works
Blastomycosis in immunocompromised patients.
Pappas, P. G., Threlkeld, M. G., Bedsole, G. D., Cleveland, K. O., Gelfand, M. S., & Dismukes, W. E. (1993) · Medicine · doi:10.1097/00005792-199309000-00003 · Cited by 177 · see citing works
Endemic blastomycosis in Mississippi: epidemiological and clinical studies.
Chapman, S. W., Lin, A. C., Hendricks, K. A., et al. (1997) · PubMed · Cited by 169 · see citing works
Treatment of Non-Aspergillus Moulds in Immunocompromised Patients, with Amphotericin B Lipid Complex
Perfect, J. R. (2005) · Clinical Infectious Diseases · doi:10.1086/429331 · Cited by 167 · see citing works
Treatment of Blastomycosis and Histoplasmosis with Ketoconazole
NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF ALLERGY AND INFECTIOUS DISEASES MYCOSES STUDY GROUP (1985) · Annals of Internal Medicine · doi:10.7326/0003-4819-103-6-861 · Cited by 158 · see citing works
Pulmonary Blastomycosis
Martynowicz, M. A., & Prakash, U. B. S. (2002) · CHEST Journal · doi:10.1378/chest.121.3.768 · Cited by 146 · see citing works
Overwhelming Pulmonary Blastomycosis Associated with the Adult Respiratory Distress Syndrome
Meyer, K. C., McManus, E. J., & Maki, D. G. (1993) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejm199310213291704 · Cited by 145 · see citing works
Voriconazole Use for Endemic Fungal Infections
Freifeld, A. G., Proia, L. A., Andes, D. R., Baddour, L. M., Blair, J. E., Spellberg, B. J., Arnold, S. R., Lentnek, A. L., & Wheat, L. J. (2009) · Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy · doi:10.1128/aac.01148-07 · Cited by 140 · see citing works
National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID): An Overview
Western, K. A. (2008) · Humana Press eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-1-59745-569-5_1 · Cited by 139 · see citing works
Epidemiology and Clinical Spectrum of Blastomycosis Diagnosed at Manitoba Hospitals
Crampton, T. L., Light, R. B., Berg, G. M., Meyers, M. P., Schroeder, G. C., Hershfield, E. S., & Embil, J. M. (2002) · Clinical Infectious Diseases · doi:10.1086/340049 · Cited by 139 · see citing works
Safety of Discontinuation of Maintenance Therapy for Disseminated Histoplasmosis after Immunologic Response to Antiretroviral Therapy
Goldman, M., Zackin, R. A., Fichtenbaum, C. J., et al. (2004) · Clinical Infectious Diseases · doi:10.1086/420749 · Cited by 135 · see citing works
Epidemiology of blastomycosis in a region of high endemicity in north central Wisconsin
Baumgardner, D. J., Buggy, B. P., Mattson, B. J., Burdick, J. S., & Ludwig, D. (1992) · Clinical Infectious Diseases · doi:10.1093/clind/15.4.629 · Cited by 131 · see citing works
Ketoconazole Therapy for Endemic Blastomycosis
Bradsher, R. W., RICE, D. C., & ABERNATHY, R. S. (1985) · Annals of Internal Medicine · doi:10.7326/0003-4819-103-6-872 · Cited by 123 · see citing works
Serological Tests for Blastomycosis: Assessments During a Large Point-Source Outbreak in Wisconsin
Klein, B. S., Vergeront, J. M., Kaufman, L., Bradsher, R. W., Kumar, U. N., Mathai, G., Varkey, B., & Davis, J. P. (1987) · The Journal of Infectious Diseases · doi:10.1093/infdis/155.2.262 · Cited by 119 · see citing works
In Situ Hybridization for the Identification of Yeastlike Organisms in Tissue Section
Hayden, R. T., Qian, X., Roberts, G. D., et al. (2001) · Diagnostic Molecular Pathology · doi:10.1097/00019606-200103000-00004 · Cited by 111 · see citing works
Mycelial- to yeast-phase transitions of the dimorphic fungi Blastomyces dermatitidis and Paracoccidioides brasiliensis
Medoff, G., Painter, A. A., & Kobayashi, G. S. (1987) · Journal of Bacteriology · doi:10.1128/jb.169.9.4055-4060.1987 · Cited by 110 · see citing works
A CASE OF PSEUDO-LUPUS VULGARIS CAUSED BY A BLASTOMYCES
Gilchrist, T. C., & Stokes, W. R. (1898) · The Journal of Experimental Medicine · doi:10.1084/jem.3.1.53 · Cited by 108 · see citing works
BLASTOMYCOSIS. I. A REVIEW OF 198 COLLECTED CASES IN VETERANS ADMINISTRATION HOSPITALS.
Kaplan, W. I., & CLIFFORD, M. K. (1964) · PubMed · doi:10.1164/arrd.1964.89.5.659 · Cited by 106 · see citing works
The epidemiology of blastomycosis in Illinois and factors associated with death
Dworkin, M. S., Duckro, A. N., Proia, L., Semel, J. D., & Huhn, G. (2005) · Clinical Infectious Diseases · doi:10.1086/498152 · Cited by 100 · see citing works
Treatment of Blastomycosis with Higher Doses of Fluconazole
Pappas, P. G., Bradsher, R. W., Kauffman, C. A., Cloud, G. A., Thomas, C. J., Campbell, G. D., Chapman, S. W., Newman, C. L., & Dismukes, W. E. (1997) · Clinical Infectious Diseases · doi:10.1086/514539 · Cited by 97 · see citing works
Comparison of the Enzyme Immunoassay, Immunodiffusion, and Complement Fixation Tests in Detecting Antibody in Human Serum to the a Antigen of Blastomyces dermatitidis
Klein, B. S., Kuritsky, J. N., Chappell, W. A., Kaufman, L., Green, J. S. A., Davies, S. F., WILLIAMS, J. E. J., & Sarosi, G. A. (1986) · American Review of Respiratory Disease · doi:10.1164/arrd.1986.133.1.144 · Cited by 96 · see citing works
In vitro and in vivo activities of SCH 56592 against Blastomyces dermatitidis
Sugar, A. M., & Liu, X. P. (1996) · Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy · doi:10.1128/aac.40.5.1314 · Cited by 96 · see citing works
Blastomycosis in Ontario, 1994–2003
Morris, S. K., Brophy, J. C., Richardson, S. E., Summerbell, R. C., Parkin, P. C., Jamieson, F., Limerick, B., Wiebe, L., & Ford‐Jones, E. L. (2006) · Emerging infectious diseases · doi:10.3201/eid1202.050849 · Cited by 94 · see citing works
Treatment of Blastomycosis with Fluconazole: A Pilot Study
Pappas, P. G., Bradsher, R. W., Chapman, S. W., Kauffman, C. A., Dine, A., Cloud, G. A., & Dismukes, W. E. (1995) · Clinical Infectious Diseases · doi:10.1093/clinids/20.2.267 · Cited by 92 · see citing works
Canine Blastomycosis as a Harbinger of Human Disease
Sarosi, G. A., Eckman, M. R., Davies, S. F., & Laskey, W. K. (1979) · Annals of Internal Medicine · doi:10.7326/0003-4819-91-5-733 · Cited by 88 · see citing works
Blastomycosis
Bradsher, R. W. (1992) · Clinical Infectious Diseases · doi:10.1093/clinids/14.supplement_1.s82 · Cited by 87 · see citing works
NORTH AMERICAN BLASTOMYCOSIS: A CLINICAL STUDY OF 40 CASES
CHERNISS, E. I., & WAISBREN, B. A. (1956) · Annals of Internal Medicine · doi:10.7326/0003-4819-44-1-105 · Cited by 86 · see citing works
Human Blastomycosis After a Dog Bite
Gnann, J. W., BRESSLER, G. S., BODET, C. A., et al. (1983) · Annals of Internal Medicine · doi:10.7326/0003-4819-98-1-48 · Cited by 84 · see citing works
Molecular Epidemiology of Blastomyces dermatitidis
McCullough, M. J., DiSalvo, A. F., Clemons, K. V., Park, P., & Stevens, D. A. (2000) · Clinical Infectious Diseases · doi:10.1086/313649 · Cited by 83 · see citing works
Acute respiratory distress syndrome and blastomycosis: Presentation of nine cases and review of the literature
Lemos, L. B., Baliga, M., & Guo, M. (2001) · Annals of Diagnostic Pathology · doi:10.1053/adpa.2001.21473 · Cited by 82 · see citing works
CLINICAL MANIFESTATIONS OF PULMONARY BLASTOMYCOSIS
Abernathy, R. S. (1959) · Annals of Internal Medicine · doi:10.7326/0003-4819-51-4-707 · Cited by 81 · see citing works
Chronic blastomycotic meningitis
Kravitz, G. R., Davies, S. F., Eckman, M. R., et al. (1981) · The American Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1016/0002-9343(81)90189-3 · Cited by 79 · see citing works
Successful Treatment of Cerebral Blastomycosis with Voriconazole
Bakleh, M., Aksamit, A. J., Tleyjeh, I. M., & Marshall, W. F. (2005) · Clinical Infectious Diseases · doi:10.1086/429319 · Cited by 76 · see citing works
Intracellular and extracellular defenses of human phagocytes against Blastomyces dermatitidis conidia and yeasts.
Dj, D., & Frey, C. L. (1985) · PubMed · Cited by 75 · see citing works
Clinical Features of Acute Pulmonary Blastomycosis
Sarosi, G. A., Hammerman, K. J., Tosh, F. E., et al. (1974) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejm197403072901004 · Cited by 75 · see citing works
Vertebral Blastomycosis with Paravertebral Abscess: Report of Eight Cases and Review of the Literature
Saccente, M., Abernathy, R. S., Pappas, P. G., Shah, H. R., & Bradsher, R. W. (1998) · Clinical Infectious Diseases · doi:10.1086/clinids/26.2.413 · Cited by 74 · see citing works
Self-citation
Efficacy of Voriconazole in Treatment of Murine Pulmonary Blastomycosis
Sugar, A. M., & Liu, X. (2001) · Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy · doi:10.1128/aac.45.2.601-604.2001 · Cited by 73 · see citing works
Diagnostic assessment of an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for human and canine blastomycosis
Turner, S., Kaufman, L., & Jalbert, M. (1986) · Journal of Clinical Microbiology · doi:10.1128/jcm.23.2.294-297.1986 · Cited by 70 · see citing works
Blastomycosis in Missouri: epidemiology and risk factors for endemic disease
Cano, M. V., PONCE-DE-LEON, G. F., TIPPEN, S., et al. (2003) · Epidemiology and Infection · doi:10.1017/s0950268803008987 · Cited by 69 · see citing works
Blastomycosis in Africa: Clinical Features, Diagnosis, and Treatment
Baily, G. G., Robertson, V. J., Neill, P., et al. (1991) · Clinical Infectious Diseases · doi:10.1093/clinids/13.5.1005 · Cited by 69 · see citing works
Blastomycosis in Children
Schutze, G. E., Hickerson, S. L., Fortin, E. M., Schellhase, D. E., Darville, T. L., Gubbins, P. O., & Jacobs, R. F. (1996) · Clinical Infectious Diseases · doi:10.1093/clinids/22.3.496 · Cited by 69 · see citing works
Update on Drug Interactions with Azole Antifungal Agents
Lomaestro, B. M., & Piatek, M. A. (1998) · Annals of Pharmacotherapy · doi:10.1345/aph.17271 · Cited by 69 · see citing works
Cerebral blastomycosis: a case series incorporating voriconazole in the treatment regimen
Borgia, S. M., Fuller, J. D., Sarabia, A., & El‐Helou, P. (2006) · Medical Mycology · doi:10.1080/13693780600803870 · Cited by 65 · see citing works
Corticosteroids for Blastomycosis-Induced ARDS
Lahm, T., Neese, S., Thornburg, A., et al. (2008) · CHEST Journal · doi:10.1378/chest.07-2778 · Cited by 62 · see citing works
Efficacy and safety of Amphotericin B Lipid Complex Injection (ABLC) in solid‐organ transplant recipients with invasive fungal infections
Linden, P., Williams, P. A., & Chan, K. M. (2000) · Clinical Transplantation · doi:10.1034/j.1399-0012.2000.140409.x · Cited by 61 · see citing works
Expanding Epidemiology of Blastomycosis: Clinical Features and Investigation of 2 Cases in Colorado
Groote, M. A. D., Bjerke, R., Smith, H., & Rhodes, L. V. (2000) · Clinical Infectious Diseases · doi:10.1086/313717 · Cited by 61 · see citing works
URINE ANTIGEN DETECTION OF BLASTOMYCOSIS IN PEDIATRIC PATIENTS
Mongkolrattanothai, K., Peev, M., Wheat, L. J., et al. (2006) · The Pediatric Infectious Disease Journal · doi:10.1097/01.inf.0000241144.89426.2a · Cited by 58 · see citing works
The Treatment of North American Blastomycosis
Lockwood, W. R., Allison, F., Batson, B. E., et al. (1969) · American Review of Respiratory Disease · doi:10.1164/arrd.1969.100.3.314 · Cited by 57 · see citing works
Self-limited blastomycosis: a report of thirteen cases.
Recht, L. D., Philips, J. R., Eckman, M. R., & Sarosi, G. A. (1979) · PubMed · doi:10.1164/arrd.1979.120.5.1109 · Cited by 56 · see citing works
OBSERVATIONS ON THE ROENTGEN PATTERNS IN BLASTOMYCOSIS OF BONE
Gehweiler, J. A., CAPP, M. P., & Chick, E. W. (1970) · American Journal of Roentgenology · doi:10.2214/ajr.108.3.497 · Cited by 55 · see citing works
Blastomycosis
Schwarz, J., & Salfelder, K. (1977) · Current topics in pathology · doi:10.1007/978-3-642-66703-9_5 · Cited by 53 · see citing works
Evidence of subclinical blastomycosis in forestry workers in Northern Minnesota and Northern Wisconsin
Vaaler, A. K., Bradsher, R. W., & Davies, S. F. (1990) · The American Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1016/0002-9343(90)90378-q · Cited by 51 · see citing works
First reported case of intrauterine transmission of blastomycosis
WATTS, A. E., GARD, P. D., & Tuthill, S. W. (1983) · The Pediatric Infectious Disease Journal · doi:10.1097/00006454-198307000-00012 · Cited by 51 · see citing works
Clinical Presentation, Radiographic Findings, and Diagnostic Methods of Pulmonary Blastomycosis
Patel, R. G., PATEL, B., Petrini, M. F., et al. (1999) · Southern Medical Journal · doi:10.1097/00007611-199903000-00006 · Cited by 51 · see citing works
The Ecology of Blastomyces dermatitidis
DiSalvo, A. F. (1992) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-1-4615-3306-1_4 · Cited by 49 · see citing works
Observations on (1-3)-β-d-glucan detection as a diagnostic tool in endemic mycosis caused by Histoplasma or Blastomyces
Girouard, G., Lachance, C., & Pelletier, R. (2007) · Journal of Medical Microbiology · doi:10.1099/jmm.0.47162-0 · Cited by 49 · see citing works
Geographic Distribution of Human Blastomycosis Cases in Milwaukee, Wisconsin, USA: Association with Urban Watersheds
Baumgardner, D. J., Knavel, E. M., Steber, D. L., & Swain, G. R. (2006) · Mycopathologia · doi:10.1007/s11046-006-0018-9 · Cited by 46 · see citing works
Blastomycosis and pregnancy
Lemos, L. B., Soofi, M., & Amir, E. (2002) · Annals of Diagnostic Pathology · doi:10.1053/adpa.2002.34729 · Cited by 46 · see citing works
Blastomycosis. A review of 152 cases.
Schwarz, J., & Salfelder, K. (1977) · PubMed · Cited by 46 · see citing works
Blastomycosis
Bradsher, R. W. (1988) · Infectious Disease Clinics of North America · doi:10.1016/s0891-5520(20)30233-6 · Cited by 45 · see citing works
Coccidioidomycosis and blastomycosis: Advances in molecular diagnosis
Bialek, R., Gonzalez, G. M., Begerow, D., et al. (2005) · FEMS Immunology & Medical Microbiology · doi:10.1016/j.femsim.2005.05.011 · Cited by 44 · see citing works
RECURRENT CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM BLASTOMYCOSIS IN AN IMMUNOCOMPETENT CHILD TREATED SUCCESSFULLY WITH SEQUENTIAL LIPOSOMAL AMPHOTERICIN B AND VORICONAZOLE
Panicker, J., Walsh, T. J., & Kamani, N. R. (2006) · The Pediatric Infectious Disease Journal · doi:10.1097/01.inf.0000207475.89745.51 · Cited by 44 · see citing works
North American Blastomycosis: A Survey of 63 Cases
DUTTERA, J. M., & OSTERHOUT, S. (1969) · Southern Medical Journal · doi:10.1097/00007611-196962030-00010 · Cited by 43 · see citing works
Comparative efficacies of amphotericin B lipid complex and amphotericin B deoxycholate suspension against murine blastomycosis
Clemons, K. V., & Stevens, D. A. (1991) · Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy · doi:10.1128/aac.35.10.2144 · Cited by 40 · see citing works
Endometrial blastomycosis acquired by sexual contact.
Farber, E. R., Leahy, M. S., & Tr, M. (1968) · PubMed · Cited by 39 · see citing works
Blastomycosis Presenting with Prostatic Involvement: Report of 2 Cases and Review of the Literature
Inoshita, T., Youngberg, G. A., Boelen, L. J., et al. (1983) · The Journal of Urology · doi:10.1016/s0022-5347(17)51012-5 · Cited by 39 · see citing works
Recurrent Blastomycosis of the Central Nervous System: Case Report and Review
Chowfin, A., Tight, R. R., & Mitchell, S. (2000) · Clinical Infectious Diseases · doi:10.1086/313828 · Cited by 38 · see citing works
Identification of Histoplasma capsulatum , Blastomyces dermatitidis , and Coccidioides Species by Repetitive-Sequence-Based PCR
Pounder, J. I., Hansen, D., & Woods, G. L. (2006) · Journal of Clinical Microbiology · doi:10.1128/jcm.00687-06 · Cited by 36 · see citing works
Self-citation
Macrophage- and Oxidant-Mediated Inhibition of the Ability of Live Blastomyces dermatitidis Conidia to Transform to the Pathogenic Yeast Phase: Implications for the Pathogenesis of Dimorphic Fungal Infections
Sugar, A. M., & Picard, M. D. (1991) · The Journal of Infectious Diseases · doi:10.1093/infdis/163.2.371 · Cited by 35 · see citing works
Blastomycosis of Bone
Bassett, F. H., & TINDALL, J. P. (1972) · Southern Medical Journal · doi:10.1097/00007611-197205000-00009 · Cited by 35 · see citing works
Systemic fungal infections: diagnosis and treatment. I. Blastomycosis.
Rw, B. (1988) · PubMed · Cited by 34 · see citing works
North American Blastomycosis: A Survey of 63 Cases
DUTTERA, J. M., & OSTERHOUT, S. (1969) · Southern Medical Journal · doi:10.1097/00007611-196903000-00010 · Cited by 34 · see citing works
Blastomycosis and Human Immunodeficiency Virus: Three New Cases and Review
WITZIG, R. S., HOADLEY, D. J., Greer, D. L., et al. (1994) · Southern Medical Journal · doi:10.1097/00007611-199407000-00008 · Cited by 33 · see citing works
Reactivation blastomycosis presenting as a tuboovarian abscess.
Murray, J. J., Clark, C. A., Rh, L., et al. (1984) · PubMed · Cited by 33 · see citing works
Otitis Media Due to Blastomycosis: Report of Two Cases
Lj, I., Sanders, M. M., Jacobs, R. F., et al. (1992) · Clinical Infectious Diseases · doi:10.1093/clinids/14.1.355 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
Mycoses of the breast: Diagnosis by fine‐needle aspiration
Farmer, C., Stanley, M. W., Bardales, R. H., et al. (1995) · Diagnostic Cytopathology · doi:10.1002/dc.2840120112 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
Marked Polymorphonuclear Pleocytosis Due to Blastomycotic Meningitis: Case Report and Review
Harley, W. B., Lomis, M., & Haas, D. W. (1994) · Clinical Infectious Diseases · doi:10.1093/clinids/18.5.816 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
Intraocular Blastomycosis: Case Report and Review
Lopez, R., Mason, J. O., Parker, J. S., et al. (1994) · Clinical Infectious Diseases · doi:10.1093/clinids/18.5.805 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
Blastomyces Antigen Detection for Monitoring Progression of Blastomycosis in a Pregnant Adolescent
Tarr, M. E., MARCINAK, J. F., Mongkolrattanothai, K., et al. (2007) · Infectious Diseases in Obstetrics and Gynecology · doi:10.1155/2007/89059 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
Miliary blastomycosis and HIV infection.
Herd, A. M., Greenfield, S., Thompson, G. W., et al. (1990) · PubMed · Cited by 23 · see citing works
Blastomycosis. 3. A comparative study of 2-hydroxystilbamidine and amphotericin B therapy.
Busey, J. F. (1972) · PubMed · doi:10.1164/arrd.1972.105.5.812 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
Amphotericin therapy of North American blastomycosis.
Rs, A. (1966) · PubMed · Cited by 23 · see citing works
Blastomyces dermatitidis infections in the RSA.
Frean, J., Wf, C., Crewe-Brown, H. H., et al. (1989) · PubMed · Cited by 22 · see citing works
Blastomycosis arthritis
Sanders, L. L. (1967) · Arthritis & Rheumatism · doi:10.1002/art.1780100203 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
Blastomycosis of the Larynx
Suen, J. Y., Wetzel, W. J., Wetmore, S. J., et al. (1980) · Annals of Otology Rhinology & Laryngology · doi:10.1177/000348948008900616 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
Treatment of blastomycosis and histoplasmosis with ketoconazole. Results of a prospective randomized clinical trial. National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases Mycoses Study Group.
(1985) · PubMed · Cited by 20 · see citing works
Water and Blastomycosis: Dont' Blame Beaver
Bradsher, R. W. (1987) · American Review of Respiratory Disease · doi:10.1164/ajrccm/136.6.1324 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
Immunology of Blastomycosis
Klein, B. S. (1992) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-1-4615-3306-1_8 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
Female Genital Blastomycosis: Case Report and Review
Mouzin, E., & Seilke, M. A. (1996) · Clinical Infectious Diseases · doi:10.1093/clinids/22.4.718 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Secondary Intracerebral Blastomycosis with Giant Yeast Forms
Wu, S. J., Vályi-Nagy, T., Engelhard, H. H., et al. (2005) · Mycopathologia · doi:10.1007/s11046-005-0147-6 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
Amphotericin B Lipid Complex for the Treatment of Recurrent Blastomycosis of the Brain in a Patient Previously Treated With Itraconazole
Cook, P. P. (2001) · Southern Medical Journal · doi:10.1097/00007611-200194050-00026 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
Amphotericin B Lipid Complex for the Treatment of Recurrent Blastomycosis of the Brain in a Patient Previously Treated With Itraconazole
COOK, P. P. (2001) · Southern Medical Journal · doi:10.1097/00007611-200105000-00026 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
Evaluation of the use of Congo red staining in the differential diagnosis of Candida vs. various other yeast‐form fungal organisms
Axelson, G. K., Giorgadze, T. A., & Youngberg, G. A. (2007) · Journal of Cutaneous Pathology · doi:10.1111/j.1600-0560.2007.00769.x · Cited by 13 · see citing works
A case of blastomycosis in pregnancy
Pipitone, M. A., & Gloster, H. M. (2005) · Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology · doi:10.1016/j.jaad.2005.04.018 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Systemic Blastomycosis with Associated Diabetes Insipidus
KELLY, P. M. (1982) · Annals of Internal Medicine · doi:10.7326/0003-4819-96-1-66 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Unusual presentations of blastomycosis: ten case summaries.
Bradsher, R. W., Martin, M. F., Wilkes, T. D. I., et al. (1990) · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Evaluation of a (133)--D-Glucan Assay for Diagnosis of Invasive Fungal Infections
Pickering, J. W., Sant, H. W., Bowles, C. A. P., et al. (2005) · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Amphotericin therapy of North American blastomycosis.
Abernathy, R. S. (1967) · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Late relapse of pulmonary blastomycosis after adequate treatment with amphotericin B. Case report.
Landis, F. B., & Varkey, B. (1976) · PubMed · doi:10.1164/arrd.1976.113.1.77 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Blastomyces dermatitidis Infection of the Paranasal Sinuses
WITZIG, R. S., Quimosing, E. M., Campbell, W., et al. (1994) · Clinical Infectious Diseases · doi:10.1093/clinids/18.2.267 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Central nervous system and genitourinary blastomycosis: confusion with tuberculosis.
Morse, H. G., Nichol, W. P., Cook, D. M., et al. (1983) · PubMed · Cited by 6 · see citing works
North American Blastomycosis of the Vertebrae in an Adolescent
Challapalli, M., & Cunningham, D. G. (1996) · Clinical Infectious Diseases · doi:10.1093/clinids/23.4.853 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Radiological case of the month. Blastomycosis osteomyelitis with epidural and retropharyngeal abscess.
Nokes, S. R., Adametz, J. R., Gardner, G., et al. (1995) · PubMed · Cited by 6 · see citing works
A 45-Year-Old Man with Fever and Adult Respiratory Distress Syndrome
Mackowiak, P. A. (2007) · Clinical Infectious Diseases · doi:10.1086/511072 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Is Incidental Recovery of Yeast from Enteric Pathogen Stool Cultures Obtained from Hospitalized Patients Clinically Significant?
Pfeifer, R. A., Iwen, P. C., Qiu, F., Rupp Mark, E., & Hermsen, E. D. (2011) · Infectious Disease Reports · doi:10.4081/idr.2011.e1 · Cited by 3 · see citing works

Flagged first, then by citations

Research works printed but not linked: 11

[12]Borchardt, S. M. 2005. Awareness of blastomycosis in Illinois needs to increase. Ill. Infect. Dis. Rep. 3:1-2. [Google Scholar]
[32]Colonna, P. C., and T. Gucker. 1944. Blastomycosis of the skeletal system. J. Bone Joint Surg. 26:322-328. [Google Scholar]
[35]Craig, M. W., W. N. Davey, and R. A. Green. 1970. Conjugal blastomycosis. Am. Rev. Respir. Dis. 102:86-90. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
[41]Drutz, D. J., and C. L. Frey. 1985. Intracellular and extracellular defenses against Blastomyces dermatitidis conidia and yeasts. J. Lab. Clin. Med. 105:737-750. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
[51]Gilchrist, T. C. 1894. Protozoan dermatitis. J. Cutan. Gen. Dis. 12:496-499. [Google Scholar]
[52]Gilchrist, T. C., and W. R. Stokes. 1898. Cases of pseudo-lupus vularis caused by blastomyces. J. Exp. Med. 3:53-78. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
[68]Kravitz, G. R., S. F. Davies, M. R. Eckman, and G. A. Sarosi. 1981. Chronic blastomycosis meningitis. Am. J. Med. 71:501-505. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
[73]Lentnek, A. L., and I. A. Lentnek. 2006. Successful management of Blastomyces dermatitidis meningitis. Infect. Med. 23:39-41. [Google Scholar]
[79]Martin, D. S., and D. T. Smith. 1939. Blastomycosis. I. A review of the literature. Am. Rev. Tuber. 39:275-304. [Google Scholar]
[104]Roos, K. L., J. P. Bryan, W. W. Maggio, J. A. Jane, and W. M. Scheld. 1979. Intracranial blastomycosis. Medicine (Baltimore) 66:224-235. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
[107]Sarosi, G. A., and S. F. Davies. 1979. Blastomycosis: state of the art. Am. Rev. Respir. Dis. 120:911-938. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

Sorted by citations

Phylogenetic analysis reveals a cryptic species Blastomyces gilchristii, sp. nov. within the human pathogenic fungus Blastomyces dermatitidis.
Brown, E. M., McTaggart, L. R., Zhang, S. X., Low, D. E., Stevens, D. A., & Richardson, S. E. (2013) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0059237 · Cited by 148 · see citing works
Methods for Rapid Diagnosis of Meningitis Etiology in Adults
Poplin, V., Boulware, D. R., & Bahr, N. C. (2020) · Biomarkers in Medicine · doi:10.2217/bmm-2019-0333 · Cited by 119 · see citing works
Let’s talk about sex characteristics—as a risk factor for invasive fungal diseases.
Egger, M., Hoenigl, M., Thompson, G. R., Carvalho, A., & Jenks, J. D. (2022) · Mycoses · doi:10.1111/myc.13449 · Cited by 82 · see citing works
Incidence and trends of blastomycosis-associated hospitalizations in the United States.
Seitz, A. E., Younes, N., Steiner, C. A., & Prevots, D. R. (2014) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0105466 · Cited by 51 · see citing works
Blastomycosis mortality rates, United States, 1990–2010
Khuu, D., Shafir, S., Bristow, B., & Sorvillo, F. (2014) · Emerging Infectious Diseases · doi:10.3201/eid2011.131175 · Cited by 47 · see citing works
<i>Notes from the Field:</i>Blastomycosis Cases Occurring Outside of Regions with Known Endemicity — New York, 2007–2017
McDonald, R., Dufort, E., Jackson, B. R., Tobin, E. H., Newman, A., Benedict, K., & Blog, D. (2018) · MMWR Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report · doi:10.15585/mmwr.mm6738a8 · Cited by 40 · see citing works
CSF in acute and chronic infectious diseases
(2018) · Handbook of clinical neurology · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-804279-3.00012-5 · Cited by 42 · see citing works
Blastomycosis in Minnesota, USA, 1999-2018.
Ireland, M., Klumb, C., Smith, K., & Scheftel, J. (2020) · Emerging infectious diseases · doi:10.3201/eid2605.191074 · Cited by 37 · see citing works
Blastomycosis Surveillance in 5 States, United States, 1987–2018
Benedict, K., Gibbons-Burgener, S., Kocharian, A., Ireland, M., Rothfeldt, L., Christophe, N., Signs, K., & Jackson, B. R. (2021) · Emerging Infectious Diseases · doi:10.3201/eid2704.204078 · Cited by 29 · see citing works

Identification ofBlastomyces dermatitidisin the stool of a dog with acute pulmonary blastomycosis
Baumgardner, D. J., & Paretsky, D. P. (1997) · Medical Mycology · doi:10.1080/02681219780001521 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
Primary Cutaneous Blastomycosis with Secondary Pulmonary Involvement: A Case Report
Faryad, S., Hussain, H., FARYAD, M., et al. (2022) · American Journal of Medical Case Reports · doi:10.12691/ajmcr-10-5-10
Recovery of Blastomyces dermatitidis from blood of a patient with disseminated blastomycosis
Musial, C. E., Wilson, W. R., Sinkeldam, I. R., et al. (1987) · Journal of Clinical Microbiology · doi:10.1128/jcm.25.8.1421-1423.1987 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
[A case of cutaneous blastomycosis caused by Blastomyces dermatitidis].
Del Rey Calero, J., & MORALES, J. R. (1998) · PubMed · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Blastomyces and Blastomycosis
Klein, B. S., McBride, J. A., & Gauthier, G. M. (2020) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-809633-8.21010-8

Authors: Saccente, M., & Woods, G. L.
Affiliations: Central Arkansas Veterans Healthcare System (US)
ORCID: Saccente, Michael
Woods, Gail L.
Venue: Clinical Microbiology Reviews
Publisher: American Society for Microbiology
Published: 2010-04
Volume: 23
Issue: 2
Pages: 367-381
ISSN: 0893-8512 (ISSN-L)
1098-6618
DOI: 10.1128/cmr.00056-09
PMC: PMC2863359
OpenAlex: W2164024288
Cited by: 450
References: 127
Citations by year: 2026: 21 · 2025: 25 · 2024: 30 · 2023: 29 · 2022: 26 · 2021: 33 · 2020: 49 · 2019: 36 · 2018: 30 · 2017: 34 · 2016: 23 · 2015: 33 · 2014: 31 · 2013: 16 · 2012: 23
FWCI: 1.79
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: green
www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
Licence: journals.asm.org/non-commercial-tdm-license (tdm)
Locations: Clinical Microbiology Reviews (publishedVersion)
Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion)
PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Topics: Health Sciences › Medicine › Epidemiology › Fungal Infections and Studies
Health Sciences › Medicine › Infectious Diseases › Antifungal resistance and susceptibility
Health Sciences › Medicine › Microbiology › Actinomycetales infections and treatment
Keywords: blastomycosis, Blastomyces dermatitidis, pulmonary blastomycosis, differential diagnosis from tuberculosis, amphotericin B, itraconazole, fungal epidemiology
MeSH terms: Blastomyces, Blastomycosis, Female, Humans, Male

About these checks

Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.

Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.

Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.

What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›

Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review

Clinical and laboratory update on blastomycosis.

Abstract

Integrity signals

Claims the paper makes

Claims other papers make about this one

Self-check

Cites

Cited by

Related

Record

About these checks