Intermediates of adeno-associated virus type 2 assembly: identification of soluble complexes containing Rep and Cap proteins
Open accessAbstract
The proteins encoded by the adeno-associated virus type 2 (AAV-2) rep and cap genes obtained during a productive infection of HeLa cells with AAV-2 and adenovirus type 2 were fractionated according to solubility, cellular localization, and sedimentation properties. The majority of Rep and Cap proteins accumulated in the nucleus, where they distributed into a soluble and an insoluble fraction. Analysis of the soluble nuclear fraction of capsid proteins by sucrose density gradients showed that they formed at least three steady-state pools: a monomer pool sedimenting at about 6S, a pool of oligomeric intermediates sedimenting between 10 and 15S, and a broad pool of assembly products with a peak between 60 and 110S, the known sedimentation positions of empty and full capsids. While the soluble nuclear monomer and oligomer pool contained predominantly only two capsid proteins, the 30 to 180S assembly products contained VP1, VP2, and VP3 in a stoichiometry similar to that of purified virions. They probably represent different intermediates in capsid assembly, DNA encapsidation, and capsid maturation. In contrast, the cytoplasmic fraction of capsid proteins showed a pattern of oligomers continuously increasing in size without a defined peak, suggesting that assembly of 60S particles occurs in the nucleus. Soluble nuclear Rep proteins were distributed over the whole sedimentation range, probably as a result of association with AAV DNA. Subfractions of the Rep proteins with defined sedimentation values were obtained in the soluble nuclear and cytoplasmic fractions. We were able to coimmunoprecipitate capsid proteins sedimenting between 60 and 110S with antibodies against Rep proteins, suggesting that they exist in common complexes possibly involved in AAV DNA packaging. Antibodies against the capsid proteins, however, precipitated Rep78 and Rep68 predominantly with a peak around 30S representing a second complex containing Rep and Cap proteins.
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The cytoplasmic fraction contains VP monomers and oligomers ranging from 10 to 15S, consistent with trimers and pentamers of VP1, VP2 and VP3.
“Sedimentation sucrose gradient analysis of nuclear and cytoplasmic fractions of an AAV infection demonstrated that the cytoplasmic fraction contains a population of VP monomers and oligomers ranging in size from 10 to 15S consistent with the sedimentation coefficients for trimers and pentamers, respectively, of VP1, VP2 and VP3.”
From Understanding Capsid Assembly and Genome Packaging for Adeno-Associated Viruses (2017) · cites this paper as [27]
The Results (Fig. 3a–b; page not provided) report cytoplasmic VP monomers around 6.5S and a continuous distribution of VP1, VP2 and VP3 oligomers extending to 19S. The distinct 10–15S peak and the tentative pentamer interpretation instead concern nuclear VP2/VP3 oligomers; the paper does not identify cytoplasmic oligomers as trimers and pentamers. (LLM, conf=0.88)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe nuclear fraction contained VP oligomers with sedimentation coefficients between 60 and 110S, consistent with empty and full capsids, respectively.
“The nuclear fraction contained VP oligomers with sedimentation coefficients between 60 and 110S consistent with empty and full capsids, respectively [27].”
From Understanding Capsid Assembly and Genome Packaging for Adeno-Associated Viruses (2017) · cites this paper as [27]
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“The A20 antibody detects both full and empty particles (44).”
BackgroundA viral assembly factor promotes AAV2 capsid formation in the nucleolus
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“VP1, VP2, and VP3 assemble in the nucleus (52, 53) into mature virions in a 1:1:20 stoichiometry (33).”
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“This same pattern was observed with five serum samples (Ser3, Ser6, Ser7, Ser23, and Ser24) and also with a neutralizing anti-AAV mouse monoclonal antibody, A20 (28, 29).”
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BackgroundSelf-citationAdeno-associated virus capsid assembly is divergent and stochastic
Wörner, T. P., Bennett, A. D., Habka, S., Snijder, J., Friese, O. V., Powers, T. W., Agbandje‐McKenna, M., & Heck, A. J. R. (2021) · Nature Communications · doi:10.1038/s41467-021-21935-5 · Cited by 221 · see citing works
AAV Capsid Structure and Cell Interactions
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“Peptide mapping has been used to identify both linear and conformationdependent epitopes on the AAV2 capsid (66, 67).”
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“mulate during AAV infection (9, 21, 25, 37, 57, 58) indicate”
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“mixed with an equal volume of 2 protein sample buffer (76) boiled immedi-”
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“As a 60 S sedimentation marker, empty VLPs of adeno-associated virus were used (45).”
MethodSonntag, F., Köther, K., Schmidt, K., Weghofer, M., Raupp, C., Nieto, K., Kuck, A., Gerlach, B., Böttcher, B., Müller, O. J., et al. (2011) · Journal of Virology · doi:10.1128/jvi.05359-11 · Cited by 184 · see citing works
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“Previous studies have established that AAV2 assembles in the nucleus in “intranuclear assembly centers” that increase in size over time as more capsid proteins enter and virions are assembled (23, 59, 60).”
BackgroundResultShi, W., Arnold, G. S., & Bartlett, J. S. (2001) · Human Gene Therapy · doi:10.1089/104303401750476212 · Cited by 167 · see citing works
“The A20 monoclonal antibody detects both full and empty AAV particles (Wistuba et al ., 1995).”
Enhancement of Adeno-Associated Virus Infection by Mobilizing Capsids into and Out of the Nucleolus
Johnson, J. S., & Samulski, R. J. (2008) · Journal of Virology · doi:10.1128/jvi.02309-08 · Cited by 158 · see citing works
“During replication, AAV monomers and subunits can be readily detected in cytoplasm and nuclei by antibody B1 (64, 65), but in our studies and others, researches have failed to detect significant B1 staining during infection (references 38 and 57 and data not shown).”
ResultMietzsch, M., Grasse, S., Zurawski, C., Weger, S., Bennett, A. D., Agbandje‐McKenna, M., Muzyczka, N., Zolotukhin, S., & Heilbronn, R. (2013) · Human Gene Therapy · doi:10.1089/hum.2013.184 · Cited by 141 · see citing works
“Western blot analysis was performed as described (Winter et al., 2012) using 1:10 dilutions of hybridoma supernatants monoclonal antibody (mAb) B1 (anti-VP1–3), mAb A1 (anti-VP1), or mAb 303.9 antibody (anti-Rep) (Wistuba et al., 1995, 1997).”
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“Monoclonal Rep antibody 303/9 (67) as well as polyclonal Rep antiserum 90 (52) have been described elsewhere.”
BackgroundSelf-citationTseng, Y.-S., & Agbandje‐McKenna, M. (2014) · Frontiers in Immunology · doi:10.3389/fimmu.2014.00009 · Cited by 134 · see citing works
“(55) also used a peptide mapping strategy to determine the epitopes of three mouse MAbs, A1, A69, and B1 previously reported to react against AAV2 (72, 73).”
MethodHOW DO ANIMAL DNA VIRUSES GET TO THE NUCLEUS?
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“Mouse monoclonal antibody B1 (64) (a kind gift from”
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Receptor targeting of adeno-associated virus vectors
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Self-citationBuilding a Better Vector: The Manipulation of AAV Virions
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Heparin binding induces conformational changes in Adeno-associated virus serotype 2
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“…Rep-facilitated DNA packaging is proposed to occur with preformed empty capsids through the channel, these observations suggest that small portions of viral genome are pre-packaged during assembly before Rep completes the packaging (Myers and Carter, 1980; Wistuba et al., 1995; King et al., 2001).”
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“3B, A20 signal).”
MethodInfluentialSelf-citationEnhancing the Clinical Potential of AAV Vectors by Capsid Engineering to Evade Pre-Existing Immunity
Bartel, M. (2011) · Frontiers in Microbiology · doi:10.3389/fmicb.2011.00204 · Cited by 108 · see citing works
Nanobody-Enhanced Targeting of AAV Gene Therapy Vectors
Eichhoff, A. M., Börner, K., Albrecht, B., Schäfer, W., Baum, N., Haag, F., Körbelin, J., Trepel, M., Braren, I., Grimm, D., et al. (2019) · Molecular Therapy — Methods & Clinical Development · doi:10.1016/j.omtm.2019.09.003 · Cited by 105 · see citing works
“Bound AAV particles were detected with a fluorochrome-conjugated heavy chain antibody, derived from AAV2-specific mAb A20.”
BackgroundMethodAdeno-Associated Virus Type 2 Protein Interactions: Formation of Pre-Encapsidation Complexes
Dubielzig, R., King, J., Weger, S., Kern, A., & Kleinschmidt, J. A. (1999) · Journal of Virology · doi:10.1128/jvi.73.11.8989-8998.1999 · Cited by 105 · see citing works
“Several reports have previously described complexes of Rep proteins with AAV-2 capsids (23, 31, 32, 46).”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialSelf-citationNguyen, T. N. T., Sha, S., Hong, M. S., Maloney, A. J., Barone, P. W., Neufeld, C., Wolfrum, J., Springs, S. L., Sinskey, A. J., & Braatz, R. D. (2021) · Molecular Therapy - Methods & Clinical Development · doi:10.1016/j.omtm.2021.04.006 · Cited by 111 · see citing works
“The Rep protein is postulated to detach from the capsid after packaging, as there has been evidence that Rep proteins accumulate mostly inside the nucleus.(58)”
BackgroundFisher-Adams, G., Wong, K. J., Podsakoff, G. M., Forman, S. J., & Chatterjee, S. (1996) · Blood · doi:10.1182/blood.v88.2.492.bloodjournal882492 · Cited by 103 · see citing works
Properties of the Adeno-Associated Virus Assembly-Activating Protein
Naumer, M., Sonntag, F., Schmidt, K., Nieto, K., Panke, C., Davey, N. E., Popa-Wagner, R., & Kleinschmidt, J. A. (2012) · Journal of Virology · doi:10.1128/jvi.01675-12 · Cited by 97 · see citing works
“assay using monoclonal antibody (MAb) B1 (24) or anti-AU1 (Covance,”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialSelf-citationThe growth inhibition of hepatoma by gene transfer of antisense vascular endothelial growth factor
Kang, M. A., Kim, K. Y., Seol, J. Y., Kim, K. C., & Nam, M. J. (2000) · The Journal of Gene Medicine · doi:10.1002/1521-2254(200007/08)2:4 · Cited by 38 · see citing works
Self-citationStieger, K., Schroeder, J., Provost, N., Mendes-Madeira, A., Belbellaa, B., Meur, G. L., Weber, M., Deschamps, J.-Y., Lorenz, B., Moullier, P., et al. (2009) · Molecular Therapy · doi:10.1038/mt.2008.283 · Cited by 88 · see citing works
Structure of adeno-associated virus-2 in complex with neutralizing monoclonal antibody A20
McCraw, D. M., O’Donnell, J. K., Taylor, K. A., Stagg, S. M., & Chapman, M. S. (2012) · Virology · doi:10.1016/j.virol.2012.05.004 · Cited by 84 · see citing works
“The complex of AAV-2 with Fab’ fragments of neutralizing monoclonal antibody A20 (Wistuba et al., 1995) was visualized through cryo-EM and reconstructed to a resolution of 8.”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialUnderstanding Capsid Assembly and Genome Packaging for Adeno-Associated Viruses
Bennett, A., Mietzsch, M., & Agbandje-McKenna, M. (2017) · Future Virology · doi:10.2217/fvl-2017-0011 · Cited by 82 · see citing works
Hermonat, P. L., Quirk, J. G., Bishop, B. M., & Han, L. (1997) · FEBS Letters · doi:10.1016/s0014-5793(97)00311-6 · Cited by 98 · see citing works
Identification of Cellular Proteins That Interact with the Adeno-Associated Virus Rep Protein
Nash, K., Chen, W.-J., Salganik, M., & Muzyczka, N. (2008) · Journal of Virology · doi:10.1128/jvi.01939-08 · Cited by 86 · see citing works
“In the presence of helper virus, the two larger Rep proteins, Rep78 and Rep68, are required for AAV DNA replication (40, 48, 101), control of AAV transcription (9, 58, 60, 61, 66, 77, 111, 129), alternative splicing of viral RNA (86), viral DNA packaging (24, 31, 54, 83, 119), and site-specific integration of viral DN…”
BackgroundMethodMartin, J. M., Frederick, A., Luo, Y., Jackson, R., Joubert, M., Sol, B., Poulin, F., Pastor, E., Armentano, D., Wadsworth, S. C., et al. (2013) · Human Gene Therapy Methods · doi:10.1089/hgtb.2013.046 · Cited by 79 · see citing works
“Interestingly, the Rep protein profile differs from that observed in wtAd and wtAAV2 co-infected HeLa cells (Wistuba et al. , 1995).”
Qiu, J., & Brown, K. E. (1999) · Virology · doi:10.1006/viro.1999.9664 · Cited by 86 · see citing works
Development of AAV serotype-specific ELISAs using novel monoclonal antibodies
Kuck, D., Kern, A., & Kleinschmidt, J. A. (2007) · Journal of Virological Methods · doi:10.1016/j.jviromet.2006.10.005 · Cited by 74 · see citing works
Self-citationQiu, J., Nayak, R., Tullis, G. E., & Pintel, D. J. (2002) · Journal of Virology · doi:10.1128/jvi.76.24.12435-12447.2002 · Cited by 71 · see citing works
“AAV5-infected (15 IU/ cell) or pAV5- or PCR-generated linear AAV5 DNA-transfected 293 cells were coinfected with Ad5 at 5 PFU/cell, and lysates were subjected to immunoblot analysis as previously described (20), using monoclonal antibody 303.9 raised to an amino-terminally truncated AAV2 Rep78 (42) (American Research…”
InfluentialStructure–function analysis of receptor-binding in adeno-associated virus serotype 6 (AAV-6)
Xie, Q., Lerch, T. F., Meyer, N., & Chapman, M. S. (2011) · Virology · doi:10.1016/j.virol.2011.08.011 · Cited by 70 · see citing works
“Several monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) reacting with AAV capsids have been described (Hermens et al., 1999;Weger et al., 1997;Wistuba et al., 1995; Wobus et al., 2000).”
BackgroundIsolation of targeted AAV2 vectors from novel virus display libraries
Waterkamp, D. A., Müller, O. J., Ying, Y., Trepel, M., & Kleinschmidt, J. A. (2006) · The Journal of Gene Medicine · doi:10.1002/jgm.967 · Cited by 69 · see citing works
“for 1 h, the membranes were incubated for 1 h at room temperature with antibody B1 [43] (diluted 1 : 10 in blocking solution).”
MethodSelf-citationBleker, S., Pawlita, M., & Kleinschmidt, J. A. (2006) · Journal of Virology · doi:10.1128/jvi.80.2.810-820.2006 · Cited by 75 · see citing works
“It was previously shown that Rep proteins are associated with capsids in the presence of DNA packaging by either a direct or DNA-mediated interaction (33, 44).”
BackgroundSelf-citationRiolobos, L., Reguera, J., Mateu, M. G., & Almendral, J. M. (2006) · Journal of Molecular Biology · doi:10.1016/j.jmb.2006.01.019 · Cited by 67 · see citing works
Raupp, C., Naumer, M., Müller, O. J., Gurda, B. L., Agbandje‐McKenna, M., & Kleinschmidt, J. A. (2012) · Journal of Virology · doi:10.1128/jvi.00209-12 · Cited by 63 · see citing works
Self-citationKuck, D., Lau, T., Leuchs, B., Kern, A., Müller, M., Gissmann, L., & Kleinschmidt, J. A. (2006) · Journal of Virology · doi:10.1128/jvi.80.6.2621-2630.2006 · Cited by 64 · see citing works
“powder and then incubated for 1 h at room temperature with antibody B1 (69)”
MethodSelf-citationCellular pathways of recombinant adeno-associated virus production for gene therapy
Sha, S., Maloney, A. J., Katsikis, G., Nguyen, T. N. T., Neufeld, C., Wolfrum, J., Barone, P. W., Springs, S. L., Manalis, S. R., Sinskey, A. J., et al. (2021) · Biotechnology Advances · doi:10.1016/j.biotechadv.2021.107764 · Cited by 66 · see citing works
Maurer, A. C., Pacouret, S., Diaz, A. K. C., Blake, J., Andrés‐Mateos, E., & Vandenberghe, L. H. (2018) · Cell Reports · doi:10.1016/j.celrep.2018.04.026 · Cited by 62 · see citing works
“The current model for capsid assembly suggests that, after translation, AAV2 VP proteins oligomerize into trimers or pentamers, potentially in the cytoplasm, and that further assembly into the icosahedron occurs in the nucleolus (Wistuba et al., 1995, 1997).”
BackgroundIn Vitro Packaging of Adeno-Associated Virus DNA
Zhou, X., & Muzyczka, N. (1998) · Journal of Virology · doi:10.1128/jvi.72.4.3241-3247.1998 · Cited by 63 · see citing works
“Studies of the subcellular distribution of AAV capsid proteins suggest that the three capsid proteins form a variety of complexes with sedimentation coefficients of 10S to 180S, with major peaks at approximately 66S and 110S, the positions of empty and mature virus particles (31).”
BackgroundResultInfluentialGroße, S., Penaud‐Budloo, M., Herrmann, A.-K., Börner, K., Fakhiri, J., Laketa, V., Krämer, C., Wiedtke, E., Gunkel, M., Ménard, L., et al. (2017) · Journal of Virology · doi:10.1128/jvi.01198-17 · Cited by 59 · see citing works
“Kleinschmidt [49]), anti-HA (sc-7392; Santa Cruz Biotechnology), and anti- -actin (sc-47778; Santa Cruz Biotechnology) were diluted 1:30, 1:10, 1:300, and 1:1,000, respectively, in blocking buffer.”
BackgroundMethodKube, D. M., Ponnazhagan, S., & Srivastava, A. (1997) · Journal of Virology · doi:10.1128/jvi.71.10.7361-7371.1997 · Cited by 58 · see citing works
“These results are consistent with a report demonstrating that complexes of AAV Rep and capsid proteins exist during a productive infection of HeLa cells with AAV and Ad2 (52).”
ResultLarge-scale production, purification and crystallization of wild-type adeno-associated virus-2
Xie, Q., Hare, J. T., Turnigan, J., & Chapman, M. S. (2004) · Journal of Virological Methods · doi:10.1016/j.jviromet.2004.07.007 · Cited by 56 · see citing works
Aucoin, M. G., Perrier, M., & Kamen, A. (2006) · Biotechnology and Bioengineering · doi:10.1002/bit.21069 · Cited by 56 · see citing works
“The pattern observed in our Westerns has been previously observed for the production of rAAV in mammalian cells (Grimm et al., 1998;Urabe et al., 2006;Wistuba et al., 1995) but never in the context of varying plasmid/virus concentrations.”
BackgroundFrançois, A., Bouzelha, M., Lecomte, E., Broucque, F., Penaud-Budloo, M., Adjali, O., Moullier, P., Blouin, V., & Ayuso, E. (2018) · Molecular Therapy - Methods & Clinical Development · doi:10.1016/j.omtm.2018.07.004 · Cited by 50 · see citing works
“It also showed the complete absence of VP1 in AAV8DVP1-GFP preparation, which was further confirmed by western blot analysis with anti-VP1/2/3 antibody B1 (Figure 1B, lane 4).(22)”
ResultWeger, S., Wistuba, A., Grimm, D., & Kleinschmidt, J. A. (1997) · Journal of Virology · doi:10.1128/jvi.71.11.8437-8447.1997 · Cited by 53 · see citing works
“However, the results of Rep-Cap double-immunofluorescence staining of HeLa cells infected with AAV-2 and adenovirus type 2 (MOI 5 10 and 20, respectively) using a combination of monoclonal Rep antibody 76/3, recognizing only Rep78 and Rep52 (64), and a polyclonal serum recognizing all three VP proteins showed a large…”
MethodInfluentialSelf-citationYoon-Robarts, M., Blouin, A. G., Bleker, S., Kleinschmidt, J. A., Aggarwal, A. K., Escalante, C. R., & Linden, R. M. (2004) · Journal of Biological Chemistry · doi:10.1074/jbc.m403900200 · Cited by 52 · see citing works
Self-citationAssembly of adeno-associated virus type 2 capsids in vitro.
Steinbach, S., Kleinschmidt, J. A., Wistuba, A., & Bock, T. (1997) · Journal of General Virology · doi:10.1099/0022-1317-78-6-1453 · Cited by 52 · see citing works
“(Wistuba et al., 1995) using monoclonal antibodies directed against AAV capsids (A20) or against capsid proteins (A69}A1) (Wistuba et al.”
InfluentialSelf-citationAnderson, R. W., Macdonald, I., Corbett, T., Whiteway, A., & Prentice, H. G. (2000) · Journal of Virological Methods · doi:10.1016/s0166-0934(99)00150-0 · Cited by 46 · see citing works
Hölscher, C., Kleinschmidt, J. A., & Bürkle, A. (1995) · Journal of Virology · doi:10.1128/jvi.69.11.6880-6885.1995 · Cited by 40 · see citing works
“, showing that Rep78 and Rep68 could be coprecipitated with different monoclonal antibodies against capsid proteins from fractionated extracts of HeLa cells productively infected with AAV and Ad2 (32).”
BackgroundInfluentialSelf-citationProteins attached to viral genomes are multifunctional
Sadowy, E., Miłner, M., & Haenni, A. (2001) · Advances in virus research · doi:10.1016/s0065-3527(01)57004-9 · Cited by 38 · see citing works
Hermonat, P. L., Santin, A. D., Batchu, R. B., & Zhan, D.-J. (1998) · Virology · doi:10.1006/viro.1998.9144 · Cited by 38 · see citing works
Adeno-associated virus type 5 exploits two different entry pathways in human embryo fibroblasts
Bantel‐Schaal, U., Braspenning‐Wesch, I., & Kartenbeck, J. (2009) · Journal of General Virology · doi:10.1099/vir.0.005595-0 · Cited by 37 · see citing works
Weger, S., Hammer, E., & Heilbronn, R. (2002) · Journal of General Virology · doi:10.1099/0022-1317-83-3-511 · Cited by 37 · see citing works
“9 (Wistuba et al., 1995) and B1 (Progen), respectively ; for AAV mRNA steady state levels by Northern blot analysis (C) with a 32Plabelled AAV-2 hybridization probe; and for Flag–Topors expression levels by Western blot analysis with the monoclonal anti-Flag antibody M2 (Sigma) (E).”
MethodInfluentialSelf-citationSchimmenti, S., Boesen, J. J. B., Claassen, E. A. W., Valerio, D., & Einerhand, M. P. W. (1998) · Human Gene Therapy · doi:10.1089/hum.1998.9.18-2727 · Cited by 36 · see citing works
“Virus particles accumulate in the nucleus of infected cells and are assembled in an interactive process involving both the rep and cap gene products (Ruffing et al, 1992; Wistuba et al, 1995).”
Słyk, Ż., Stachowiak, N., & Małecki, M. (2024) · Biomedicines · doi:10.3390/biomedicines12071523 · Cited by 39 · see citing works
Matsui, R., Tanabe, Y., & Watanabe, D. (2012) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0048730 · Cited by 35 · see citing works
“The rep and cap ORFs encode four replication regulatory proteins and three capsid proteins, respectively [19].”
BackgroundTessier, J., Chadeuf, G., Nony, P., Avet‐Loiseau, H., Moullier, P., & Salvetti, A. (2001) · Journal of Virology · doi:10.1128/jvi.75.1.375-383.2001 · Cited by 35 · see citing works
“Forty-eight hours later, the cells were fixed and analyzed by immunofluorescence using an anti-DBP (26) and an anti-Rep 68/40 (A, B, and C) or anti-Rep 78/52 (D, E, and F) antibody (39).”
MethodEmmanuel, S. N., Mietzsch, M., Tseng, Y.-S., Smith, J. K., & Agbandje‐McKenna, M. (2020) · Viral Immunology · doi:10.1089/vim.2020.0022 · Cited by 33 · see citing works
“For this purpose, numerous mouse monoclonal antibodies have been generated against AAV serotypes for study of capsid-antibody interactions (55,59,71,117,124,130).”
BackgroundShi, X., Fang, G., Shi, W., & Bartlett, J. S. (2006) · Human Gene Therapy · doi:10.1089/hum.2006.17.353 · Cited by 33 · see citing works
“The A20 monoclonal antibody detects both full and empty AAV particles (Wistuba et al ., 1995). rAAV2 vector was serially diluted and tested with the A20 ELISA kit.”
Nicolas, A., Alazard-Dany, N., Biollay, C., Arata, L., Jolinon, N., Kuhn, L., Ferro, M., Weller, S., Epstein, A., Salvetti, A., et al. (2010) · Journal of Virology · doi:10.1128/jvi.00725-10 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
Chemical Modulation of Endocytic Sorting Augments Adeno-associated Viral Transduction
Berry, G. E., & Asokan, A. (2015) · Journal of Biological Chemistry · doi:10.1074/jbc.m115.687657 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
“Anti-capsid protein antibody B1 (24) was used to blot for capsid protein, whereas anti-capsid antibody A20 (25) was used for immunoprecipitation and immunostaining.”
MethodRing finger protein 121 is a potent regulator of adeno-associated viral genome transcription
Madigan, V. J., Yuziuk, J. A., Chiarella, A. M., Tyson, T. O., Meganck, R. M., Elmore, Z. C., Tse, L. V., Hathaway, N. A., & Asokan, A. (2019) · PLoS Pathogens · doi:10.1371/journal.ppat.1007988 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
Tseng, Y.-S., Vliet, K. V., Rao, L., McKENNA, R. V., Byrne, B. J., Asokan, A., & Agbandje‐McKenna, M. (2016) · Journal of Virological Methods · doi:10.1016/j.jviromet.2016.07.009 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
“In this assay, ADK4, a MAb that specifically recognizes AAV4 (Kuck et al. 2007) was used as a negative control while ADK8 and ADK9, known to neutralize infection by AAV8 (Gurda et al. 2012) and AAV9 (Sonntag et al. 2011), respectively, were used as positive control.”
MethodInfluentialMadigan, V. J., Berry, G. E., Tyson, T. O., Nardone-White, D. T., Ark, J., Elmore, Z. C., Murlidharan, G., Vincent, H. A., & Asokan, A. (2020) · Journal of Virology · doi:10.1128/jvi.01604-20 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
“Briefly, Scr and ATP2C1 KO cells were transduced with AAV2 for 18 h and then subjected to immunofluorescent staining with the A20 antibody, which recognizes intact AAV2 capsids in their native conformation (13).”
MethodFrançois, A., Guilbaud, M., Awedikian, R., Chadeuf, G., Moullier, P., & Salvetti, A. (2005) · Journal of Virology · doi:10.1128/jvi.79.17.11082-11094.2005 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
Wu, Z., Wang, H., Tustian, A. D., Qiu, H., & Li, N. (2022) · Analytical Chemistry · doi:10.1021/acs.analchem.1c04873 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
Geoffroy, M., Epstein, A. L., Toublanc, E., Moullier, P., & Salvetti, A. (2004) · Journal of Virology · doi:10.1128/jvi.78.20.10977-10986.2004 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
“Rep proteins or only unspliced Rep proteins, respectively (81, 82).”
BackgroundNuclear translocation of adeno-associated virus type 2 capsid proteins for virion assembly
Popa-Wagner, R., Sonntag, F., Schmidt, K., King, J., & Kleinschmidt, J. A. (2012) · Journal of General Virology · doi:10.1099/vir.0.043232-0 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
“11 On: Sun, 16 Dec 2018 00:40:20 capsid proteins VP1, VP2 and VP3 was analysed from whole-cell extracts by Western blotting using the mAb B1 (Wistuba et al., 1995) and expression of VP2 N terminus–GFP fusion proteins using the mAb A69 (Wistuba et al.”
MethodSelf-citationEfficiency of HPV 16 L1/E7 DNA immunization: Influence of cellular localization and capsid assembly
Kuck, D., Leder, C., Kern, A., Müller, M., Piuko, K., Gissmann, L., & Kleinschmidt, J. A. (2005) · Vaccine · doi:10.1016/j.vaccine.2005.12.023 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
Self-citationCharacterization of the Rep78/Adeno-Associated Virus Complex
Prasad, K. M. R., Zhou, C., & Trempe, J. P. (1997) · Virology · doi:10.1006/viro.1996.8431 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
Towards a Platform Chromatography Purification Process for Adeno‐Associated Virus (AAV)
Bogdanovic, A., Donohue, N., Glennon, B., McDonnell, S., & Whelan, J. (2025) · Biotechnology Journal · doi:10.1002/biot.202400526 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
Oleksiewicz, M. B., Costello, F., Huhtanen, M. E., Wolfinbarger, J. B., Alexandersen, S., & Bloom, M. E. (1996) · Journal of Virology · doi:10.1128/jvi.70.5.3242-3247.1996 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
“However, whether the empty capsids commonly observed in infected nuclei serve as precursors for full capsids or whether full and empty capsids arise from unassembled capsid proteins by parallel pathways remains undetermined (38, 41).”
BackgroundA Comparative Analysis of the Structural Architecture of ssDNA Viruses
Bennett, A. D., McKENNA, R. V., & Agbandje‐McKenna, M. (2008) · Computational and Mathematical Methods in Medicine · doi:10.1080/17486700802168247 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
“For AAV2 10-15S, subassembly complexes containing predominantly VP2 and VP3 consistent with pentamers have been isolated in addition to the disruption of capsid assembly for VP mutations that change amino acids involved in 5-fold interactions [14,37,38].”
BackgroundMaier, P., Veldwijk, M. R., & Wenz, F. K. (2011) · Expert Opinion on Biological Therapy · doi:10.1517/14712598.2011.580271 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
“The wild type AAV genome contains three open reading frames (ORFs): the first encodes the four non-structural Rep proteins that control and regulate AAV replication [40], whereas the second encodes the three viral capsid proteins (Figure 2) [41,42].”
BackgroundHermonat, P. L., & Batchu, R. B. (1997) · FEBS Letters · doi:10.1016/s0014-5793(96)01469-x · Cited by 17 · see citing works
Xiang, Y. S., & Hao, G. G. (2023) · Journal of Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology · doi:10.1186/s43141-023-00518-5 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
“Sucrose density sedimentation experiments showed that VPs oligomerize in the cytoplasm (trimers or pentamers), but do not form capsids [59].”
BackgroundStructural and Biophysical Analysis of Adeno-Associated Virus Serotype 2 Capsid Assembly Variants
Bennett, A. D., Gargas, J., Kansol, A., Lewis, J., Hsi, J., Hull, J. A., Mietzsch, M., Tartaglia, L. J., Muzyczka, N., Bhattacharya, N., et al. (2023) · Journal of Virology · doi:10.1128/jvi.01772-22 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
- Authors
- Wistuba, A., Weger, S., Kern, A., & Kleinschmidt, J. A.
- Affiliations
- German Cancer Research Center (DE)
- ORCID
- Weger, S
- Venue
- Journal of Virology
- Publisher
- American Society for Microbiology
- Published
- 1995-09
- Volume
- 69
- Issue
- 9
- Pages
- 5311-5319
- ISSN
- 0022-538X (ISSN-L)
- 1098-5514
- PMC
- PMC189369
- OpenAlex
- W2172045470
- Cited by
- 147
- References
- 44
- Citations by year
- 2026: 3 · 2025: 4 · 2024: 5 · 2023: 6 · 2022: 2 · 2021: 3 · 2020: 3 · 2019: 3 · 2018: 6 · 2017: 4 · 2016: 2 · 2015: 1 · 2014: 3 · 2013: 2 · 2012: 7
- FWCI
- 3.75
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- europepmc.org
- Locations
- Journal of Virology (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Genetics › Virus-based gene therapy research
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Infectious Diseases › Parvovirus B19 Infection Studies
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Epidemiology › Virology and Viral Diseases
- Keywords
- adeno-associated virus type 2, capsid assembly, Rep protein, capsid protein, capsid maturation, DNA encapsidation, Rep78, Rep68, co-immunoprecipitation, sedimentation analysis
- MeSH terms
- Dependovirus, Capsid, Cell Fractionation, Cell Nucleus, Cytoplasm, Electrophoresis, Polyacrylamide Gel, Genes, Viral, HeLa Cells, Humans, Virus Replication, Immunoblotting, Viral Nonstructural Proteins
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