The DOI matches its Crossref record; 38 of the 38 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
S Protein-Reactive IgG and Memory B Cell Production after Human SARS-CoV-2 Infection Includes Broad Reactivity to the S2 Subunit
Open accessPublished version of a preprint
Abstract
The recent rapid worldwide spread of SARS-CoV-2 has established a pandemic of potentially serious disease in the highly susceptible human population. Key issues are whether humans have preexisting immune memory that provides some protection against SARS-CoV-2 and whether SARS-CoV-2 infection generates lasting immune protection against reinfection. Our analysis focused on pre- and postinfection IgG and IgG memory B cells (MBCs) reactive to SARS-CoV-2 proteins. Most importantly, we demonstrate that infection generates both IgG and IgG MBCs against the novel receptor binding domain and the conserved S2 subunit of the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein. Thus, even if antibody levels wane, long-lived MBCs remain to mediate rapid antibody production. Our study results also suggest that SARS-CoV-2 infection strengthens preexisting broad coronavirus protection through S2-reactive antibody and MBC formation.
Overview
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
In the citing paper
“the S2 domain of SARS-CoV-2 spike is more conserved with other coronaviruses”
From mRNA vaccines induce durable immune memory to SARS-CoV-2 and variants of concern (2021) · cites this paper as [42]
In the citing paper
“The data also indicate that SARS-CoV-2 neutralizing antibody responses generally develop from naive B cells, not from pre-existing cross-reactive memory B cells (Anderson et al., 2020; Ng et al., 2020; Nguyen-Contant et al., 2020; Shrock et al., 2020; Song et al., 2020).”
From Adaptive immunity to SARS-CoV-2 and COVID-19 (2021) · cites this paper as Nguyen-Contant et al., 2020
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Citations
Cites
Clinical features of patients infected with 2019 novel coronavirus in Wuhan, China
Huang, C., Wang, Y., Li, X., Ren, L., Zhao, J., Hu, Y., Zhang, L., Fan, G., Xu, J., Gu, X., et al. (2020) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(20)30183-5 · Cited by 48,884
A pneumonia outbreak associated with a new coronavirus of probable bat origin
Zhou, P., Yang, X.-L., Wang, X.-G., Hu, B., Zhang, L., Zhang, W., Si, H.-R., Zhu, Y., Li, B., Huang, C.-L., et al. (2020) · Nature · doi:10.1038/s41586-020-2012-7 · Cited by 21,969
Virological assessment of hospitalized patients with COVID-2019
Wölfel, R., Corman, V. M., Guggemos, W., Seilmaier, M., Zange, S., Müller, M. A., Niemeyer, D., Jones, T. C., Vollmar, P., Rothe, C., et al. (2020) · Nature · doi:10.1038/s41586-020-2196-x · Cited by 6,661
Grifoni, A., Weiskopf, D., Ramirez, S. I., Mateus, J., Dan, J. M., Moderbacher, C. R., Rawlings, S. A., Sutherland, A., Premkumar, L., Jadi, R. S., et al. (2020) · Cell · doi:10.1016/j.cell.2020.05.015 · Cited by 3,595
Antibody responses to SARS-CoV-2 in patients with COVID-19
Long, Q.-X., Liu, B.-Z., Deng, H.-J., Wu, G.-C., Deng, K., Chen, Y.-K., Liao, P., Qiu, J.-F., Lin, Y., Cai, X.-F., et al. (2020) · Nature Medicine · doi:10.1038/s41591-020-0897-1 · Cited by 2,876
Clinical and immunological assessment of asymptomatic SARS-CoV-2 infections
Long, Q.-X., Tang, X.-J., Shi, Q.-L., Li, Q., Deng, H.-J., Yuan, J., Hu, J.-L., Xu, W., Zhang, Y., Lv, F.-J., et al. (2020) · Nature Medicine · doi:10.1038/s41591-020-0965-6 · Cited by 2,686
Characterization of a Novel Coronavirus Associated with Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome
Rota, P. A., Oberste, M. S., Monroe, S. S., Nix, W. A., Campagnoli, R. P., Icenogle, J. P., Peñaranda, S., Bankamp, B., Maher, K., Chen, M., et al. (2003) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.1085952 · Cited by 2,477
Genome Composition and Divergence of the Novel Coronavirus (2019-nCoV) Originating in China
Wu, A., Peng, Y., Huang, B., Ding, X. L., Wang, X., Niu, P., Meng, J., Zhu, Z., Zhang, Z., Wang, J., et al. (2020) · Cell Host & Microbe · doi:10.1016/j.chom.2020.02.001 · Cited by 2,386
Convergent Antibody Responses to SARS-CoV-2 in Convalescent Individuals
Robbiani, D. F., Gaebler, C., Muecksch, F., Lorenzi, J. C. C., Wang, Z., Cho, A., Agudelo, M., Barnes, C. O., Gazumyan, A., Finkin, S., et al. (2020) · Nature · doi:10.1038/s41586-020-2456-9 · Cited by 1,853
A serological assay to detect SARS-CoV-2 seroconversion in humans
Amanat, F., Stadlbauer, D., Strohmeier, S., Nguyen, T. H. O., Chromikova, V., McMahon, M., Jiang, K., Arunkumar, G. A., Jurczyszak, D., Polanco, J., et al. (2020) · Nature Medicine · doi:10.1038/s41591-020-0913-5 · Cited by 1,769
SARS-CoV-2-reactive T cells in healthy donors and patients with COVID-19
Braun, J., Loyal, L., Frentsch, M., Wendisch, D., Georg, P., Kurth, F., Hippenstiel, S., Dingeldey, M., Kruse, B., Fauchere, F., et al. (2020) · Nature · doi:10.1038/s41586-020-2598-9 · Cited by 1,310
SARS-CoV-2 Vaccines: Status Report
Amanat, F., & Krammer, F. (2020) · Immunity · doi:10.1016/j.immuni.2020.03.007 · Cited by 1,120
B Cell Responses: Cell Interaction Dynamics and Decisions
Cyster, J. G., & Allen, C. D. C. (2019) · Cell · doi:10.1016/j.cell.2019.03.016 · Cited by 1,025
Grifoni, A., Sidney, J., Zhang, Y., Scheuermann, R. H., Peters, B., & Sette, A. (2020) · Cell Host & Microbe · doi:10.1016/j.chom.2020.03.002 · Cited by 920
Preexisting and de novo humoral immunity to SARS-CoV-2 in humans
Ng, K. W., Faulkner, N., Cornish, G. H., Rosa, A., Harvey, R., Hussain, S., Ulferts, R., Earl, C., Wrobel, A. G., Benton, D. J., et al. (2020) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.abe1107 · Cited by 886
Premkumar, L., Segovia-Chumbez, B., Jadi, R., Martinez, D. R., Raut, R., Markmann, A. J., Cornaby, C., Bartelt, L., Weiss, S., Park, Y., et al. (2020) · Science Immunology · doi:10.1126/sciimmunol.abc8413 · Cited by 868
Cutting edge: long-term B cell memory in humans after smallpox vaccination
Crotty, S., Felgner, P., Davies, H., Glidewell, J., Villarreal, L., & Ahmed, R. (2003) · The Journal of Immunology · doi:10.4049/jimmunol.171.10.4969 · Cited by 695
Broad neutralization of SARS-related viruses by human monoclonal antibodies
Wec, A. Z., Wrapp, D., Herbert, A. S., Maurer, D. P., Haslwanter, D., Sakharkar, M., Jangra, R. K., Dieterle, M. E., Lilov, A., Huang, D., et al. (2020) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.abc7424 · Cited by 526
Jaimes, J. A., André, N. M., Chappie, J. S., Millet, J. K., & Whittaker, G. R. (2020) · Journal of Molecular Biology · doi:10.1016/j.jmb.2020.04.009 · Cited by 492
Kinetics of SARS-CoV-2 specific IgM and IgG responses in COVID-19 patients
Sun, B., Feng, Y., Mo, X., Zheng, P., Wang, Q., Li, P., Peng, P., Liu, X., Chen, Z., Huang, H., et al. (2020) · Emerging Microbes & Infections · doi:10.1080/22221751.2020.1762515 · Cited by 479
Burbelo, P. D., Riedo, F. X., Morishima, C., Rawlings, S. A., Smith, D. M., Das, S., Strich, J. R., Chertow, D. S., Davey, R. T., & Cohen, J. I. (2020) · The Journal of Infectious Diseases · doi:10.1093/infdis/jiaa273 · Cited by 471
Ellebedy, A. H., Jackson, K., Kissick, H. T., Nakaya, H. I., Davis, C. W., Roskin, K. M., McElroy, A. K., Oshansky, C. M., Elbein, R., Thomas, S., et al. (2016) · Nature Immunology · doi:10.1038/ni.3533 · Cited by 396
Buchholz, U. J., Bukreyev, A. A., Yang, L., Lamirande, E. W., Murphy, B. R., Subbarao, K., & Collins, P. L. (2004) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.0403492101 · Cited by 385
Quataert, S. A., Kirch, C. S., Wiedl, L. J., Phipps, D. C., Strohmeyer, S., Cimino, C. O., Skuse, J., & Madore, D. V. (1995) · Clinical and Diagnostic Laboratory Immunology · doi:10.1128/cdli.2.5.590-597.1995 · Cited by 266
COVID-19 Serology at Population Scale: SARS-CoV-2-Specific Antibody Responses in Saliva
Randad, P. R., Pisanic, N., Kruczynski, K. L., Manabe, Y. C., Thomas, D. L., Pekosz, A. S., Klein, S. L., Betenbaugh, M. J., Clarke, W. A., Laeyendecker, O. B., et al. (2020) · Journal of Clinical Microbiology · doi:10.1128/jcm.02204-20 · Cited by 249
Johnson, J. L., Rosenthal, R. L., Knox, J. J., Myles, A., Naradikian, M. S., Madej, J., Kostiv, M., Rosenfeld, A. M., Meng, W., Christensen, S. R., et al. (2020) · Immunity · doi:10.1016/j.immuni.2020.03.020 · Cited by 212
Leung, D. T. M., Tam, F. C. H., Ma, C. H., Chan, P. K. S., Cheung, J. L. K., Niu, H., Tam, J. S., & Lim, P. L. (2004) · The Journal of Infectious Diseases · doi:10.1086/422040 · Cited by 207
Elshabrawy, H. A., Coughlin, M. M., Baker, S. C., & Prabhakar, B. S. (2012) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0050366 · Cited by 173
Patrick, D. M., Petric, M., Skowronski, D. M., Guasparini, R., Booth, T. F., Krajden, M., McGeer, P. L., Bastien, N., Gustafson, L., Dubord, J., et al. (2006) · Canadian Journal of Infectious Diseases and Medical Microbiology · doi:10.1155/2006/152612 · Cited by 152
Andrews, S. F., Chambers, M. J., Schramm, C. A., Plyler, J. R., Raab, J. E., Kanekiyo, M., Gillespie, R. A., Ransier, A., Darko, S. W., Hu, J., et al. (2019) · Immunity · doi:10.1016/j.immuni.2019.06.024 · Cited by 141
Galson, J. D., Schätzle, S., Bashford-Rogers, R. J. M., Raybould, M. I. J., Kovaltsuk, A., Kilpatrick, G. J., Minter, R., Finch, D. K., Dias, J. C., James, L. K., et al. (2020) · Frontiers in Immunology · doi:10.3389/fimmu.2020.605170 · Cited by 136
Joo, H. M., He, Y., & Sangster, M. Y. (2008) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.0800003105 · Cited by 93
Self-citationPre-existing and de novo humoral immunity to SARS-CoV-2 in humansPreprint
Ng, K. W., Faulkner, N., Cornish, G. H., et al. (2020) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.1101/2020.05.14.095414 · Cited by 85
COVID-19 serology at population scale: SARS-CoV-2-specific antibody responses in salivaPreprint
Randad, P. R., Pisanic, N., Kruczynski, K. L., et al. (2020) · medRxiv · doi:10.1101/2020.05.24.20112300 · Cited by 80
Tesini, B. L., Kanagaiah, P., Wang, J., Hahn, M. A., Halliley, J. L., Chaves, F. A., Nguyen, P. Q. T., Nogales, A., DeDiego, M. L., Anderson, C., et al. (2019) · Journal of Virology · doi:10.1128/jvi.00169-19 · Cited by 51
Self-citationWeiss, G. E., Ndungu, F. M., McKittrick, N. D., Li, S., Kimani, D., Crompton, P. D., Marsh, K., & Pierce, S. K. (2011) · Journal of Immunological Methods · doi:10.1016/j.jim.2011.09.006 · Cited by 32
Galson, J. D., Schaetzle, S., Bashford-Rogers, R. J. M., et al. (2020) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.1101/2020.05.20.106294 · Cited by 28
Sangster, M. Y., Nguyen, P. Q. T., & Topham, D. J. (2019) · Pathogens · doi:10.3390/pathogens8040167 · Cited by 24
Self-citation
Flagged first, then by citations
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Adaptive immunity to SARS-CoV-2 and COVID-19
Sette, A., & Crotty, S. (2021) · Cell · doi:10.1016/j.cell.2021.01.007 · Cited by 1,860
Preexisting and de novo humoral immunity to SARS-CoV-2 in humans
Ng, K. W., Faulkner, N., Cornish, G. H., Rosa, A., Harvey, R., Hussain, S., Ulferts, R., Earl, C., Wrobel, A. G., Benton, D. J., et al. (2020) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.abe1107 · Cited by 886
mRNA vaccines induce durable immune memory to SARS-CoV-2 and variants of concern
Goel, R. R., Painter, M. M., Apostolidis, S. A., Mathew, D., Meng, W., Rosenfeld, A. M., Lundgreen, K. A., Reynaldi, A., Khoury, D. S., Pattekar, A., et al. (2021) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.abm0829 · Cited by 873
COVID-19 vaccine development: milestones, lessons and prospects
Li, M., Wang, H., Tian, L., Pang, Z., Yang, Q., Huang, T., Fan, J., Song, L., Tong, Y., & Fan, H. (2022) · Signal Transduction and Targeted Therapy · doi:10.1038/s41392-022-00996-y · Cited by 478
Anderson, E. M., Goodwin, E. C., Verma, A., Arevalo, C. P., Bolton, M. J., Weirick, M. E., Gouma, S., McAllister, C. M., Christensen, S. R., Weaver, J., et al. (2021) · Cell · doi:10.1016/j.cell.2021.02.010 · Cited by 381
Metadata
- Authors
- Nguyen-Contant, P., Embong, A. K., Kanagaiah, P., Chaves, F. A., Yang, H., Branche, A. R., Topham, D. J., & Sangster, M. Y.
- Affiliations
- David H. Smith Center for Vaccine Biology and Immunology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York, USA
- University of Rochester Medicine (US)
- Corresponding author
- Sangster, Mark Y.
- ORCID
- Venue
- mBio
- Publisher
- American Society for Microbiology
- Published
- 2020-10-27
- Volume
- 11
- Issue
- 5
- ISSN
- 2150-7511 (ISSN-L)
- 2161-2129
- PMC
- PMC7520599
- OpenAlex
- W3087903445
- Cited by
- 204
- References
- 35
- Citations by year
- 2026: 3 · 2025: 13 · 2024: 16 · 2023: 29 · 2022: 60 · 2021: 75 · 2020: 8
- FWCI
- 5.64
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- mBio (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) (acceptedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- HHS | NIH | National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (HHSN272201400005C)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Infectious Diseases › SARS-CoV-2 and COVID-19 Research
- Life Sciences › Immunology and Microbiology › Immunology › Immune responses and vaccinations
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › vaccines and immunoinformatics approaches
- Keywords
- SARS-CoV-2, COVID-19 pandemic, S protein, S2 subunit, receptor binding domain, memory B cells, IgG, antibody response, pre-existing immunity, reinfection, cross-reactive antibodies, coronavirus
- MeSH terms
- Betacoronavirus, COVID-19, SARS-CoV-2, Coronavirus Nucleocapsid Proteins, Adult, Antibodies, Viral, B-Lymphocytes, Convalescence, Cross Reactions, Female, Humans, Immunoglobulin G, Immunologic Memory, Male, Middle Aged, Phosphoproteins, Pneumonia, Viral, Coronavirus Infections, Nucleocapsid Proteins, Protein Subunits, Protein Interaction Domains and Motifs, Pandemics, Healthy Volunteers, Spike Glycoprotein, Coronavirus
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
