Cited by 1,256SARS-CoV-2 and COVID-19 ResearchAnimal Virus Infections StudiesViral Infections and Outbreaks Research

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Coronavirus Pathogenesis and the Emerging Pathogen Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus

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Weiss, Susan R., Navas-Martin, Sonia·2005·Microbiology and Molecular Biology Reviews

DOI 10.1128/mmbr.69.4.635-664.2005PMC PMC1306801

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Abstract

SUMMARY: Coronaviruses are a family of enveloped, single-stranded, positive-strand RNA viruses classified within the Nidovirales order. This coronavirus family consists of pathogens of many animal species and of humans, including the recently isolated severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV). This review is divided into two main parts; the first concerns the animal coronaviruses and their pathogenesis, with an emphasis on the functions of individual viral genes, and the second discusses the newly described human emerging pathogen, SARS-CoV. The coronavirus part covers (i) a description of a group of coronaviruses and the diseases they cause, including the prototype coronavirus, murine hepatitis virus, which is one of the recognized animal models for multiple sclerosis, as well as viruses of veterinary importance that infect the pig, chicken, and cat and a summary of the human viruses; (ii) a short summary of the replication cycle of coronaviruses in cell culture; (iii) the development and application of reverse genetics systems; and (iv) the roles of individual coronavirus proteins in replication and pathogenesis. The SARS-CoV part covers the pathogenesis of SARS, the developing animal models for infection, and the progress in vaccine development and antiviral therapies. The data gathered on the animal coronaviruses continue to be helpful in understanding SARS-CoV.

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Alkharashi, N. A. O. (2021) · Clinical Nutrition Open Science · doi:10.1016/j.nutos.2021.09.001 · Cited by 35
Protective Immunity against SARS Subunit Vaccine Candidates Based on Spike Protein: Lessons for Coronavirus Vaccine Development
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“Coronaviruses are enveloped positive-sense RNA virus, which are host-speci ﬁ c and can infect the human and a large number of animals [4].”
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“Coronaviruses cause mainly respiratory and enteric diseases in mammals and birds with varying severity (Dijkman et al. 2013; Sipulwa et al. 2016; Weiss & Navas-Martin 2005).”
Ultra-sensitive detection of norovirus using a three-in-one CRISPR platform based on a DNA hydrogel and composite functional nanomaterials
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Mechanism for controlling the monomer–dimer conversion of SARS coronavirus main protease
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“They include important pathogens of humans and other animals (Weiss & Navas-Martin, 2005).”
Background
Identification of anti-viral activity of the cardenolides, Na + /K + -ATPase inhibitors, against porcine transmissible gastroenteritis virus
Yang, C., Chang, H.-Y., Hsu, H., Lee, Y., Chang, H., Chen, I., & Lee, S. (2017) · Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology · doi:10.1016/j.taap.2017.04.017 · Cited by 34
Establishment of a Virulent Full-Length cDNA Clone for Type I Feline Coronavirus Strain C3663
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“4 Introduction 58 Coronaviruses (CoVs) are pathogens that infect a wide variety of animals, 59 including humans, and cause respiratory and enteric diseases (1).”
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COVID-19 therapy: What weapons do we bring into battle?
de Almeida, S. M. V., Soares, J. C. S., dos Santos, K. L., Alves, J. E. F., Ribeiro, A. G., Jacob, Í. T. T., Ferreira, C. J. D. S., dos Santos, J. C., de Oliveira, J. F., de Carvalho, L. B., et al. (2020) · Bioorganic & Medicinal Chemistry · doi:10.1016/j.bmc.2020.115757 · Cited by 36
Structure of Alphacoronavirus Transmissible Gastroenteritis Virus nsp1 Has Implications for Coronavirus nsp1 Function and Evolution
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Comparative genomics suggests limited variability and similar evolutionary patterns between major clades of SARS-CoV-2Preprint
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“the RNA dependent polymerase (Weiss and Navas-Martin, 2005), the major clades of SARS-”
BackgroundInfluential
Prevalence and risk factors of mortality among hospitalized patients with COVID-19: A systematic review and Meta-analysisPreprint
Abate, S. M., Checkol, Y. A., Mantedafro, B., & Basu, B. (2020) · doi:10.2471/blt.20.260737 · Cited by 34
Cell Tropism Predicts Long-term Nucleotide Substitution Rates of Mammalian RNA Viruses
Hicks, A. L., & Duffy, S. (2014) · PLoS Pathogens · doi:10.1371/journal.ppat.1003838 · Cited by 31
The Evolutionary Processes of Canine Coronaviruses
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“Thus, SARS-CoV has been placed within subgroup 2b together with SARS-like CoVs isolated from bats and wild carnivores [14, 15].”
Method
Distinct Signature Type I Interferon Responses are Determined by the Infecting virus and the Target Cell
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COVID-DeepPredictor: Recurrent Neural Network to Predict SARS-CoV-2 and Other Pathogenic Viruses
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“SARS-CoV-2 is defined as an enveloped, positive-sense, single-stranded RNA virus with a genome of around 30 kilobases in length (Weiss and Navas-Martin, 2005; Su et al., 2016; Cui et al., 2019).”
Background
Aptamer Applications in Emerging Viral Diseases
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Rat respiratory coronavirus infection: replication in airway and alveolar epithelial cells and the innate immune response
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Alphacoronavirus Detection in Lungs, Liver, and Intestines of Bats from Brazil
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Estrogen shields women from COVID-19 complications by reducing ER stress
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“S spike protein allows the viral entry into host cell, while other two proteins are M (membrane protein) and E (small hydrophobic protein) [2].”
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Murine Coronavirus Cell Type Dependent Interaction with the Type I Interferon Response
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Self-citation
Identification and genetic characterization of porcine hemagglutinating encephalomyelitis virus from domestic piglets in China
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“The coronavirus S protein plays vital roles in viral entry, cell-to-cell spread, and the determination of tissue tropism [11].”
Background
Selection of viral variants during persistent infection of insectivorous bat cells with Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus
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Histopathologic and Autopsy Findings in Patients Diagnosed With Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19): What We Know So Far Based on Correlation With Clinical, Morphologic and Pathobiological Aspects
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Risk Factors on the Progression to Clinical Outcomes of COVID-19 Patients in South Korea: Using National Data
Kim, S., Nam, S., & Kim, Y. (2020) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph17238847 · Cited by 31
Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 causes lung inflammation and injury
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“Reduced expression of ACE2 indirectly activates the kallikreinekinin system, which ultimately increases vascular permeability [8,18].”
Novel Coronavirus and Astrovirus in Delaware Bay Shorebirds
Honkavuori, K. S., Briese, T., Krauss, S. L., Sanchez, M. D., Jain, K., Hutchison, S. K., Webster, R. G., & Lipkin, W. I. (2014) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0093395 · Cited by 31
“Members of the family Coronaviridae cause enteric, respiratory and central nervous system (CNS) diseases in a wide range of animal species [26,27].”
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Co‐infection of respiratory bacterium with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus induces an exacerbated pneumonia in mice
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Development of transgenic mouse model expressing porcine aminopeptidase N and its susceptibility to porcine epidemic diarrhea virus
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Background
The crystal structure of main protease from mouse hepatitis virus A59 in complex with an inhibitor
Cui, W., Cui, S., Chen, C., Chen, X., Wang, Z., Yang, H., & Zhang, L. (2019) · Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications · doi:10.1016/j.bbrc.2019.02.105 · Cited by 30
Coronavirus (COVID-19) Fulminant Myopericarditis and Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome (ARDS) in a Middle-Aged Male Patient
Hussain, H., Fadel, A., Alwaeli, H., & Guardiola, V. (2020) · Cureus · doi:10.7759/cureus.8808 · Cited by 30
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BackgroundInfluential
Expression and functional characterization of the putative protein 8b of the severe acute respiratory syndrome‐associated coronavirus
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Rat coronaviruses infect rat alveolar type I epithelial cells and induce expression of CXC chemokines
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Flavonol morin targets host ACE2, IMP-α, PARP-1 and viral proteins of SARS-CoV-2, SARS-CoV and MERS-CoV critical for infection and survival: a computational analysis
Gupta, A., Ahmad, R., Siddiqui, S., Yadav, K., Srivastava, A., Trivedi, A., Ahmad, B., Khan, M. A., Shrivastava, A. K., & Singh, G. K. (2021) · Journal of Biomolecular Structure and Dynamics · doi:10.1080/07391102.2021.1871863 · Cited by 29
“Coronaviruses (CoVs; Supplementary Figure 1.1) belong to the family of Coronaviridae (order Nidovirales) and have a single stranded positive-sense RNA as genetic material approximately 26–32 kb in size (Abd El-Aziz & Stockand, 2020; Shereen et al., 2020; Weiss & Navas-Martin, 2005).”
BackgroundInfluential
Cross-Reactive Immune Responses toward the Common Cold Human Coronaviruses and Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2): Mini-Review and a Murine Study
Sealy, R. E., & Hurwitz, J. L. (2021) · Microorganisms · doi:10.3390/microorganisms9081643 · Cited by 30
A Tale of Three Recent Pandemics: Influenza, HIV and SARS-CoV-2
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Association of ACE2 Gene Variants with the Severity of COVID-19 Disease—A Prospective Observational Study
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Lipidation increases antiviral activities of coronavirus fusion-inhibiting peptides
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RETRACTED ARTICLE: Detection of SARS-CoV-2 from patient fecal samples by whole genome sequencing
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Marine algal antagonists targeting 3CL protease and spike glycoprotein of SARS-CoV-2: a computational approach for anti-COVID-19 drug discovery
Arunkumar, M., Gunaseelan, S., Aravind, M. K., Mohankumar, V., Patra, A., Harikrishnan, M., Siva, A., Ashokkumar, B., & Varalakshmi, P. (2021) · Journal of Biomolecular Structure and Dynamics · doi:10.1080/07391102.2021.1921032 · Cited by 28
Evolution, Ecology, and Zoonotic Transmission of Betacoronaviruses: A Review
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Authors: Weiss, S. R., & Navas-Martin, S.
Affiliations: University of Pennsylvania (US)
Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Center for Molecular Medicine and Infectious Disease, Drexel College of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
Corresponding author: Weiss, Susan R.
ORCID: Weiss, Susan R.
Venue: Microbiology and Molecular Biology Reviews
Publisher: American Society for Microbiology
Published: 2005-12
Volume: 69
Issue: 4
Pages: 635-664
ISSN: 1092-2172 (ISSN-L)
1098-5557
DOI: 10.1128/mmbr.69.4.635-664.2005
PMC: PMC1306801
OpenAlex: W2131988685
Cited by: 1,256
References: 391
Citations by year: 2026: 14 · 2025: 39 · 2024: 69 · 2023: 80 · 2022: 149 · 2021: 253 · 2020: 352 · 2019: 18 · 2018: 12 · 2017: 19 · 2016: 24 · 2015: 14 · 2014: 33 · 2013: 23 · 2012: 18
FWCI: 3.70
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: green
www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
Licence: journals.asm.org/non-commercial-tdm-license (tdm)
Locations: Microbiology and Molecular Biology Reviews (publishedVersion)
PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Funders: National Multiple Sclerosis Society
Drexel University
Multiple Sclerosis Society
National Institutes of Health
National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (AI 17418, AI-47800, N01 AI060021, R01AI047800, R01AI060021, R01AI017418, AI60021)
National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (R01NS021954, NS-21954, NS-30606, P01NS030606)
Topics: Health Sciences › Medicine › Infectious Diseases › SARS-CoV-2 and COVID-19 Research
Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Animal Science and Zoology › Animal Virus Infections Studies
Health Sciences › Medicine › Infectious Diseases › Viral Infections and Outbreaks Research
Keywords: coronavirus pathogenesis, severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus, SARS-CoV, animal coronaviruses, mouse hepatitis virus, reverse genetics, coronavirus proteins, SARS, animal models of infection, vaccine development, antiviral therapy, emerging pathogens
MeSH terms: Animals, Cats, Cattle, Disease Models, Animal, Humans, Viral Proteins, Viral Vaccines, Virion, Coronavirus, Coronavirus Infections, Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome, Severe acute respiratory syndrome-related coronavirus, Mice

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Coronavirus Pathogenesis and the Emerging Pathogen Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus

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