Cited by 1,256SARS-CoV-2 and COVID-19 ResearchAnimal Virus Infections StudiesViral Infections and Outbreaks Research

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Coronavirus Pathogenesis and the Emerging Pathogen Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus

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Weiss, Susan R., Navas-Martin, Sonia·2005·Microbiology and Molecular Biology Reviews

DOI 10.1128/mmbr.69.4.635-664.2005PMC PMC1306801

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Abstract

SUMMARY: Coronaviruses are a family of enveloped, single-stranded, positive-strand RNA viruses classified within the Nidovirales order. This coronavirus family consists of pathogens of many animal species and of humans, including the recently isolated severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV). This review is divided into two main parts; the first concerns the animal coronaviruses and their pathogenesis, with an emphasis on the functions of individual viral genes, and the second discusses the newly described human emerging pathogen, SARS-CoV. The coronavirus part covers (i) a description of a group of coronaviruses and the diseases they cause, including the prototype coronavirus, murine hepatitis virus, which is one of the recognized animal models for multiple sclerosis, as well as viruses of veterinary importance that infect the pig, chicken, and cat and a summary of the human viruses; (ii) a short summary of the replication cycle of coronaviruses in cell culture; (iii) the development and application of reverse genetics systems; and (iv) the roles of individual coronavirus proteins in replication and pathogenesis. The SARS-CoV part covers the pathogenesis of SARS, the developing animal models for infection, and the progress in vaccine development and antiviral therapies. The data gathered on the animal coronaviruses continue to be helpful in understanding SARS-CoV.

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Prematurity is a significant predictor of worse outcomes in viral bronchiolitis: A comparative study in infancy
Basha, N. R. E., Marzouk, H., Sherif, M., & Kholy, A. E. (2017) · Journal of the Egyptian Public Health Association · doi:10.21608/epx.2017.16404 · Cited by 4
On the role of membrane embedding, protein rigidity and transmembrane length in lipid membrane fusion
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Porcine enteric alphacoronavirus infection increases lipid droplet accumulation to facilitate the virus replication
Gao, Q., Feng, Y., Gong, T., Wu, D., Zheng, X., Luo, Y., Yang, Y., Song, Z., Gong, L., & Zhang, G. (2023) · Journal of Integrative Agriculture · doi:10.1016/j.jia.2023.10.010 · Cited by 4
Current development of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 neutralizing antibodies (Review)
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“There are currently four known genera of coronaviruses, specifically α , β , γ and δ . β coronaviruses can be classified into subgenera A, B, C and d (37).”
Background
Chromatin Regulator SMARCA4 Is Essential for MHV-Induced Inflammatory Cell Death, PANoptosis
Malireddi, R. K. S., & Kanneganti, T. (2024) · Viruses · doi:10.3390/v16081261 · Cited by 5
Unraveling the structural and functional dimensions of SARS-CoV2 proteins in the context of COVID-19 pathogenesis and therapeutics
Jhanwar, A., Sharma, D., & Das, U. (2024) · International Journal of Biological Macromolecules · doi:10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.134850 · Cited by 4
A detailed examination of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19): Covering past and future perspectives
Yasmin, S., & Ansari, M. Y. (2025) · Microbial Pathogenesis · doi:10.1016/j.micpath.2025.107398 · Cited by 6
Nucleobase but not Sugar Fidelity is Maintained in the Sabin I RNA-Dependent RNA Polymerase
Liu, X., Musser, D. M., Lee, C., Yang, X., Arnold, J., Cameron, C. E., & Boehr, D. D. (2015) · Viruses · doi:10.3390/v7102894 · Cited by 5
Suppression subtractive hybridization method for the identification of a new strain of murine hepatitis virus from xenografted SCID mice
Islam, M. M., Toohey, B., Purcell, D. F. J., & Kannourakis, G. (2015) · Archives of Virology · doi:10.1007/s00705-015-2592-y · Cited by 4
“…LIVIM, and DVIM, generally produce infections conﬁned to the GI tract [36], whereas polytropic strains, such as MHV-1, MHV-2, MHV-3, MHV-4 (or JHM), MHV-A59 and MHV-S, initiate infection mainly in the respiratory tract, which can disseminate to the liver, spleen, lymph nodes, and brain [35–37].”
Background
Dissecting the Drug Development Strategies Against SARS-CoV-2 Through Diverse Computational Modeling Techniques
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Therapeutic approaches to coronavirus infection according to “One Health” concept
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PART 2: Mouse models for multiple sclerosis research
Ramasamy, R., & Smith, P. P. (2021) · Neurourology and Urodynamics · doi:10.1002/nau.24654 · Cited by 4
“This chronic demyelination occurs in the absence of detectable infectious virus.(52,53) However, viral RNA accompanied by virus‐ specific T‐cells persists within the late lesions throughout RAMASAMY AND SMITH | 961”
Background
COVID-19 pandemic: the implications of the natural history, challenges of diagnosis and management for care in sub-Saharan Africa
Omo-Aghoja, L. O., Moke, E. G., Anachuna, K. K., Omogbiya, A. I., Umukoro, E. K., Toloyai, P.-E. Y., Daubry, T. M. E., & Eduviere, A. T. (2021) · Beni-Suef University Journal of Basic and Applied Sciences · doi:10.1186/s43088-021-00106-x · Cited by 4
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Narayan Consultancy on Veterinary Public Health and Microbiology, A.-3., Pal, M. S., Bulcha, M. R., Yemalog Walal Woreda Livestock and Fishery Development and Resource Office, K. W. Z., Banu, M. G., Gedo District Livestock and Fishery Development and Resource Office, O., & Ketchakmadze, D. (2021) · Iberoamerican Journal of Medicine · doi:10.53986/ibjm.2021.0041 · Cited by 4
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“Binding causes conformational changes in the spike protein, mediating the fusion of the viral and cell membranes and the release of the viral nucleocapsid into the cell (2).”
Background
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“Introduction A virus completes its lifecycle with the four essential steps, viral entry through fusion, RNA replication, assembly, and release [1].”
Background
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“It has been known that they cause acute and chronic respiratory, enteric and central nervous system diseases both in animals and humans (Orhan and Deniz, 2020; Weiss and Navas-Martin, 2005).”
Background
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“CoVs can infect both animals and humans, causing respiratory, enteric, hepatic and central nervous system diseases [22][23].”
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Crystal structures of human coronavirus NL63 main protease at different pH values
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Olfactory and gustatory dysfunctions in patients with COVID-19 in Wuhan, China
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Shehzad, A., Sumartono, C., Nugraha, J., Susilowati, H., Wijaya, A. Y., Ahmad, H. I., Kashif, M., Tyasningsih, W., & Rantam, F. A. (2022) · Journal of Pharmacy & Pharmacognosy Research · doi:10.56499/jppres21.1210_10.3.445 · Cited by 4
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“strain, causing fulminant hepatitis and death of susceptible C57BL/6 mice within 3 to 5 days postinfection and neurological disease following nonlethal hepatitis in semisusceptible C3H mice [6, 7].”
Background
Integrated multi-omics approach identified molecular mechanism and pathogenetic processes of COVID-19 that affect patient with Parkinson’s disorder
Zhao, H., Zhang, Q., Chen, H., Rahman, M. R., & Faruquee, H. M. (2021) · Saudi Journal of Biological Sciences · doi:10.1016/j.sjbs.2021.07.074 · Cited by 4
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Analysis of Ten Microsecond simulation data of SARS-CoV-2 dimeric main proteasePreprint
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“Coronaviruses (CoVs) are single-stranded positive-sense RNA viruses that can cause several pulmonary diseases in mammals (Masters, 2006; Weiss & Navas-Martin, 2005).”
Background
Retracted

Authors: Weiss, S. R., & Navas-Martin, S.
Affiliations: University of Pennsylvania (US)
Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Center for Molecular Medicine and Infectious Disease, Drexel College of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
Corresponding author: Weiss, Susan R.
ORCID: Weiss, Susan R.
Venue: Microbiology and Molecular Biology Reviews
Publisher: American Society for Microbiology
Published: 2005-12
Volume: 69
Issue: 4
Pages: 635-664
ISSN: 1092-2172 (ISSN-L)
1098-5557
DOI: 10.1128/mmbr.69.4.635-664.2005
PMC: PMC1306801
OpenAlex: W2131988685
Cited by: 1,256
References: 391
Citations by year: 2026: 14 · 2025: 39 · 2024: 69 · 2023: 80 · 2022: 149 · 2021: 253 · 2020: 352 · 2019: 18 · 2018: 12 · 2017: 19 · 2016: 24 · 2015: 14 · 2014: 33 · 2013: 23 · 2012: 18
FWCI: 3.70
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: green
www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
Licence: journals.asm.org/non-commercial-tdm-license (tdm)
Locations: Microbiology and Molecular Biology Reviews (publishedVersion)
PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Funders: National Multiple Sclerosis Society
Drexel University
Multiple Sclerosis Society
National Institutes of Health
National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (AI 17418, AI-47800, N01 AI060021, R01AI047800, R01AI060021, R01AI017418, AI60021)
National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (R01NS021954, NS-21954, NS-30606, P01NS030606)
Topics: Health Sciences › Medicine › Infectious Diseases › SARS-CoV-2 and COVID-19 Research
Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Animal Science and Zoology › Animal Virus Infections Studies
Health Sciences › Medicine › Infectious Diseases › Viral Infections and Outbreaks Research
Keywords: coronavirus pathogenesis, severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus, SARS-CoV, animal coronaviruses, mouse hepatitis virus, reverse genetics, coronavirus proteins, SARS, animal models of infection, vaccine development, antiviral therapy, emerging pathogens
MeSH terms: Animals, Cats, Cattle, Disease Models, Animal, Humans, Viral Proteins, Viral Vaccines, Virion, Coronavirus, Coronavirus Infections, Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome, Severe acute respiratory syndrome-related coronavirus, Mice

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Coronavirus Pathogenesis and the Emerging Pathogen Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus

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