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Coronavirus Pathogenesis and the Emerging Pathogen Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus
Open accessAbstract
SUMMARY: Coronaviruses are a family of enveloped, single-stranded, positive-strand RNA viruses classified within the Nidovirales order. This coronavirus family consists of pathogens of many animal species and of humans, including the recently isolated severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV). This review is divided into two main parts; the first concerns the animal coronaviruses and their pathogenesis, with an emphasis on the functions of individual viral genes, and the second discusses the newly described human emerging pathogen, SARS-CoV. The coronavirus part covers (i) a description of a group of coronaviruses and the diseases they cause, including the prototype coronavirus, murine hepatitis virus, which is one of the recognized animal models for multiple sclerosis, as well as viruses of veterinary importance that infect the pig, chicken, and cat and a summary of the human viruses; (ii) a short summary of the replication cycle of coronaviruses in cell culture; (iii) the development and application of reverse genetics systems; and (iv) the roles of individual coronavirus proteins in replication and pathogenesis. The SARS-CoV part covers the pathogenesis of SARS, the developing animal models for infection, and the progress in vaccine development and antiviral therapies. The data gathered on the animal coronaviruses continue to be helpful in understanding SARS-CoV.
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Recombinant Human Thymosin Beta‐4 Protects against Mouse Coronavirus Infection
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“This virus has a wide range of hosts, such as horses, mice, rats, turkeys, chickens, swine, rabbits, cattle, dogs, cats and humans (59).”
BackgroundTracking SARS-CoV-2: Novel Trends and Diagnostic Strategies
Guaman-Bautista, L. P., Moreta-Urbano, E., Oña-Arias, C. G., Arias, M. T., Kyriakidis, N. C., Malcı, K., Jonguitud‐Borrego, N., Rios‐Solis, L., Ramos-Martı́nez, E., López‐Cortés, A., et al. (2021) · Diagnostics · doi:10.3390/diagnostics11111981 · Cited by 15
Diverse Techniques Applied for Effective Diagnosis of COVID-19
Adetunji, C. O., Olaniyan, O. T., Adeyomoye, O., Dare, A., Adeniyi, M. J., Enoch, A., Ребезов, М. Б., Корягина, Н. А., & Shariati, M. A. (2021) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-79753-9_3 · Cited by 14
Lima, M., Aloizou, A., Siokas, V., Bakirtzis, C., Liampas, I., Tsouris, Z., Bogdanos, D. P., Balogiannis, S., & Dardiotis, E. (2022) · Reviews in the Neurosciences · doi:10.1515/revneuro-2021-0148 · Cited by 34
“(Weiss and Navas-Martin 2005), when electron microscope studies discovered spike projections on the surface of these viruses, which resembled a crown.”
BackgroundHow Does Long-COVID Impact Prognosis and the Long-Term Sequelae?
Baroni, C., Potito, J., Perticone, M. E., Orausclio, P., & Luna, C. M. (2023) · Viruses · doi:10.3390/v15051173 · Cited by 14
Characterization of CCoV-HuPn-2018 spike protein-mediated viral entry
Liu, Y., Chen, D., Wang, Y., Li, X., Qiu, Y., Zheng, M., Song, Y., Li, G., Song, C., Liu, T., et al. (2023) · Journal of Virology · doi:10.1128/jvi.00601-23 · Cited by 13
Improved Culture Methods for Human Coronaviruses HCoV‐OC43, HCoV‐229E, and HCoV‐NL63
Fausto, A., Otter, C. J., Bracci, N. R., & Weiss, S. R. (2023) · Current Protocols · doi:10.1002/cpz1.914 · Cited by 13
Self-citationResearch Advances on Swine Acute Diarrhea Syndrome Coronavirus
Liu, C., Huang, W., He, X., Feng, Z., & Chen, Q. (2024) · Animals · doi:10.3390/ani14030448 · Cited by 14
Singasa, K., Songserm, T., Lertwatcharasarakul, P., & Arunvipas, P. (2017) · Tropical Animal Health and Production · doi:10.1007/s11250-017-1358-9 · Cited by 13
“Moreover, S1 subunit has the downstream hypervariable region (HVR) that is different in each strain, but S2 subunit is conserved among strains (Weiss and Martin 2005).”
BackgroundCRISPR-Based Approaches for Efficient and Accurate Detection of SARS-CoV-2
Zhang, W., Liu, K., Zhang, P., Cheng, W., Li, L., Zhang, F., Yu, Z., Li, L., & Zhang, X. (2020) · Laboratory Medicine · doi:10.1093/labmed/lmaa101 · Cited by 13
Nigella sativa (Black Seed) as a Natural Remedy against Viruses
Basurra, R. S., Wang, S. M., & Alhoot, M. A. (2021) · Journal of Pure and Applied Microbiology · doi:10.22207/jpam.15.1.26 · Cited by 13
Infectious bronchitis virus in Australia: a model of coronavirus evolution – a review
Quinteros, J. A., Ignjatovic, J., Chousalkar, K. K., Noormohammadi, A. H., & Browning, G. F. (2021) · Avian Pathology · doi:10.1080/03079457.2021.1939858 · Cited by 13
Pinki, P., Rani, D., Bajaj, H., & Singh, R. (2021) · Research Journal of Pharmacy and Technology · doi:10.52711/0974-360x.2021.00598 · Cited by 13
Reducing the viral load of SARS‐CoV‐2 in the saliva of patients with COVID‐19
Guimarães, T. C., Marques, B. B. F., de Castro, M. V., Secco, D., Pôrto, L. C., Tinoco, J. M. M., Tinoco, E. M. B., Fletcher, P., & Fischer, R. G. (2021) · Oral Diseases · doi:10.1111/odi.14118 · Cited by 13
COVID-19 lockdown and environmental pollution: an Indian multi-state investigation
Marwah, M., & Agrawala, P. K. (2022) · Environmental Monitoring and Assessment · doi:10.1007/s10661-021-09693-9 · Cited by 13
“The decline rates could translate into limiting climate change to a 1.5 °C warming if the rates of decline remain maintained (United Nations Environment Program, 2019; Wigley et al., 1981).”
BackgroundInfluentialLima, E. N. D. C., Octaviano, A. L. M., Piqueira, J. R. C., Diaz, R. S., & Justo, J. F. (2022) · International Journal of Nanomedicine · doi:10.2147/ijn.s341890 · Cited by 13
“When neutralizing antibody-mediated protection is incomplete, cytotoxic CD8+ T cells are particularly important for viral elimination.(36) According to another study, 100% of people who recovered from COVID-19 had S protein-specific CD4+ T cells and 70% had S protein-specific CD8+ T cells in their blood circulation.”
BackgroundIdentification of the functional domain of the porcine epidemic diarrhoea virus receptor
Shan, Z., Yin, J., Wang, Z., Chen, P., Li, Y., & Tang, L. (2015) · Journal of General Virology · doi:10.1099/vir.0.000211 · Cited by 13
“Received 15 December 2014 Accepted 3 June 2015 Porcine epidemic diarrhoea virus (PEDV) belonging to the group I coronavirus is the major cause of lethal diarrhoea disease in piglets (Oh et al., 2003; Weiss & Navas-Martin, 2005).”
BackgroundBasha, N. R. E., Marzouk, H., Sherif, M. M., & El‐Kholy, A. (2019) · Journal of the Egyptian Public Health Association · doi:10.1186/s42506-019-0015-8 · Cited by 13
“Limiting this study is a possible underestimation of viral etiologies of acute bronchiolitis because testing for rhinoviruses, coronaviruses, and other viruses was not done, and these viruses were previously detected in such patients [32] [33] [34] [35] .”
BackgroundMba, I. E., Sharndama, H. C., Osondu-chuka, G. O., & Okeke, O. P. (2021) · Scandinavian Journal of Infectious Diseases · doi:10.1080/23744235.2021.1916071 · Cited by 13
Ftouh, M., Kalboussi, N., Abid, N., Sfar, S., Mignet, N., & Bahloul, B. (2021) · PPAR Research · doi:10.1155/2021/6741290 · Cited by 13
“The angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE 2) receptor binds to the spike protein, which allows SARSCoV and SARS-CoV-2 to infect cells [64, 65].”
BackgroundT cell responses to SARS-CoV-2 in humans and animals
Mattoo, S.-U.-S., & Myoung, J. (2022) · The Journal of Microbiology · doi:10.1007/s12275-022-1624-z · Cited by 13
Bhatia, S., Giri, S., Lal, A. F., & Singh, S. (2020) · ChemRxiv · doi:10.26434/chemrxiv.12108546 · Cited by 13
Chio, C.-C., Chien, J.-C., Chan, H.-W., & Huang, H. (2024) · Biomedicines · doi:10.3390/biomedicines12122773 · Cited by 14
“Chronic inflammatory responses, such as encephalitis, hepatitis, and inflammatory bowel disease, may cause long-term multiorgan damage [174,176].”
WUHAN COVID-19 SYNTHETIC ORIGINS AND EVOLUTION
Perez, J.-C. (2020) · International Journal of Research -GRANTHAALAYAH · doi:10.29121/granthaalayah.v8.i2.2020.221 · Cited by 12
The Potential Role of Super Spread Events in SARS-COV-2 Pandemic; a Narrative Review.
Kyriakopoulos, A. M., Papaefthymiou, A., Georgilas, N., Doulberis, M., & Kountouras, J. (2020) · Archives of Academic Emergency Medicine · Cited by 12
Payandeh, Z., Mohammadkhani, N., Nabi‐Afjadi, M., Khalili, S., Rajabibazl, M., Houjaghani, Z., & Dadkhah, M. (2020) · Expert Review of Anti-infective Therapy · doi:10.1080/14787210.2020.1863144 · Cited by 13
Solid Oxide Fuel Cell (SOFC); A New Approach of Energy Generation during the Pandemic COVID-19
Afroze, S., Reza, M. S., Cheok, Q., Taweekun, J., & Азад, А. К. (2020) · International Journal of Integrated Engineering · doi:10.30880/ijie.2020.12.05.031 · Cited by 13
“This novel coronavirus is belonging to the family Coronaviridae (order Nidovirales) in the group of novel beta RNA coronavirus (size, 60-140 nm diameters) [7] causing cold, fever, with mild upper respiratory infections in the human body and few along with gastrointestinal symptoms (diarrhoea, vomiting, abdominal pain)…”
BackgroundTherapeutic approaches against coronaviruses acute respiratory syndrome
Servidio, C., & Stellacci, F. (2020) · Pharmacology Research & Perspectives · doi:10.1002/prp2.691 · Cited by 11
Crosstalk Between Covid-19 and Associated Neurological Disorders: A Review
Ramachandran, A. K., Das, S., & Joseph, A. (2021) · Current Neuropharmacology · doi:10.2174/1570159x19666210113154342 · Cited by 12
Barakat, A., Al‐Majid, A. M., Lotfy, G., Ali, M., Mostafa, A., & Elshaier, Y. A. M. M. (2021) · Dr Sulaiman Al Habib Medical Journal · doi:10.2991/dsahmj.k.210810.001 · Cited by 12
Fooladinezhad, H., Shahidi, M., Mahmanzar, M., Mahdavi, B., Tokhanbigli, S., Sisakht, M. M., Moradi, B., Ganjalikhany, M. R., Rahimian, K., & Ganjalıkhani-Hakemi, M. (2022) · medRxiv · doi:10.1101/2022.05.22.22275422 · Cited by 12
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“budding and virulence but also in activating the host inflammasome [111].”
BackgroundThe chemokine receptor CXCR2 and coronavirus-induced neurologic disease
Weinger, J. G., Marro, B. S., Hosking, M., & Lane, T. E. (2012) · Virology · doi:10.1016/j.virol.2012.08.049 · Cited by 11
“…important to note that a new strain of HCoV ll rights reserved. r Biology & Biochemistry; UC Microbial Sciences, Scripps icle. also had dramatic impact on human disease as the etiological agent of severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) (Holmes, 2003; Masters, 2006; Weiss and Navas-Martin, 2005).”
BackgroundUnderstanding the unusual viral outbreak: Coronavirus disease 2019
Suvvari, T. K., Kutikuppala, L. V. S., Babu, G. K., & Jadhav, M. (2020) · Journal of Current Research in Scientific Medicine · doi:10.4103/jcrsm.jcrsm_30_20 · Cited by 11
Therapeutic Strategies in the Management of COVID-19
Naik, R. R., & Shakya, A. K. (2021) · Frontiers in Molecular Biosciences · doi:10.3389/fmolb.2020.636738 · Cited by 11
“Generally, these viruses have spikes protruding from the surface and replicate in a unique way (Weiss and Navas-Martin, 2005).”
BackgroundThe Pathogenesis and Treatment of COVID-19: A System Review.
Ji, Y. L., Wu, Y., Qiu, Z., Ming, H., Zhang, Y., Zhang, A. N., Leng, Y., & Xia, Z. Y. (2021) · PubMed Central · doi:10.3967/bes2021.007 · Cited by 11
Novel antiviral activity of PAD inhibitors against human beta-coronaviruses HCoV-OC43 and SARS-CoV-2
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“Even though HCoVs have long been recognized as human pathogens, effective treatments against these viruses have only started to be developed after the severe acute respiratory syndrome CoV (SARS-CoV) outbreak in 2002 (Ksiazek et al., 2003; Weiss and Navas-Martin, 2005).”
Generation of APN-chimeric gene-edited pigs by CRISPR/Cas9-mediated knock-in strategy
Liu, Z., Zhang, M., Huang, P., Ji, Z., Qi, C., Jiao, S., Zhao, D., Jiang, Y., Chen, X., Lv, D., et al. (2022) · Gene · doi:10.1016/j.gene.2022.147007 · Cited by 11
Metadata
- Authors
- Weiss, S. R., & Navas-Martin, S.
- Affiliations
- University of Pennsylvania (US)
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Center for Molecular Medicine and Infectious Disease, Drexel College of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
- Corresponding author
- Weiss, Susan R.
- ORCID
- Weiss, Susan R.
- Venue
- Microbiology and Molecular Biology Reviews
- Publisher
- American Society for Microbiology
- Published
- 2005-12
- Volume
- 69
- Issue
- 4
- Pages
- 635-664
- ISSN
- 1092-2172 (ISSN-L)
- 1098-5557
- PMC
- PMC1306801
- OpenAlex
- W2131988685
- Cited by
- 1,256
- References
- 391
- Citations by year
- 2026: 14 · 2025: 39 · 2024: 69 · 2023: 80 · 2022: 149 · 2021: 253 · 2020: 352 · 2019: 18 · 2018: 12 · 2017: 19 · 2016: 24 · 2015: 14 · 2014: 33 · 2013: 23 · 2012: 18
- FWCI
- 3.70
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- Microbiology and Molecular Biology Reviews (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- National Multiple Sclerosis Society
- Drexel University
- Multiple Sclerosis Society
- National Institutes of Health
- National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (AI 17418, AI-47800, N01 AI060021, R01AI047800, R01AI060021, R01AI017418, AI60021)
- National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (R01NS021954, NS-21954, NS-30606, P01NS030606)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Infectious Diseases › SARS-CoV-2 and COVID-19 Research
- Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Animal Science and Zoology › Animal Virus Infections Studies
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Infectious Diseases › Viral Infections and Outbreaks Research
- Keywords
- coronavirus pathogenesis, severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus, SARS-CoV, animal coronaviruses, mouse hepatitis virus, reverse genetics, coronavirus proteins, SARS, animal models of infection, vaccine development, antiviral therapy, emerging pathogens
- MeSH terms
- Animals, Cats, Cattle, Disease Models, Animal, Humans, Viral Proteins, Viral Vaccines, Virion, Coronavirus, Coronavirus Infections, Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome, Severe acute respiratory syndrome-related coronavirus, Mice
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