EULAR recommendations for the management of systemic lupus erythematosus with neuropsychiatric manifestations: report of a task Force of the EULAR standing Committee for clinical Affairs
Open accessAbstract
Objectives To develop recommendations for the diagnosis, prevention and treatment of neuropsychiatric systemic lupus erythematosus (NPSLE) manifestations.Methods The authors compiled questions on prevalence and risk factors, diagnosis and monitoring, therapy and prognosis of NPSLE. A systematic literature search was performed and evidence was categorised based on sample size and study design.Results Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) patients are at increased risk of several neuropsychiatric manifestations. Common (cumulative incidence > 5%) manifestations include cerebrovascular disease (CVD) and seizures; relatively uncommon (1-5%) are severe cognitive dysfunction, major depression, acute confusional state (ACS), peripheral nervous disorders psychosis. Strong risk factors (at least fivefold increased risk) are previous or concurrent severe NPSLE (for cognitive dysfunction, seizures) and antiphospholipid antibodies (for CVD, seizures, chorea). The diagnostic work-up of suspected NPSLE is comparable to that in patients without SLE who present with the same manifestations, and aims to exclude causes unrelated to SLE. Investigations include cerebrospinal fluid analysis (to exclude central nervous system infection), EEG (to diagnose seizure disorder), neuropsychological tests (to assess cognitive dysfunction), nerve conduction studies (for peripheral neuropathy) and MRI (T1/T2, fluid-attenuating inversion recovery, diffusion-weighted imaging, enhanced T1 sequence). Glucocorticoids and immunosuppressive therapy are indicated when NPSLE is thought to reflect an inflammatory process (optic neuritis, transverse myelitis, peripheral neuropathy, refractory seizures, psychosis, ACS) and in the presence of generalised lupus activity. Antiplatelet/anticoagulation therapy is indicated when manifestations are related to antiphospholipid antibodies, particularly thrombotic CVD.Conclusions Neuropsychiatric manifestations in SLE patients should be first evaluated and treated as in patients without SLE, and secondarily attributed to SLE and treated accordingly.
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
Distinction between inflammatory and embolic/thrombotic/ischaemic processes may not be easy in clinical practice, or the two processes may coexist in the same patient.
“Distinction between the two pathophysiological processes may not be easy in clinical practice, or the two processes may coexist in the same patient.”
From 2019 update of the EULAR recommendations for the management of systemic lupus erythematosus (2019) · cites this paper as [2]
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Cites
The management of thrombosis in the antiphospholipid-antibody syndrome
Khamashta, M. A., Cuadrado, M. J., Mujic, F., Taub, N. A., Hunt, B. J., & Hughes, G. R. V. (1995) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejm199504133321504 · Cited by 1,450 · see citing works
Crowther, M. A., Ginsberg, J. S., Julian, J., Denburg, J., Hirsh, J., Douketis, J., Laskin, C., Fortin, P., Anderson, D., Kearon, C., et al. (2003) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejmoa035241 · Cited by 919 · see citing works
Bertsias, G., Ioannidis, J. P. A., Boletis, J., Bombardieri, S., Cervera, R., Dostal, C., Font, J., Gilboe, I. M., Houssiau, F., Huizinga, T., et al. (2008) · Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases · doi:10.1136/ard.2007.070367 · Cited by 762 · see citing works
Neuromyelitis Optica and Non–Organ-Specific Autoimmunity
Pittock, S. J., Lennon, V. A., Seze, J. D., Vermersch, P., Homburger, H. A., Wingerchuk, D. M., Lucchinetti, C. F., Zéphir, H., Moder, K. G., & Weinshenker, B. G. (2008) · Archives of Neurology · doi:10.1001/archneurol.2007.17 · Cited by 606 · see citing works
FINAZZI, G., MARCHIOLI, R., BRANCACCIO, V., SCHINCO, P., WISLOFF, F., MUSIAL, J., BAUDO, F., BERRETTINI, M., Testa, S., D'ANGELO, A., et al. (2005) · Journal of Thrombosis and Haemostasis · doi:10.1111/j.1538-7836.2005.01340.x · Cited by 585 · see citing works
Sanna, G., Bertolaccini, M. L., Cuadrado, M. J., Laing, H., Khamashta, M. A., Mathieu, A., & Hughes, G. R. V. (2003) · PubMed · Cited by 477 · see citing works
Finazzi, G., Brancaccio, V., Moia, M., Ciavarella, N., Mazzucconi, M. G., Schinco, P., Ruggeri, M., Pogliani, E. M., Gamba, G., Rossi, E., et al. (1996) · The American Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1016/s0002-9343(96)00060-5 · Cited by 427 · see citing works
Human lupus autoantibodies against NMDA receptors mediate cognitive impairment
Kowal, C., DeGiorgio, L. A., Lee, J. Y., Edgar, M. A., Huerta, P. T., Volpe, B. T., & Diamond, B. (2006) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.0608397104 · Cited by 415 · see citing works
Erkan, D., Harrison, M. J., Levy, R., Peterson, M., Petri, M., Sammaritano, L., Unalp‐Arida, A., Vilela, V., Yazici, Y., & Lockshin, M. D. (2007) · Arthritis & Rheumatism · doi:10.1002/art.22663 · Cited by 401 · see citing works
Tektonidou, M. G., Laskari, K., Panagiotakos, D. B., & Moutsopoulos, H. M. (2009) · Arthritis Care & Research · doi:10.1002/art.24232 · Cited by 356 · see citing works
Self-citationTokunaga, M., Saito, K., Kawabata, D., et al. (2006) · Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases · doi:10.1136/ard.2006.057885 · Cited by 346 · see citing works
Barile-Fabris, L. A., Ariza-Andraca, R., Olguín-Ortega, L., Jara, L. J., Fraga-Mouret, A., Miranda-Limón, J. M., de la Mata, J. F., Clark, P., Vargas, F., & Alocer-Varela, J. (2005) · Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases · doi:10.1136/ard.2004.025528 · Cited by 338 · see citing works
Kovacs, B., Lafferty, T. E., Brent, L. H., & DeHoratius, R. J. (2000) · Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases · doi:10.1136/ard.59.2.120 · Cited by 332 · see citing works
A systematic review of secondary thromboprophylaxis in patients with antiphospholipid antibodies
Ruiz‐Irastorza, G., Hunt, B. J., & Khamashta, M. A. (2007) · Arthritis Care & Research · doi:10.1002/art.23109 · Cited by 324 · see citing works
Cervera, R., Asherson, R. A., Font, J., et al. (1997) · Medicine · doi:10.1097/00005792-199705000-00006 · Cited by 268 · see citing works
Self-citationLapteva, L., Nowak, M., Yarboro, C. H., Takada, K., Roebuck‐Spencer, T., Weickert, T. W., Bleiberg, J., Rosenstein, D. L., Pao, M., Patronas, N. J., et al. (2006) · Arthritis & Rheumatism · doi:10.1002/art.22031 · Cited by 259 · see citing works
The Euro-Phospholipid project: epidemiology of the antiphospholipid syndrome in Europe
Cervera, R., Boffa, M., Khamashta, M. A., & Hughes, G. (2009) · Lupus · doi:10.1177/0961203309106832 · Cited by 228 · see citing works
Self-citationMikdashi, J. A., & Handwerger, B. S. (2004) · Rheumatology · doi:10.1093/rheumatology/keh384 · Cited by 228 · see citing works
Karassa, F. B., Afeltra, A., Ambrožič, A., Chang, D., Keyser, F. D., Doria, A., Galeazzi, M., Hirohata, S., Hoffman, I. E. A., İnanç, M., et al. (2005) · Arthritis & Rheumatism · doi:10.1002/art.21539 · Cited by 227 · see citing works
Self-citationMaheu, E., Mazi�res, B., Valat, J., Loyau, G., Lo�t, X. L., Bourgeois, P., Grouin, J., & Rozenberg, S. (1998) · Arthritis & Rheumatism · doi:10.1002/1529-0131(199801)41:1 · Cited by 207 · see citing works
Hanly, J. G., Urowitz, M. B., Siannis, F., et al. (2008) · Arthritis & Rheumatism · doi:10.1002/art.23218 · Cited by 198 · see citing works
Self-citationSignal transduction and transcription factors in rheumatic disease
Firestein, G. S., & Manning, A. M. (1999) · Arthritis & Rheumatism · doi:10.1002/1529-0131(199904)42:4 · Cited by 193 · see citing works
Distinct subtypes of myelitis in systemic lupus erythematosus
Birnbaum, J., Petri, M., Thompson, R., Izbudak, I., & Kerr, D. A. (2009) · Arthritis & Rheumatism · doi:10.1002/art.24937 · Cited by 190 · see citing works
A study of 20 SLE patients with intravenous immunoglobulin clinical and serologic response
Levy, Y. M., Sherer, Y., Ahmed, A. E. E., Langevitz, P., George, J., Fabbrizzi, F., Terryberry, J. W., Meissner, M., Lorber, M., Peter, J. B., et al. (1999) · Lupus · doi:10.1191/096120399678841007 · Cited by 190 · see citing works
Predictors of cognitive dysfunction in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus
McLaurin, E. Y., Holliday, S. L., Williams, P., & Brey, R. L. (2005) · Neurology · doi:10.1212/01.wnl.0000149640.78684.ea · Cited by 189 · see citing works
Matus, S., Burgos, P. V., Bravo‐Zehnder, M., Kraft, R., Porras, O. H., Farías, P., Barros, L. F., Torrealba, F., Massardo, L., Jacobelli, S. H., et al. (2007) · The Journal of Experimental Medicine · doi:10.1084/jem.20071285 · Cited by 188 · see citing works
Interleukin‐6 and chemokines in the neuropsychiatric manifestations of systemic lupus erythematosus
Fragoso-Loyo, H. E., Richaud‐Patín, Y., Orozco-Narváez, A., Dávila-Maldonado, L., Atisha‐Fregoso, Y., Llorente, L., & Sánchez‐Guerrero, J. (2007) · Arthritis & Rheumatism · doi:10.1002/art.22451 · Cited by 185 · see citing works
Epileptic seizures in systemic lupus erythematosus
Appenzeller, S., Cendes, F., & Costallat, L. T. L. (2004) · Neurology · doi:10.1212/01.wnl.0000144178.32208.4f · Cited by 177 · see citing works
Bleeding and Recurrent Thrombosis in Definite Antiphospholipid Syndrome
Ruiz‐Irastorza, G., Khamashta, M. A., Hunt, B. J., Escudero‐Contreras, A., Cuadrado, M. J., & Hughes, G. R. V. (2002) · Archives of Internal Medicine · doi:10.1001/archinte.162.10.1164 · Cited by 176 · see citing works
A meta-analysis for headache in systemic lupus erythematosus: the evidence and the myth
Mitsikostas, D. (2004) · Brain · doi:10.1093/brain/awh146 · Cited by 175 · see citing works
Joseph, F., Lammie, G. A., & Scolding, N. J. (2007) · Neurology · doi:10.1212/01.wnl.0000267320.48939.d0 · Cited by 168 · see citing works
Self-citationPego‐Reigosa, J. M., & Isenberg, D. A. (2008) · Lara D. Veeken · doi:10.1093/rheumatology/ken260 · Cited by 162 · see citing works
Self-citationD’Cruz, D. P., Mellor‐Pita, S., Joven, B. E., et al. (2004) · PubMed · Cited by 155 · see citing works
Sibbitt, W. L., Sibbitt, R. R., Griffey, R. H., et al. (1989) · Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases · doi:10.1136/ard.48.12.1014 · Cited by 153 · see citing works
Greco, C. M., Rudy, T. E., & Manzi, S. (2004) · Arthritis Care & Research · doi:10.1002/art.20533 · Cited by 150 · see citing works
Ainiala, H., Dastidar, P., Loukkola, J., Lehtimäki, T., Korpela, M., Peltola, J., & Hietaharju, A. (2005) · Scandinavian Journal of Rheumatology · doi:10.1080/03009740510026643 · Cited by 149 · see citing works
Corticosteroids and neuropsychological functioning in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus
Denburg, S. D., Carbotte, R. M., & Denburg, J. A. (1994) · Arthritis & Rheumatism · doi:10.1002/art.1780370907 · Cited by 145 · see citing works
Weiner, S. M., Otte, A., Schumacher, M., et al. (2000) · Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases · doi:10.1136/ard.59.5.377 · Cited by 138 · see citing works
Martín-Suárez, I. J., D’Cruz, D. P., Mansoor, M., Fernandes, A. P., Khamashta, M. A., & Hughes, G. R. V. (1997) · Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases · doi:10.1136/ard.56.8.481 · Cited by 127 · see citing works
Diagnosis and management of the antiphospholipid syndrome
Cohen, D. B., Berger, S. P., Steup‐Beekman, G. M., Bloemenkamp, K. W. M., & Bajema, I. M. (2010) · BMJ · doi:10.1136/bmj.c2541 · Cited by 124 · see citing works
Neurolupus is associated with anti-ribosomal P protein antibodies: An inception cohort study
Briani, C., Lucchetta, M., Ghirardello, A., et al. (2009) · Journal of Autoimmunity · doi:10.1016/j.jaut.2008.12.002 · Cited by 118 · see citing works
Tomietto, P., Annese, V., D’Agostini, S., et al. (2007) · Arthritis Care & Research · doi:10.1002/art.23098 · Cited by 117 · see citing works
Clinical study and follow-up of 100 patients withthe antiphospholipid syndrome
Muñoz-Rodríguez, F. J., Font, J., Cervera, R., Reverter, J. C., Tàssies, D., Espinosa, G., López-Soto, A., Carmona, F., Balasch, J., Ordinas, A., et al. (1999) · Seminars in Arthritis and Rheumatism · doi:10.1016/s0049-0172(99)80029-8 · Cited by 114 · see citing works
Andrade, R. M., Alarcón, G. S., González, L., Fernández, M., Apte, M., Vilá, L. M., McGwin, G., & Reveille, J. D. (2007) · Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases · doi:10.1136/ard.2007.077594 · Cited by 114 · see citing works
Factors predictive of corticosteroid psychosis in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus
Chau, S. Y. L., & Mok, C. C. (2003) · Neurology · doi:10.1212/wnl.61.1.104 · Cited by 106 · see citing works
Cognitive function in systemic lupus erythematosus: Results of a 5‐year prospective study
Hanly, J. G., Cassell, K., & Fisk, J. D. (1997) · Arthritis & Rheumatism · doi:10.1002/art.1780400825 · Cited by 105 · see citing works
Self-citationEULAR-Empfehlungen zur Behandlung des systemischen Lupus erythematodes
Schneider, M. (2009) · Zeitschrift für Rheumatologie · doi:10.1007/s00393-009-0463-1 · Cited by 99 · see citing works
Self-citationFactors at diagnosis predict subsequent occurrence of seizures in systemic lupus erythematosus
Mikdashi, J. A., Krumholz, A., & Handwerger, B. S. (2005) · Neurology · doi:10.1212/01.wnl.0000165959.98370.d5 · Cited by 97 · see citing works
Prospective Study of Neuropsychiatric Events in Systemic Lupus Erythematosus
Hanly, J. G., Su, L., Farewell, V. T., et al. (2009) · The Journal of Rheumatology · doi:10.3899/jrheum.081133 · Cited by 97 · see citing works
Self-citationImpact of memory impairment on employment status in persons with systemic lupus erythematosus
Panopalis, P., Julian, L. J., Yazdany, J., Gillis, J. Z., Trupin, L. S., Hersh, A. O., Criswell, L. A., Katz, P., & Yelin, E. H. (2007) · Arthritis Care & Research · doi:10.1002/art.23090 · Cited by 95 · see citing works
Stojanovich, L., Stojanovich, R., Kostich, V., & Dzjolich, E. (2003) · Lupus · doi:10.1191/0961203303lu251oa · Cited by 92 · see citing works
Improvement of coping abilities in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus: a prospective study
Haupt, M., Millen, S., Jänner, M., Falagan, D., Fischer-Betz, R., & Schneider, M. (2005) · Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases · doi:10.1136/ard.2004.029926 · Cited by 89 · see citing works
Self-citationTarr, T., Lakos, G., Bhattoa, H. P., Shoenfeld, Y., Szegedi, G., & Kiss, E. (2007) · Lupus · doi:10.1177/0961203306074767 · Cited by 88 · see citing works
Neuwelt, C. M. (2003) · Therapeutic Apheresis and Dialysis · doi:10.1046/j.1526-0968.2003.00032.x · Cited by 88 · see citing works
Influence of aspirin on the clinical outcomes of 103 anti-phospholipid antibodies-positive patients
Hereng, T., Lambert, M., HACHULLA, E., Samor, M., Dubucquoi, S., Caron, C., Launay, D., Morell‐Dubois, S., Queyrel, V., & Hatron, P. (2007) · Lupus · doi:10.1177/0961203307084724 · Cited by 84 · see citing works
Mok, C. C., Lau, C. S., & Wong, R. W. S. (2003) · The American Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1016/s0002-9343(03)00135-9 · Cited by 83 · see citing works
Results of intervention for lupus patients with self-perceived cognitive difficulties
Harrison, M. J., Morris, K. A., Horton, R., Toglia, J. P., Barsky, J., Chait, S. R., Ravdin, L., & Robbins, L. (2005) · Neurology · doi:10.1212/01.wnl.0000180938.69146.5e · Cited by 82 · see citing works
Prognostic factors and clustering of serious clinical outcomes in antiphospholipid syndrome
Tektonidou, M. G. (2000) · QJM · doi:10.1093/qjmed/93.8.523 · Cited by 80 · see citing works
Trysberg, E., Blennow, K., Zachrisson, O., et al. (2004) · Arthritis Research & Therapy · doi:10.1186/ar1228 · Cited by 79 · see citing works
Peripheral neuropathy in systemic lupus erythematosus - a longitudinal study
Omdal, R., Løseth, S., Torbergsen, T., Koldingsnes, W., Husby, G., & Mellgren, S. I. (2001) · Acta Neurologica Scandinavica · doi:10.1034/j.1600-0404.2001.103006386.x · Cited by 78 · see citing works
Antiphospholipid Antibody-Associated Chorea
Orzechowski, N. M., Wolanskyj, A. P., Ahlskog, J. E., Kumar, N., & Moder, K. G. (2008) · The Journal of Rheumatology · doi:10.3899/jrheum.080268 · Cited by 78 · see citing works
Waterloo, K. K., Omdal, R., Sjöholm, H., et al. (2001) · Journal of Neurology · doi:10.1007/s004150170138 · Cited by 77 · see citing works
Mok, M. Y., Chan, E. Y. T., Fong, D., Leung, K. F. S., Wong, W. S., & Lau, C. S. (2005) · PubMed · Cited by 74 · see citing works
Skin denervation and cutaneous vasculitis in systemic lupus erythematosus
Tseng, M., Hsieh, S., Shun, C., Lee, K., Pan, C., Lin, W., Lin, Y.-H., Yu, C., & Hsieh, S. (2006) · Brain · doi:10.1093/brain/awl010 · Cited by 72 · see citing works
Axford, J. S., Howe, F. A., Heron, C., et al. (2001) · Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases · doi:10.1136/ard.60.2.106 · Cited by 70 · see citing works
Vina, E. R., Fang, A. J., Wallace, D. J., et al. (2005) · Seminars in Arthritis and Rheumatism · doi:10.1016/j.semarthrit.2005.08.008 · Cited by 69 · see citing works
Prognostic factors of lupus myelopathy
Lu, X., Gu, Y., Wang, Y., et al. (2008) · Lupus · doi:10.1177/0961203307088005 · Cited by 67 · see citing works
Evidence of reversible axonal dysfunction in systemic lupus erythematosus: a proton MRS study
Appenzeller, S., Li, L. M., Costallat, L. T. L., et al. (2005) · Brain · doi:10.1093/brain/awh646 · Cited by 67 · see citing works
Hughes, M., Sundgren, P. C., Fan, X., et al. (2007) · Acta Radiologica · doi:10.1080/02841850601105825 · Cited by 66 · see citing works
Selective gray matter damage in neuropsychiatric lupus
Steens, S. C. A., Admiraal‐Behloul, F., Bosma, G. P. T., et al. (2004) · Arthritis & Rheumatism · doi:10.1002/art.20654 · Cited by 64 · see citing works
Castellino, G., Padovan, M., Bortoluzzi, A., et al. (2007) · Lara D. Veeken · doi:10.1093/rheumatology/kem354 · Cited by 64 · see citing works
Buján, S., Ordi-Ros, J., Paredes, J., et al. (2003) · Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases · doi:10.1136/ard.62.9.859 · Cited by 62 · see citing works
Multisequence magnetic resonance imaging study of neuropsychiatric systemic lupus erythematosus
Bosma, G. P. T., Steens, S. C. A., Petropoulos, H., et al. (2004) · Arthritis & Rheumatism · doi:10.1002/art.20512 · Cited by 57 · see citing works
Clinical Description of Seizures in Patients with Systemic Lupus Erythematosus
González‐Duarte, A., Cantú-Brito, C. G., Ruano‐Calderón, L., & García-Ramos, G. S. (2008) · European Neurology · doi:10.1159/000121423 · Cited by 55 · see citing works
Zhang, X., Zhu, Z., Zhang, F., et al. (2005) · Arthritis Care & Research · doi:10.1002/art.21591 · Cited by 53 · see citing works
Adjunctive plasma exchanges to treat neuropsychiatric lupus: a retrospective study on 10 patients
Bartolucci, P., Bréchignac, S., Cohen, P., Guern, V. L., & Guillevin, L. (2007) · Lupus · doi:10.1177/0961203307081840 · Cited by 48 · see citing works
Milstone, A. M., Meyers, K. E. C., & Elia, J. (2005) · Clinical Rheumatology · doi:10.1007/s10067-004-1046-9 · Cited by 47 · see citing works
Kodama, K., Okada, S., Hino, T., et al. (1995) · Journal of Neurology Neurosurgery & Psychiatry · doi:10.1136/jnnp.58.3.307 · Cited by 37 · see citing works
Emmer, B. J., Steup‐Beekman, G. M., Steens, S. C. A., et al. (2008) · Arthritis & Rheumatism · doi:10.1002/art.23452 · Cited by 36 · see citing works
Headache and memory loss: rapid response to heparin inthe antiphospholipid syndrome
Hughes, G. R., Cuadrado, M., Khamashta, M. A., et al. (2001) · Lupus · doi:10.1177/096120330101001103 · Cited by 34 · see citing works
Heinlein, A. C., & Gertner, E. (2007) · Lupus · doi:10.1177/0961203307081846 · Cited by 33 · see citing works
Nomura, K., Yamano, S., Ikeda, Y., Yamada, H., Fujimoto, T., Minami, S., Fukui, R., Takaoka, M., Yamamoto, Y., & Dohi, K. (1999) · Internal Medicine · doi:10.2169/internalmedicine.38.785 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
Neuropsychiatric systemic lupus erythematosus in elderly people: a case series.
Dennis, M., Byrne, E. J., Hopkinson, N., & Bendall, P. (1992) · Journal of Neurology Neurosurgery & Psychiatry · doi:10.1136/jnnp.55.12.1157 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
CNS LUPUS: A STUDY OF 41 PATIENTS
Herrera, E. A., Alvarez, S. Y., & Pacay, C. E. (2008) · Neurology · doi:10.1212/01.wnl.0000313182.74286.6a · Cited by 23 · see citing works
Saag, K. G. (2001) · Arthritis & Rheumatism · doi:10.1002/1529-0131(200110)45:5 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
Cytotoxic Therapy in Systemic Lupus Erythematosus: Experience from a Single Center
Rahman, P., Humphrey-Murto, S. M., Gladman, D. D., et al. (1997) · Medicine · doi:10.1097/00005792-199711000-00006 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
Zhang, X., Shu, H., Zhang, F., et al. (2006) · Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases · doi:10.1136/ard.2006.055772 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
Vollenhoven, R. V., Dooley, M. A., Douglas, J., et al. (2020) · Carolina Digital Repository (University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill) · doi:10.17615/hy2h-tj90 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Flagged first, then by citations
Research works printed but not linked: 3
- The American College of Rheumatology nomenclature and case defi nitions for neuropsychiatric lupus syndromes. Arthritis Rheum 1999; 42 : 599 -608 .
- Ainiala H, Hietaharju A, Loukkola J, et al Validity of the new American College of Rheumatology criteria for neuropsychiatric lupus syndromes: a population-based evaluation. Arthritis Rheum 2001; 45 : 419 -23 .
- Kozora E, West SG, Kotzin BL, et al Magnetic resonance imaging abnormalities and cognitive defi cits in systemic lupus erythematosus patients without overt central nervous system disease. Arthritis Rheum 1998; 41 : 41 -7 .
Cited by
Sorted by citations
2019 update of the EULAR recommendations for the management of systemic lupus erythematosus
Fanouriakis, A., Kostopoulou, M., Alunno, A., Aringer, M., Bajema, I., Boletis, J. N., Cervera, R., Doria, A., Gordon, C., Govoni, M., et al. (2019) · Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases · doi:10.1136/annrheumdis-2019-215089 · Cited by 2,011 · see citing works
Self-citation
- Authors
- Bertsias, G. K., Ioannidis, J. P. A., Aringer, M., Bollen, E., Bombardieri, S., Bruce, I. N., Cervera, R., Dalakas, M., Doria, A., Hanly, J. G., Huizinga, T. W. J., Isenberg, D., Kallenberg, C., Piette, J. C., Schneider, M., Scolding, N., Smolen, J., Stara, A., Tassiulas, I., Tektonidou, M., Tincani, A., van Buchem, M. A., van Vollenhoven, R., Ward, M., Gordon, C., & Boumpas, D. T.
- Affiliations
- University of Crete (GR)
- University of Ioannina (GR)
- University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus (DE)
- Leiden University (NL)
- University of Pisa (IT)
- Manchester Academic Health Science Centre (GB)
- Hospital Clínic de Barcelona (ES)
- Imperial College London (GB)
- University of Padua (IT)
- Dalhousie University (CA)
- University of London (GB)
- University Medical Center Groningen (NL)
- Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf (DE)
- Frenchay Hospital (GB)
- Medical University of Vienna (AT)
- Hospital for Special Surgery (US)
- National and Kapodistrian University of Athens (GR)
- Azienda Socio Sanitaria Territoriale degli Spedali Civili di Brescia (IT)
- National Institutes of Health (US)
- University of Birmingham (GB)
- Corresponding author
- Boumpas, D T
- ORCID
- Venue
- Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2010-12
- Volume
- 69
- Issue
- 12
- Pages
- 2074-2082
- ISSN
- 0003-4967 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2114638396
- Cited by
- 742
- References
- 88
- Citations by year
- 2026: 39 · 2025: 35 · 2024: 55 · 2023: 39 · 2022: 41 · 2021: 51 · 2020: 48 · 2019: 50 · 2018: 59 · 2017: 54 · 2016: 56 · 2015: 55 · 2014: 53 · 2013: 43 · 2012: 39
- FWCI
- 23.41
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Licence
- www.elsevier.com/tdm/userlicense/1.0/ (tdm)
- www.elsevier.com/legal/tdmrep-license (tdm)
- www.elsevier.com/open-access/userlicense/1.0/ (vor)
- doi.org/10.15223/policy-017 (stm-asf)
- doi.org/10.15223/policy-037 (stm-asf)
- doi.org/10.15223/policy-012 (stm-asf)
- doi.org/10.15223/policy-029 (stm-asf)
- doi.org/10.15223/policy-004 (stm-asf)
- Locations
- Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- University of Groningen research database (University of Groningen / Centre for Information Technology) (publishedVersion)
- Data Archiving and Networked Services (DANS) (submittedVersion)
- Leiden Repository (Leiden University) (submittedVersion)
- CINECA IRIS Institutial research information system (University of Pisa) (submittedVersion)
- UCL Discovery (University College London) (submittedVersion)
- Institutional Research Information System (Università degli Studi di Brescia) (submittedVersion)
- HighWire Press Open Archive (submittedVersion)
- University of Birmingham Research Portal (University of Birmingham) (submittedVersion)
- Research Explorer (The University of Manchester) (submittedVersion)
- Padua Research Archive (University of Padova) (submittedVersion)
- University of Groningen research database (University of Groningen / Centre for Information Technology) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- European League Against Rheumatism
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Rheumatology › Systemic Lupus Erythematosus Research
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Pulmonary and Respiratory Medicine › Vasculitis and related conditions
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Pathology and Forensic Medicine › Systemic Sclerosis and Related Diseases
- Keywords
- neuropsychiatric lupus, systemic lupus erythematosus, cerebrovascular disease, seizures, cognitive impairment, depression, delirium, peripheral neuropathy, psychosis, antiphospholipid antibodies, anticoagulation, immunosuppressive therapy, glucocorticoids, diagnosis, risk factors, prognosis
- MeSH terms
- Mental Disorders, Cranial Nerve Diseases, Diagnostic Techniques, Neurological, Humans, Peripheral Nervous System Diseases, Risk Factors, Spinal Cord Diseases, Evidence-Based Medicine, Lupus Vasculitis, Central Nervous System
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
