Reduced fetal growth rate and increased risk of death from ischaemic heart disease: cohort study of 15 000 Swedish men and women born 1915-29
Open accessAbstract
Objective : To establish whether fetal growth rate (as distinct from size at birth) is associated with mortality from ischaemic heart disease. Design : Cohort study based on uniquely detailed obstetric records with 97% follow up over the entire life course and linkage to census data in adult life. Subjects : All 14 611 babies delivered at the Uppsala Academic Hospital, Sweden, during 1915-29 followed up to end of 1995. Main outcome measures : Mortality from ischaemic heart disease and other causes. Results : Cardiovascular disease showed an inverse association with birth weight for both men and women, although this was significant only for men. In men a 1000 g increase in birth weight was associated with a proportional reduction in the rate of ischaemic heart disease of 0.77 (95% confidence interval 0.67 to 0.90). Adjustment for socioeconomic circumstances at birth and in adult life led to slight attenuation of this effect. Relative to the lowest fourth of birth weight for gestational age, mortality from ischaemic heart disease in men in the second, third, and fourth fourths was 0.81 (0.66 to 0.98), 0.63 (0.50 to 0.78), and 0.67 (0.54 to 0.82), respectively. The inclusion of birth weight per se and birth weight for gestational age in the same model strengthened the association with birth weight for gestational age but removed the association with birth weight. Conclusions : This study provides by far the most persuasive evidence of a real association between size at birth and mortality from ischaemic heart disease in men, which cannot be explained by methodological artefact or socioeconomic confounding. It strongly suggests that it is variation in fetal growth rate rather than size at birth that is aetiologically important.
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The relationship between poor growth in the womb and the risk of adult disease has been confirmed in many other countries, including Finland, Sweden, China, India, and the USA.
“This relationship between poor growth in the womb and the risk of adult disease has since been confirmed in many other countries, including Finland (26), Sweden (332), China (183), India (517), and the USA (464).”
From Placental Origins of Chronic Disease (2016) · cites this paper as [332]
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- Authors
- Leon, D. A., Lithell, H. O., Vågerö, D., Koupilová, I., Mohsen, R., Berglund, L., Lithell, U.-B., & McKeigue, P. M.
- Affiliations
- London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine (GB)
- Uppsala University (SE)
- Venue
- BMJ
- Publisher
- BMJ
- Published
- 1998-07-25
- Volume
- 317
- Issue
- 7153
- Pages
- 241-245
- ISSN
- 0007-1447 (ISSN-L)
- 0959-8138
- 1468-5833
- PMC
- PMC28614
- OpenAlex
- W1976466322
- Cited by
- 807
- References
- 23
- Citations by year
- 2026: 6 · 2025: 11 · 2024: 9 · 2023: 9 · 2022: 17 · 2021: 31 · 2020: 13 · 2019: 17 · 2018: 17 · 2017: 20 · 2016: 24 · 2015: 26 · 2014: 37 · 2013: 42 · 2012: 36
- FWCI
- 26.30
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Licence
- www.bmj.com/company/legal-information/terms-conditions/legal-information/tdm-licencepolicy (tdm)
- Locations
- BMJ (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- HighWire Press Open Archive (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- Medical Research Council (9322050)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Pediatrics, Perinatology and Child Health › Birth, Development, and Health
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Obstetrics and Gynecology › Pregnancy and preeclampsia studies
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Pediatrics, Perinatology and Child Health › Prenatal Substance Exposure Effects
- Keywords
- fetal growth rate, birth weight, ischemic heart disease mortality, cardiovascular disease, birth weight for gestational age, fetal origins of adult disease, socioeconomic confounding, sex differences, life course
- MeSH terms
- Adolescent, Adult, Aged, Aged, 80 and over, Birth Weight, Cause of Death, Child, Child, Preschool, Female, Embryonic and Fetal Development, Follow-Up Studies, Gestational Age, Humans, Infant, Infant, Small for Gestational Age, Male, Pregnancy, Prenatal Exposure Delayed Effects, Risk Factors, Sweden, Cohort Studies, Myocardial Ischemia
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