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Post-randomisation exclusions: the intention to treat principle and excluding patients from analysis
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When is it legitimate to exclude randomised patients from the analysis of data in clinical trials? Basing their analysis on the desirability of minimising bias and random error, the authors consider the circumstances when it may be possible to exclude patients, even in an intention to treat trial
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“The effect of assignment to intervention should be estimated by an intention-to-treat analysis that includes all randomised participants. 17”
From RoB 2: a revised tool for assessing risk of bias in randomised trials (2019) · cites this paper as [17]
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“Despite this, this style of analysis is less likely to show a positive treatment effect [94].”
From Consumer-based wearable activity trackers increase physical activity participation: systematic review and meta-analysis (2019) · cites this paper as [94]
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“Both were subsequently ruled ineligible to participate in the trial and, thus, were considered legitimate post-randomization exclusions [32] (one had pain from kidney stones and the other had pain in the thoracic spine only).”
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“This is a well-recognized issue in emergency research testing time-sensitive interventions.(43) However, the 95% CI for the trial’s primary outcome remained within the acceptable limit with 45 subjects.”
BackgroundEvaluation of a High School Peer Group Intervention for At-Risk Youth
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“Generally it is assumed that the intent-to-treat approach is the most internally valid measure of the true treatment effect because it preserves the baseline equivalence in the study and minimizes Type 1 error (rejecting the null hypothesis when it is true) ( Fergusson, Aaron, Guyatt, & Herbert, 2002 ).”
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THE INTENTION-TO-TREAT PRINCIPLE
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“*It may be appropriate to exclude randomized patients in order to achieve efficiencies while preserving prognostic balance between groups if two conditions are met [23]: (1) allocation to treatment or control could not possibly influence whether a particular randomized individual met criteria for post-randomization ex…”
BackgroundSelf-citationPsychological therapies for post-traumatic stress disorder and comorbid substance use disorder
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“Such postrandomization exclusion is appropriate in an intention-to-treat trial and yields unbiased results.(31) An additional person from each group was omitted from the secondary analysis of neck stiffness because they did not have a minimum of 10 points on a 100-point stiffness VAS.”
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BackgroundResultInfluentialEffectiveness of nurse-delivered cardiovascular risk management in primary care: a randomised trial
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“27 The third limitation of the study is that smoking behaviour and BMI were partly self-reported, mostly in the GP group.”
BackgroundLong-term risk of fibroid recurrence after laparoscopic myomectomy
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“Some authors have argued that a loss-to-follow-up greater than 20% introduces the possibility of an attrition bias in prognostic studies [35].”
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“The benefit of this type of analysis is that randomisation balance between groups is maintained, reducing the possibility of bias affecting the results [7-9].”
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“Two individuals allocated to the SDA arm had to be excluded the day after randomisation [38], when it was learnt that they met exclusion criteria for the intervention phase (regular use of statin or antidepressant).”
THE EFFECTS OF LEUKOREDUCED BLOOD TRANSFUSION ON INFECTION RISK FOLLOWING INJURY
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“Including nontransfused patients in an effort to comply with an Bas randomized^ intent-to-treat analysis would dilute any effect of leukoreduced blood transfusion, leading many to argue that those not transfused should not be included for analysis (13, 35).”
MethodTopical antifungal treatments for tinea cruris and tinea corporis
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“The advantages of ITT over OC analyses have been well explained (Fergusson et al. 2002), however, the LOCF method to replace Moreover, the length of the test varies between 11 and 13 items also infl uencing results.”
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“All patients were evaluated according to the ‘‘intention to treat’’ principle.(28) No statistically significant baseline differences were noted between the 2 treatment groups (Table 1).”
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“42 Despite the fact that these are RCTs, such crossing over may not occur randomly across arms, as one treatment may be genuinely more beneficial than the other.”
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“[38] and stating that the ‘omission [of such patients] would be equally distributed between groups, would be unrelated to treatment assignment, and would not bias outcome ascertainment’.”
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“All results and complications were calculated according to the intention-to-treat principle.(18) Significance was set to P , 0.”
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BackgroundSelf-citationPlatelet-Rich Plasma Injection With Arthroscopic Acromioplasty for Chronic Rotator Cuff Tendinopathy
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“We used a modified intention-to-treat (ITT) analysis with exclusion unrelated to non-compliance, withdrawal or losses to follow-up (Fergusson et al. 2002).”
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“The intention-to-treat principle was applied to all analyses [31].”
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“In total, 1,331 patients were enrolled in the PRISM study, but seven were excluded postrandomization because they did not meet the entry criteria and were enrolled into the trial in error [11].”
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“There are some circumstances when the exclusion of patients does not bias the results.”
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Metadata
- Authors
- Fergusson, D., Aaron, S. D., Guyatt, G., & Hébert, P.
- Affiliations
- McMaster University (CA)
- Corresponding author
- Fergusson, Dean
- Venue
- BMJ
- Publisher
- BMJ
- Published
- 2002-09-21
- Volume
- 325
- Issue
- 7365
- Pages
- 652-654
- ISSN
- 0007-1447 (ISSN-L)
- 0959-8138
- 1468-5833
- PMC
- PMC1124168
- OpenAlex
- W2000522086
- Cited by
- 708
- References
- 19
- Citations by year
- 2026: 22 · 2025: 26 · 2024: 30 · 2023: 24 · 2022: 46 · 2021: 59 · 2020: 36 · 2019: 37 · 2018: 35 · 2017: 40 · 2016: 34 · 2015: 40 · 2014: 34 · 2013: 27 · 2012: 21
- FWCI
- 17.26
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Licence
- www.bmj.com/company/legal-information/terms-conditions/legal-information/tdm-licencepolicy (tdm)
- Locations
- BMJ (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- DigitalGeorgetown (Georgetown University Library) (submittedVersion)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Mathematics › Statistics and Probability › Statistical Methods in Clinical Trials
- Physical Sciences › Mathematics › Statistics and Probability › Advanced Causal Inference Techniques
- Social Sciences › Decision Sciences › Statistics, Probability and Uncertainty › Meta-analysis and systematic reviews
- Keywords
- intention-to-treat analysis, randomized controlled trials, random error, statistical analysis of clinical trials
- MeSH terms
- Data Interpretation, Statistical, Humans, Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic, Patient Selection
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