The importance of maternal diet quality during pregnancy on cognitive and behavioural outcomes in children: a systematic review and meta-analysis
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OBJECTIVES: This systematic review and meta-analysis provides a quantitative summary of the literature exploring the relationship between maternal diet quality during pregnancy and child cognitive and affective outcomes. We investigate whether there are indications for robust associations and aim to identify methodological strengths and challenges of the current research to provide suggestions of improvement for future research. DESIGN AND PARTICIPANTS: Relevant studies were identified through a systematic literature search in relevant databases. All studies investigating maternal diet quality during pregnancy in relation to child cognitive or affective functioning in children of elementary school age or younger were assessed for inclusion. RESULTS: 18 relevant studies, comprising 63 861 participants were identified. The results indicated a small positive association between better maternal diet quality during pregnancy and child functioning. We observed publication bias and significant heterogeneity between studies, where type of diet classification, publication year and outcome domain together accounted for about 30% of this heterogeneity. Trim and fill analysis substantiated the presence of publication bias for studies in the affective domain and showed an adjusted effect size of Hedge's g=0.088 (p=0.0018) (unadjusted g=0.093 (p=0.03)). We observed no publication bias in the cognitive domain, where results indicated a slightly larger effect size (g=0.14 (p<0.0001)) compared with that of the affective domain. The overall summary effect size was g=0.075 (p<0.0001) adjusted for publication bias (unadjusted g=0.112 (p=0.0001)). Child diet was not systematically controlled for in the majority of the studies. CONCLUSION: The results indicated that a better maternal diet quality during pregnancy has a small positive association with child neurodevelopment, with more reliable results seen for cognitive development. These results warrant further research on the association between maternal diet quality during pregnancy and cognitive and affective aspects of child neurodevelopment, whereby it is crucial that future studies account for child diet in the analysis.
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Human observational studies link maternal diet during pregnancy to child emotional and cognitive outcomes.
“and human observational studies also link maternal diet during pregnancy to child emotional and cognitive outcomes (243).”
From Diet and the Microbiota–Gut–Brain Axis: Sowing the Seeds of Good Mental Health (2021) · cites this paper as [243]
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- Authors
- Borge, T. C., Aase, H., Brantsæter, A. L., & Biele, G.
- Affiliations
- Norwegian Institute of Public Health (NO)
- Corresponding author
- Borge, Tiril Cecilie
- Venue
- BMJ Open
- Publisher
- BMJ
- Published
- 2017-09
- Volume
- 7
- Issue
- 9
- Pages
- e016777
- ISSN
- 2044-6055 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC5623570
- OpenAlex
- W2758182105
- Cited by
- 186
- References
- 85
- Citations by year
- 2026: 7 · 2025: 24 · 2024: 22 · 2023: 24 · 2022: 30 · 2021: 30 · 2020: 22 · 2019: 17 · 2018: 10
- FWCI
- 2.18
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Licence
- cc-by-nc
- Locations
- BMJ Open (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- BIBSYS Brage (BIBSYS (Norway)) (acceptedVersion)
- NORA - Norwegian Open Research Archives (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- HighWire Press Open Archive (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- NevSom; National Centre for Neurodevelopmental Disorders and Hypersomnia - ADHD, Autism, Tourette’s syndrome and Hypersomnia
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Nutritional Studies and Diet
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Pediatrics, Perinatology and Child Health › Birth, Development, and Health
- Health Sciences › Nursing › Nutrition and Dietetics › Child Nutrition and Water Access
- Keywords
- maternal diet quality, pregnancy, child cognitive development, child neurodevelopment, maternal nutrition, publication bias, children's diet, diet classification
- MeSH terms
- Affect, Child, Child Development, Cognition, Diet, Female, Humans, Pregnancy, Pregnancy Outcome, Publication Bias, Food Quality
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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