The DOI matches its Crossref record; 51 of the 51 references it cites were found in a registry or an index; 17 of the 50 sources its claims cite were checked for support.
The COVID-19 pandemic and health inequalities
Open accessAbstract
This essay examines the implications of the COVID-19 pandemic for health inequalities. It outlines historical and contemporary evidence of inequalities in pandemics—drawing on international research into the Spanish influenza pandemic of 1918, the H1N1 outbreak of 2009 and the emerging international estimates of socio-economic, ethnic and geographical inequalities in COVID-19 infection and mortality rates. It then examines how these inequalities in COVID-19 are related to existing inequalities in chronic diseases and the social determinants of health, arguing that we are experiencing a syndemic pandemic . It then explores the potential consequences for health inequalities of the lockdown measures implemented internationally as a response to the COVID-19 pandemic, focusing on the likely unequal impacts of the economic crisis. The essay concludes by reflecting on the longer-term public health policy responses needed to ensure that the COVID-19 pandemic does not increase health inequalities for future generations.
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Claims the paper makes
16 No full text of the sources · 16 Own interpretation · 12 Sources not found · 9 Partly supported · 6 Supported · 4 Not checked yet · 4 No basis given · 1 Not supported · 1 Couldn’t confirm · accuracy not yet measured
At least one cited source doesn’t support this claim or points to a different paper, and none confirmed it — see the verdicts below.
In the paper
“Similarly, access to healthcare is lower in disadvantaged and marginalised communities-even in universal healthcare systems.32”
§ The COVID-19 pandemic and health inequalities > PART 2. THE SYNDEMIC OF COVID-19, CHRONIC DISEASE AND THE SOCIAL DETERMINANTS OF HEALTH
What the sources say
- Disputedcites [32] Todd A , Copeland A , Kasim A , et al. Access all areas? An area-level analysis of the relationship between community pharmacy and primary care distribution, urbanity and social deprivation in England. BMJ Open 2015;5:e007328. doi: 10.1136/bmjopen-2014-007328 sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Conclusions (page unavailable) report the opposite pattern for the access this study measured: a higher proportion of people in England’s most deprived areas live within a 20-minute walk of a GP premises. The Discussion’s principal findings likewise say GP-premises accessibility was highest in the most deprived areas. The paper measures proximity to GP premises and pharmacies, not healthcare access in general or access among all marginalised communities. (LLM, conf=0.87)
Checked by a reasoning model — may be wrong.
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Disputed
Every source the paper cites for this claim was checked and supports it.
In the paper
“and across Sweden, there were inequalities in mortality between the highest and lowest occupational classes -particularly among men.7”
§ The COVID-19 pandemic and health inequalities > PART 1. HISTORICAL AND CONTEMPORARY EVIDENCE OF INEQUALITIES IN PANDEMICS
What the sources say
- Supportedcites [7] source
The Discussion reports social-class differences in excess mortality during the July 1918–June 1919 pandemic and says they were larger among men than women. The Regression results likewise identify low-skilled men as having the highest excess mortality and farmers the lowest; the paper does not claim a uniform class gradient. (LLM, conf=0.91)
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Supported
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“In contrast, countries with smaller pre-existing social and economic inequalities, such as New Zealand, did not experience any socio-economic inequalities in mortality.8 9”
§ The COVID-19 pandemic and health inequalities > PART 1. HISTORICAL AND CONTEMPORARY EVIDENCE OF INEQUALITIES IN PANDEMICS
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [8] Rice G , Bryder L . Black november: the 1918 influenza pandemic in New Zealand . Christchurch: Canterbury University Press, 2005.
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Partly supportedcites [9] sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Results (Univariate results, page unavailable) show no significant trend in mortality risk by occupational class among New Zealand military personnel; the paper also reports no significant occupational-class association in its fully adjusted model. But it does not establish that New Zealand had smaller pre-existing social and economic inequalities or that the country experienced no socioeconomic inequalities in pandemic mortality. The study was restricted to New Zealand military personnel in the Northern Hemisphere, so the claim generalizes beyond its population. (LLM, conf=0.87)
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Not matched
Every source the paper cites for this claim was checked and supports it.
In the paper
“Another study found positive associations between people with financial issues (eg, financial barriers to healthcare access) and influenza-like illnesses during the 2009 H1N1 pandemic in the USA.15”
§ The COVID-19 pandemic and health inequalities > PART 1. HISTORICAL AND CONTEMPORARY EVIDENCE OF INEQUALITIES IN PANDEMICS
What the sources say
- Supportedcites [15] source
The COMMENT section (page not provided) reports that respondents with financial barriers to healthcare were more likely to report influenza-like illness, even after adjustment for age, medical conditions, and employment. This directly supports the cited association in the US pandemic study. (LLM, conf=0.94)
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Supported
Every source the paper cites for this claim was checked and supports it.
In the paper
“For example, globally, Mexico experienced a higher mortality rate than that in higher-income countries.12”
§ The COVID-19 pandemic and health inequalities > PART 1. HISTORICAL AND CONTEMPORARY EVIDENCE OF INEQUALITIES IN PANDEMICS
What the sources say
- Supportedcites [12] source
The Discussion states that Mexico had higher 2009 pandemic-related mortality rates than the United States, Europe, or Australia. It also compares an estimated 11.1 deaths per 100,000 in Mexico with 4 per 100,000 in the United States. (LLM, conf=0.91)
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Supported
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“Various studies on cyclical winter influenza in North America have also found associations between mortality, morbidity and symptom severity and socio-economic status among adults and children.16 17”
§ The COVID-19 pandemic and health inequalities > PART 1. HISTORICAL AND CONTEMPORARY EVIDENCE OF INEQUALITIES IN PANDEMICS
What the sources say
- Partly supportedcites [16] sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Discussion reports that influenza-related hospitalizations increased as neighborhood socioeconomic status decreased among adults in New Haven County across four seasons. The Introduction also reports an earlier Connecticut finding for children. These passages support an association with hospitalization, but not the claimed associations with mortality or symptom severity across North America. (LLM, conf=0.88)
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [17] source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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- Partly supported
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“Similarly, old-age pensions in the UK were protected from austerity cuts after the GFC and research has suggested that this prevented health inequalities increasing amongst the older population.45”
§ The COVID-19 pandemic and health inequalities > PART 3. THE GREAT LOCKDOWN: THE COVID-19 ECONOMIC CRISIS AND HEALTH INEQUALITIES
What the sources say
- Partly supportedcites [45] sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Background and Discussion say UK pensioners were largely protected from austerity and suggest that maintaining these benefits may explain why the mental-health gap did not widen in the study’s older cohort. The Conclusion limits that finding to an 18-month study of the most and least deprived neighbourhoods of Stockton-on-Tees; it does not establish that pension protection prevented health inequalities from increasing among the UK’s older population generally. (LLM, conf=0.85)
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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- Partly supported
Every source the paper cites for this claim was checked and supports it.
In the paper
“Housing is also an important factor in driving health inequalities.34”
§ The COVID-19 pandemic and health inequalities > PART 2. THE SYNDEMIC OF COVID-19, CHRONIC DISEASE AND THE SOCIAL DETERMINANTS OF HEALTH
What the sources say
- Supportedcites [34] source
The Introduction describes housing and neighbourhood conditions as an upstream determinant that plays a role in health inequalities. The Abstract also calls them important social determinants of health. Together, these passages support the citing sentence's broad claim. (LLM, conf=0.93)
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Supported
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“Decades of research into the psychosocial determinants of health have found that the chronic stress of material and psychological deprivation is associated with immunosuppression.36”
§ The COVID-19 pandemic and health inequalities > PART 2. THE SYNDEMIC OF COVID-19, CHRONIC DISEASE AND THE SOCIAL DETERMINANTS OF HEALTH
What the sources say
- Partly supportedcites [36] sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Results report that chronic stressors, including unemployment and caregiving, were associated with reduced function on almost all immune measures examined. The Discussion describes the most chronic stressors as associated with broad immunosuppression. The paper does not establish material and psychological deprivation as distinct categories of stressor, so that specificity goes beyond its findings. (LLM, conf=0.82)
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Partly supported
Every source the paper cites for this claim was checked and supports it.
In the paper
“Likewise, there is increasing evidence that living in disadvantaged environments may produce a sense of powerlessness and collective threat among residents, leading to chronic stressors that, in time, damage health.39”
§ The COVID-19 pandemic and health inequalities > PART 2. THE SYNDEMIC OF COVID-19, CHRONIC DISEASE AND THE SOCIAL DETERMINANTS OF HEALTH
What the sources say
- Supportedcites [39] source
Section 3.3 (Meso/community level theories; page not provided) states that disadvantaged living environments may produce collective threat and powerlessness, which act as chronic stressors damaging health over time. This directly supports the attributed claim. (LLM, conf=0.95)
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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- Supported
- It may state two separate claims as one. 21
- Probably not a substantial claim. 2
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“Housing also impacts health inequalities materially through costs (eg, as a result of high rents) and psychosocially through insecurity (eg, short-term leases).34”
§ The COVID-19 pandemic and health inequalities > PART 2. THE SYNDEMIC OF COVID-19, CHRONIC DISEASE AND THE SOCIAL DETERMINANTS OF HEALTH
What the sources say
- Partly supportedcites [34] sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Introduction (page unavailable) says housing tenure may affect health psychosocially: home ownership may provide greater security than renting, while debt may cause anxiety. It does not identify high rents as a material pathway or short-term leases as the source of insecurity, and it qualifies the tenure effect rather than asserting it outright. (LLM, conf=0.84)
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Partly supported
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“For example, exposure to poor quality housing is associated with certain health outcomes, for example, damp housing can lead to respiratory diseases such as asthma while overcrowding can result in higher infection rates and increased risk of injury from household accidents.34”
§ The COVID-19 pandemic and health inequalities > PART 2. THE SYNDEMIC OF COVID-19, CHRONIC DISEASE AND THE SOCIAL DETERMINANTS OF HEALTH
What the sources say
- Partly supportedcites [34] sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Introduction says cold and damp housing may cause or exacerbate respiratory conditions, and that some housing-related hazards can cause injuries. The Results identify overcrowding as a housing-risk category, but the passages do not link it specifically to higher infection rates or household-accident injuries. The paper also does not specifically identify asthma as an outcome of damp housing. (LLM, conf=0.87)
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Partly supported
The cited sources that could be checked couldn’t confirm or dispute this claim.
In the paper
“For example, inequalities in premature mortality and infant mortality by income and ethnicity in the USA decreased during the period of welfare expansion in the USA ('war on poverty' era 1966 to 1980), but they increased again during the Reagan-Bush period (1980-2002) when welfare services and healthcare coverage were cut.46”
§ The COVID-19 pandemic and health inequalities > PART 3. THE GREAT LOCKDOWN: THE COVID-19 ECONOMIC CRISIS AND HEALTH INEQUALITIES
What the sources say
- Could not verifycites [46] sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The ‘Post-treatment reduction of clinical risk’ and ‘Duration of Follow-Up’ sections discuss antimalarial treatment trials, not US mortality inequalities. Searches for premature and infant mortality by income and ethnicity, the war on poverty, and the Reagan–Bush period found no passage addressing the claimed trends. (LLM, conf=0.78)
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Could not verify
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“COVID-19 has laid bare our longstanding social, economic and political inequalities -even before the COVID-19 pandemic, life expectancy amongst the poorest groups was already declining in the UK and the USA and health inequalities in some European countries have been increasing over the last decade.50”
§ The COVID-19 pandemic and health inequalities > CONCLUSION
What the sources say
- Partly supportedcites [50] Forster T , Kentikelenis A , Bambra C . Health inequalities in Europe: setting the stage for progressive policy action, Foundation for European Progressive Studies and the Think Tank for Action on Social Change (TASC). 2018. Available https://www.feps-europe.eu/component/attachments/attachments.html?task=attachment&id=168 sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The “Healthier but Still Unequal” section (page not provided) reports widening life-expectancy gaps in Denmark and in England between 2010 and 2015, supporting the claim that health inequalities increased in some European countries before COVID-19. It does not establish that life expectancy itself declined among the poorest groups in the UK or USA; the search for that claim found no such passage. (LLM, conf=0.88)
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
- Partly supported
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“The international literature demonstrates that there were inequalities in prevalence and mortality rates: between high-income and low-income countries, more and less affluent neighbourhoods, higher and lower socio-economic groups, and urban and rural areas.”
§ The COVID-19 pandemic and health inequalities > PART 1. HISTORICAL AND CONTEMPORARY EVIDENCE OF INEQUALITIES IN PANDEMICS
boostedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“These health impacts were not shared equally though-areas of the UK with higher unemployment rates had greater increases in suicide rates and inequalities in mental health increased with people living in the most deprived areas experiencing the largest increases in psychiatric morbidity and self-harm.43”
§ The COVID-19 pandemic and health inequalities > PART 3. THE GREAT LOCKDOWN: THE COVID-19 ECONOMIC CRISIS AND HEALTH INEQUALITIES
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [43] source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The COVID-19 pandemic is occurring against a backdrop of social and economic inequalities in existing non-communicable diseases (NCDs) as well as inequalities in the social determinants of health.”
§ The COVID-19 pandemic and health inequalities > PART 2. THE SYNDEMIC OF COVID-19, CHRONIC DISEASE AND THE SOCIAL DETERMINANTS OF HEALTH
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Based: unclear — It is unclear why the paper says it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“With regard to ethnic inequalities in COVID-19, data from England and Wales have found that people who are black, Asian and minority ethnic (BAME) accounted for 34.5% of 4873 critically ill COVID-19 patients (in the period ending April 16, 2020) and much higher than the 11.5% seen for viral pneumonia between 2017 and 2019.20”
§ The COVID-19 pandemic and health inequalities > PART 1. HISTORICAL AND CONTEMPORARY EVIDENCE OF INEQUALITIES IN PANDEMICS
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [20] Intensive Care National Audit and Research Centre . Report on COVID-19 in critical care 17 April 2020 . London: Intensive Care National Audit and Research Centre, 2020.
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plaincorrelationaln = 4,873- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
- Rests on an assumption: 14% of the population of England and Wales are from BAME backgrounds.
- Not matched
In the paper
“For example, in Chicago (in the period ending April 17, 2020), 59.2% of COVID-19 deaths were among black residents and the COVID-19 mortality rate for black Chicagoans was 34.8 per 100 000 population compared to 8.2 per 100 000 population among white residents.21”
§ The COVID-19 pandemic and health inequalities > PART 1. HISTORICAL AND CONTEMPORARY EVIDENCE OF INEQUALITIES IN PANDEMICS
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [21] Chicago Department of Public Health . COVID-19 death characteristics for Chicago residents. 2020. Available https://www.chicago.gov/city/en/sites/covid-19/home/latest-data.html (accessed 18 Apr 2020).
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“For example, lower-paid workers (where BAME groups are disproportionately represented)-particularly in the service sector (eg, food, cleaning or delivery services)-are much more likely to be designated as key workers and thereby are still required to go to work and rely on public transport for doing so.All these increase their exposure to the virus.”
§ The COVID-19 pandemic and health inequalities > PART 2. THE SYNDEMIC OF COVID-19, CHRONIC DISEASE AND THE SOCIAL DETERMINANTS OF HEALTH
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Lower socio-economic groups have a higher exposure to poor quality or unaffordable, insecure housing and therefore have a higher rate of negative health consequences.35”
§ The COVID-19 pandemic and health inequalities > PART 2. THE SYNDEMIC OF COVID-19, CHRONIC DISEASE AND THE SOCIAL DETERMINANTS OF HEALTH
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [35] source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“People with existing chronic conditions (eg, cancer or cardiovascular disease (CVD)) are less likely to receive treatment and diagnosis as health services are overwhelmed by dealing with the pandemic.”
§ The COVID-19 pandemic and health inequalities > PART 2. THE SYNDEMIC OF COVID-19, CHRONIC DISEASE AND THE SOCIAL DETERMINANTS OF HEALTH
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Just like the 1918 influenza pandemic (which had severe impacts on economic performance and increased poverty rates), the COVID-19 crisis will have huge economic, social and-ultimately-health consequences.”
§ The COVID-19 pandemic and health inequalities > PART 3. THE GREAT LOCKDOWN: THE COVID-19 ECONOMIC CRISIS AND HEALTH INEQUALITIES
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Minority ethnic groups, people living in areas of higher socioeconomic deprivation, those in poverty and other marginalised groups (such as homeless people, prisoners and street-based sex workers) generally have a greater number of coexisting NCDs, which are more severe and experienced at at a younger age.”
§ The COVID-19 pandemic and health inequalities > PART 2. THE SYNDEMIC OF COVID-19, CHRONIC DISEASE AND THE SOCIAL DETERMINANTS OF HEALTH
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“For example, deprived neighbourhoods are more likely to contain houses of multiple occupation and smaller houses with a lack of outside space, as well as have higher population densities (particularly in deprived urban areas) and lower access to communal green space.27”
§ The COVID-19 pandemic and health inequalities > PART 2. THE SYNDEMIC OF COVID-19, CHRONIC DISEASE AND THE SOCIAL DETERMINANTS OF HEALTH
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [27] Bambra C . Health divides: where you live can kill you . Bristol: Policy Press, 2016.
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Not matched
In the paper
“Previous research has found that sudden economic shocks (like the collapse of communism in the early 1990s and the global financial crisis (GFC) of 2008 41 ) lead to increases in morbidity, mental ill health, suicide and death from alcohol and substance use.”
§ The COVID-19 pandemic and health inequalities > PART 3. THE GREAT LOCKDOWN: THE COVID-19 ECONOMIC CRISIS AND HEALTH INEQUALITIES
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [41] Stuckler D , Basu S . The body economic. why austerity kills . London: Thomas Allen, 2013.
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“So, the health consequences of the COVID-19 economic crisis are likely to be similarly unequally distributed-exacerbating heath inequalities.”
§ The COVID-19 pandemic and health inequalities > PART 3. THE GREAT LOCKDOWN: THE COVID-19 ECONOMIC CRISIS AND HEALTH INEQUALITIES
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The prevalence and severity of the COVID-19 pandemic is magnified because of the pre-existing epidemics of chronic disease-which are themselves socially patterned and associated with the social determinants of health.”
§ The COVID-19 pandemic and health inequalities > PART 2. THE SYNDEMIC OF COVID-19, CHRONIC DISEASE AND THE SOCIAL DETERMINANTS OF HEALTH
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Similarly, the Gypsy/Roma community-one of the most marginalised minority groups in Europe-has a smoking rate that is two to three times the European average and increased rates of respiratory diseases (such as COPD) and other COVID-19 risk factors.29”
§ The COVID-19 pandemic and health inequalities > PART 2. THE SYNDEMIC OF COVID-19, CHRONIC DISEASE AND THE SOCIAL DETERMINANTS OF HEALTH
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [29] European commission . Roma health report: health status of the Roma population in the member states of the European union . Brussels: European Commission, 2014.
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Not matched
In the paper
“These will likely increase COVID-19 transmission rates-as was the case with H1N1 where strong associations were found with urbanity.13”
§ The COVID-19 pandemic and health inequalities > PART 2. THE SYNDEMIC OF COVID-19, CHRONIC DISEASE AND THE SOCIAL DETERMINANTS OF HEALTH
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [13] source
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“These state-imposed restrictionsusually requiring the government to take on emergency powershave been implemented to varying levels of severity, but all have in common a significant increase in social isolation and confinement within the home and immediate neighbourhood.”
§ The COVID-19 pandemic and health inequalities > PART 3. THE GREAT LOCKDOWN: THE COVID-19 ECONOMIC CRISIS AND HEALTH INEQUALITIES
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“This reduced access to healthcare-before and during the outbreak -contributes to inequalities in chronic disease and is also likely to lead to worse outcomes from COVID-19 in more disadvantaged areas and marginalised communities.”
§ The COVID-19 pandemic and health inequalities > PART 2. THE SYNDEMIC OF COVID-19, CHRONIC DISEASE AND THE SOCIAL DETERMINANTS OF HEALTH
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“It seems likely that there will be a post-COVID-19 global economic slumpwhich could make the health equity situation even worse, particularly if health-damaging policies of austerity are implemented again.”
§ The COVID-19 pandemic and health inequalities > CONCLUSION
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper relies on this without support.
14% of the population of England and Wales are from BAME backgrounds.
“Only 14% of the population of England and Wales are from BAME backgrounds.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Most countries failed to pursue traditional public health surveillance measures and were forced to implement lockdowns.
“While traditional public health surveillance measures of contact tracing and individual quarantine were successfully pursued by some countries (most notably by South Korea and Germany) as a way of tackling the virus in the early stages, most other countries failed to do so, and governments worldwide were eventually forced to implement mass quarantine measures -in the form of lockdowns.”
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Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
In the citing paper
“What we do know with more certainty is that times of crisis or periods of austerity are likely to disadvantage entire cohorts/generations [60], but that this will amplify prior forms of exclusion and marginalisation [3].”
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
Each contradiction between two passages listed here was confirmed by an independent check.
Rated minor: it would not touch a result — a value no result rests on, a p-value that stays on the same side of the significance level, or a conflict that is clerical, resolved elsewhere in the paper, or outside its own findings.
In the paper
§ The COVID-19 pandemic and health inequalities > CONCLUSION
“Both then and now, these inequalities have emerged through the syndemic nature of COVID-19-as it interacts with and exacerbates existing social inequalities in chronic disease and the social determinants of health.”
§ The COVID-19 pandemic and health inequalities > PART 1. HISTORICAL AND CONTEMPORARY EVIDENCE OF INEQUALITIES IN PANDEMICS
“More recent studies have confirmed Sydenstricker's early findings: there were significant inequalities in the 1918 Spanish influenza pandemic.”
Citations
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“There is also some evidence from the USA that the pandemic had long term impacts on child health and development [11].”
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Wahrendorf, M., Reuter, M., Hoebel, J., Wachtler, B., Höhmann, A., & Dragano, N. (2022) · BMC Infectious Diseases · doi:10.1186/s12879-022-07643-5 · Cited by 11
“Yet, knowledge on regional differences and the role of labour markets and their properties is instructive, as infections tend to cluster regionally and many decisions for pandemic intervention measures are made at regional levels [12].”
BackgroundCOVID‐19: A systems perspective on opportunities for better health outcomes
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Monkeypox and Global Health Inequities: A Tale as Old as Time…
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“Existing health disparities or inequalities, worsened by the COVID-19 pandemic [3], are deepening the disproportionate burden of morbidity and mortality which is being borne by lower- and middle-income countries (LMICs) [4].”
BackgroundWhen experts disagree: interviews with public health experts on health outcomes in the UK 2010–2020
Hiam, L. C., Dorling, D., & McKee, M. (2022) · Public Health · doi:10.1016/j.puhe.2022.10.019 · Cited by 10
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ASYMMETRIC MULTIFRACTAL CROSS-CORRELATION DYNAMICS BETWEEN FIAT CURRENCIES AND CRYPTOCURRENCIES
Fernandes, L. H. S., Kristjanpoller, W., & Tabak, B. M. (2022) · Fractals · doi:10.1142/s0218348x23500068 · Cited by 11
Considering social inequalities in health in COVID-19 response: insights from a French case study
Richard, Z., Chabrol, F., Gautier, L., Zinszer, K., & Ridde, V. (2023) · Health Promotion International · doi:10.1093/heapro/daac173 · Cited by 11
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“It can be seen that more marginalized groups and those in situations of social vulnerability are subject to the worst outcomes of the disease [22].”
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Poverty as Misrecognition: What Role for Antidiscrimination Law in Europe?
Ganty, S. (2021) · Human Rights Law Review · doi:10.1093/hrlr/ngab016 · Cited by 15
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Relationship quality and support for family policy during the COVID ‐19 pandemic
James, S. L., Brik, A. B., Jorgensen-Wells, M. A., Esteinou, R., Acero, I. D. M., Mesurado, B., Debeljuh, P., & Orellana, O. N. (2022) · Family Relations · doi:10.1111/fare.12705 · Cited by 11
Pasetto, R., & Malini, G. I. (2022) · Futures · doi:10.1016/j.futures.2022.103011 · Cited by 11
Adapt and Adjust: Doing UK-Based Ethnographic Fieldwork During the Covid-19 Pandemic
Johnson, L. (2022) · Medical Anthropology · doi:10.1080/01459740.2022.2106226 · Cited by 14
“As the pandemic has become interlaced with existing health inequalities and geographical patterns of disability (Bambra et al. 2020), I have needed to consider my own positionality, and furthermore how the methods used during my fieldwork have been impacted by COVID-19.”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialA policy pathway: Nursing's role in advancing diversity and health equity
Nickitas, D. M., Emmons, K. R., & Ackerman-Barger, K. W. (2022) · Nursing Outlook · doi:10.1016/j.outlook.2022.03.013 · Cited by 13
“…impact, and image in an unprecedented way and has been described as a “syndemic”, a synergistic set of problems associated with a “perpetuating configuration of noxious social conditions” that combine to damage health and increase health inequalities (Bambra, Riordan, Ford, & Matthews, 2020).”
BackgroundChen, C., Zhang, Q., Sheng, S., et al. (2023) · IEEE International Conference on Artificial Intelligence Circuits and Systems (AICAS) · doi:10.1109/aicas57966.2023.10168624 · Cited by 11
“…diseases outbreak, such as the pneumonia complication from the coronavirus [9], a shortage of medical practitioners and the difficulty of obtaining offline diagnosis due to the infectious nature of the diseases can further exacerbate the spread of the diseases and increase the death rate [10], [11].”
Background“YES it’s the Perfect Time to Quit”: Fueling Tobacco Cessation in India during COVID-19 Pandemic
Grover, S., Mohanty, V. R., Jain, S., et al. (2020) · Tobacco Use Insights · doi:10.1177/1179173x20960447 · Cited by 11
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The impact of COVID-19 and long COVID on sexual function in cisgender women
Seehuus, M., Fertig, M. R., Handy, A. B., Clifton, J., & Stanton, A. M. (2023) · The Journal of Sexual Medicine · doi:10.1093/jsxmed/qdad155 · Cited by 11
Systems that promote mental health in the teeth of oppression
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Nasrullah, A., Virk, S. T., Javed, A., SHAH, A. A., Ramanujam, D., Sharma, A., Gutierrez, L., Nauer, K., Maggio, M., Yin, Y., et al. (2024) · BMC Pulmonary Medicine · doi:10.1186/s12890-024-03047-0 · Cited by 11
“The COVID-19 pandemic has greatly amplified and exposed the existing inequalities and social determinants of health in patients with chronic respiratory disease [40].”
BackgroundReducing health inequalities through general practice: protocol for a realist review (EQUALISE)
Ford, J. A., Gkiouleka, A., Kuhn, I. L., Sowden, S. L., Head, F., Siersbaek, R., Bambra, C. L., Harmston, R. R., Manji, S., Moseley, A., et al. (2021) · BMJ Open · doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2021-052746 · Cited by 10
Self-citationMapping home internet activity during COVID-19 lockdown to identify occupation related inequalities
Zachreson, C., Martino, E., Tomko, M., Shearer, F. M., Bentley, R., & Geard, N. L. (2021) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-021-00553-7 · Cited by 9
Feminist Existentialism, Biopolitics, and Critical Phenomenology in a Time of Bad Health
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Health equity audits: a systematic review of the effectiveness
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Self-citationSouth, E., Rodgers, M., Wright, K. E., Whitehead, M. M., & Sowden, A. J. (2021) · Preventive Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.ypmed.2021.106916 · Cited by 10
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Building a Bioarchaeology of Pandemic, Epidemic, and Syndemic Diseases
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“It is presumed that an individual socioeconomic factor could have a participation on these results, due to a profile of residents with greater dependency and worse health status in the public and private not-for-profit NHs, since the priority of access to public services is determined by the degree of dependence and t…”
BackgroundResultde la Campa, E., & Reina, V. J. (2022) · Journal of Housing Economics · doi:10.1016/j.jhe.2022.101904 · Cited by 11
“While these racialized business responses are not new, they likely have increased housing instability in communities in which tenants were more already likely to be adversely affected by the pandemic in other ways (Bacher-Hicks et al. 2021; Bambra et al., 2020; Lee et al. 2021).”
BackgroundAfkar, M., Asl, P. R., Hezaveh, A. M., et al. (2022) · Medical Journal of the Islamic Republic of Iran · doi:10.47176/mjiri.36.174 · Cited by 10
“Most of the known clinical risk factors that increase the severity and mortality of COVID-19 have higher rates in socioeconomically disadvantaged areas or populations; at the same time, these people are more exposed to the virus (due to the type of occupation or, for example, use of public transportation) and also, ha…”
BackgroundMcNamara, C. L., Kotzias, V. I., Bambra, C. L., Labonté, R., & Stückler, D. (2023) · International Journal of Social Determinants of Health and Health Services · doi:10.1177/27551938231176374 · Cited by 9
Self-citationCOVID-19 Pandemic-Related Job Loss Impacts on Mental Health in South Korea
Han, K., Lee, S. M., Hong, M., Kim, S.-J., Sohn, S., Choi, Y., Hyun, J., Kim, H., Lee, S. H., Lee, Y., et al. (2023) · Psychiatry Investigation · doi:10.30773/pi.2022.0361 · Cited by 12
Temporal Trends in Pediatric Acute Sinusitis Surrounding the COVID‐19 Pandemic
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Piesch, L., Stojan, R., Zinner, J., Büsch, D., Utesch, K., & Utesch, T. (2024) · Sports Medicine - Open · doi:10.1186/s40798-024-00687-8 · Cited by 10
“Given that measures like lock-downs or home confinement were imposed in the context of preexisting socioeconomic inequalities, it seems plausible that the impact of such measures varied according to SEBs and, eventually, augmented socioeconomic inequalities in child health [31, 32].”
BackgroundThe Impact of the Coronavirus Pandemic on Vaccination Coverage in Latin America and the Caribbean
Castro-Aguirre, I., Alvarez, D., Contreras, M., Trumbo, S. P., Mújica, Ó. J., Peraza, D. S., & Velandia-González, M. (2024) · Vaccines · doi:10.3390/vaccines12050458 · Cited by 14
“…‐ country income inequality, as measured by the Gini index, predicted greater ‐ than ‐ expected coverage declines, aligning with other reports highlighting how the pandemic revealed and deepened existing health inequities [31–33]. pandemic revealed and deepened existing health inequities [31–33].”
BackgroundResultTwinsUK COVID-19 personal experience questionnaire (CoPE): wave 1 data capture April-May 2020
Suthahar, A., Sharma, P., Hart, D. J., et al. (2021) · Wellcome Open Research · doi:10.12688/wellcomeopenres.16671.1 · Cited by 10
Third Wave of the COVID-19 Pandemic: Prominence of Initial Public Health Interference
Mukherjee, S., & Ray, S. K. (2022) · Infectious Disorders - Drug Targets · doi:10.2174/1871526522666220208115101 · Cited by 10
Coronavirus, capitalism and a ‘thousand tiny dis/advantages’: a more-than-human analysis
Fox, N. J. (2022) · Social Theory & Health · doi:10.1057/s41285-022-00179-3 · Cited by 11
“…gradients in health have been noted for many years, with associations found between health status and a range of measures of socio-economic position such as income, employment type, housing quality and relative deprivation (Bambra et al 2020; Marmot 2005; Marmot and Bell 2012; Scambler 2012).”
BackgroundDewidar, O., Rader, T., Waddington, H. S., Nicholls, S. G., Little, J., Hardy, B.-J., Horsley, T., Young, T., Cuervo, L. G., Sharp, M. K., et al. (2022) · F1000Research · doi:10.12688/f1000research.122185.1 · Cited by 10
“We chose to stratify by country because of the importance of the context and resources in LMIC settings which affect health inequities both among LMIC and between LMIC and HIC, Given the evidence on exacerbation of inequities during the COVID-19 pandemic, we decided to ensure balance across studies related to COVID-19…”
Vigezzi, G. P., Bertuccio, P., Bossi, C. B., Amerio, A., d’Oro, L. C., Derosa, G., Iacoviello, L., Stückler, D., Zucchi, A., Lugo, A., et al. (2022) · Primary care diabetes · doi:10.1016/j.pcd.2022.06.001 · Cited by 9
“This situation was responsible for exacerbating pre-existing health, socioeconomic, and geographic inequalities, with greater consequences among vulnerable populations [6], whose susceptibility is likely to worsen health outcomes.”
BackgroundGriffith, G. J., Owen, G. E., Manley, D., Howe, L. D., & Smith, G. D. (2022) · Health & Place · doi:10.1016/j.healthplace.2022.102848 · Cited by 10
“Research has consistently shown that neighbourhood deprivation is associated with higher COVID-19 case rates (Bambra et al., 2020; Williamson et al., 2020; Health England, 2020), and recent work suggests this was more true between August and October 2020, than previously.”
ResultNovak, D. A., Hallowell, R., Llobrera, K., Schreiber, J., Wright, E., & Elliott, D. (2022) · AERA Open · doi:10.1177/23328584221103878 · Cited by 11
“The spread of the virus in these communities created a synergistic epidemic of disease, economic hardship, homelessness, and food insecurity that could no longer be ignored by healthcare providers, administrators, and politicians (Bambra et al., 2020; Krieger, 2020).”
BackgroundFlexible societies excelled in saving lives in the first phase of the COVID-19 pandemic
Li, J., Akaliyski, P., Heisig, J. P., Löbl, S., & Minkov, M. (2022) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2022.924385 · Cited by 13
“, 2021), and income and social inequality (Bambra et al., 2020; Caul, 2020; Elgar et al., 2020; Oronce et al., 2020) were associated with country and regional level COVID-19 mortality.”
BackgroundMoyano, D. L., Martínez, M. L., & Martínez, L. L. (2022) · Journal of Global Health · doi:10.7189/jogh.12.05056 · Cited by 11
Zarif, A., Joy, M., Sherlock, J., Sheppard, J. P., Byford, R. C., Akinyemi, O., Bankhead, C. R., Deeks, A. S., Ferreira, F. M., Jones, N. R., et al. (2021) · Journal of Infection · doi:10.1016/j.jinf.2021.04.033 · Cited by 11
Law, R., Langley, J., Hall, B., Burton, C. R., Hiscock, J., Williams, L., Morrison, V., LEMMEY, A. B., Lovell-Smith, C., Gallanders, J., et al. (2021) · BMJ Open · doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2020-046751 · Cited by 9
The Socioeconomic Impact of COVID-19 in Urban Informal SettlementsPreprint
Gil, D., Domínguez, P., Undurraga, E. A., & Valenzuela, E. (2021) · medRxiv · doi:10.1101/2021.01.16.21249935 · Cited by 10
“Studies suggest that the health crisis has amplified existing disadvantages along racial, ethnic, gender, and socioeconomic lines [13-18].”
BackgroundSarafian, I. (2022) · doi:10.19088/sshap.2022.014 · Cited by 10
“Living in socio-economically disadvantaged settlements, Roma have higher rates of underlying clinical risk factors that increase the severity and mortality of COVID-19.(36) It is vital that health information provision and communications strategies consider the wider socio-economic determinants of health which affect…”
BackgroundKaskafetou, S., Karakosta, A., Sypsa, V., et al. (2022) · BMC Public Health · doi:10.1186/s12889-022-14353-9 · Cited by 9
“Public HIV-awareness campaigns led to reduced stigma and discrimination toward individuals living with HIV infection [44].”
BackgroundKuria, S., Karanja, S., Mubita, B., Kapsandui, T., Kutna, J., Anyona, D., Murerwa, J. M., & Ferguson, L. (2024) · PLOS Global Public Health · doi:10.1371/journal.pgph.0002740 · Cited by 9
Basic income as a pandemic social protection instrument: Lessons from Maricá, Brazil
Wispelaere, J. D., Morales, L., & Waltenberg, F. D. (2024) · International Social Security Review · doi:10.1111/issr.12352 · Cited by 10
Capitalism and the ‘commercial determinants of health’: A more-than-human micropolitics
Fox, N. J. (2024) · Social Science & Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.socscimed.2024.116925 · Cited by 12
Understanding COVID-19 through the lens of ‘syndemic vulnerability’: possibilities and challenges
McMahon, N. E. (2021) · International Journal of Health Promotion and Education · doi:10.1080/14635240.2021.1893934 · Cited by 11
“COVID-19, non-communicable disease, poverty, discrimination), it has been argued that what we are actually witnessing is not a pandemic, but rather a syndemic (Baybutt and Dooris 2020; Horton 2020; Bambra et al. 2020; Herrick 2020).”
BackgroundStimpfel, A. W., Ghazal, L. V., Goldsamt, L. A., Zhanay, J., & Dickson, V. V. (2022) · AJN American Journal of Nursing · doi:10.1097/01.naj.0000827324.34143.7a · Cited by 10
Social determinants related to COVID ‐19 infection
Kim, S. B., & Jeong, I. S. (2022) · Nursing and Health Sciences · doi:10.1111/nhs.12947 · Cited by 9
Folch, C., González-Casals, H., Colom, J., Bosque‐Prous, M., Barón-Garcia, T., Álvarez-Vargas, A., Casabona, J., & Espelt, A. (2022) · Children · doi:10.3390/children9060783 · Cited by 9
“Such inequalities have also been described in other studies [19,20], and they confirm the existence of a social vulnerability that underscores the need for an equity approach to face the pandemic.”
ResultSouza-Silva, M. V. R., Ziegelmann, P. K., Junior, V. A. N., Gomes, V. M. R., Etges, A. P. B. D. S., Schwarzbold, A. V., Nunes, A. G. S., Maurílio, A. D. O., Scotton, A. L. B. A., Costa, A. S. D. M., et al. (2022) · Internal and Emergency Medicine · doi:10.1007/s11739-022-03092-9 · Cited by 9
Pandemic justice: fairness, social inequality and COVID-19 healthcare priority-setting
Nielsen, L., & Albertsen, A. B. (2022) · Journal of Medical Ethics · doi:10.1136/jme-2022-108384 · Cited by 9
“18 Thus, many of the same social background factors which determine the difference in risk of exposure also determine the severity of a patient’s reaction to an infection, and the risk of mortality incurred as a result.”
BackgroundSilva, L., Bezzo, F. B., & van Ham, M. (2023) · Social Science & Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.socscimed.2023.115917 · Cited by 10
Vulnerabilities in Mental Health due to Covid-19 Pandemic: The Response of the Italian Physicians
ROSE, A. D., Arezzo, M. F., Amore, M., Cuomo, A., Filippis, S. D., Pia, S. L., Pasqualini, M., Pirani, A., Torta, R., & Fagiolini, A. M. (2023) · Social Indicators Research · doi:10.1007/s11205-023-03111-y · Cited by 9
“The pandemic effects have been different between population groups not just in terms of COVID-19 morbidity and mortality rates, but also in terms of the consequences of the implemented restrictions and emergency lockdown measures (Bambra et al., 2020).”
BackgroundMyers, C., Bennett, K., & Cahir, C. (2023) · International Journal for Quality in Health Care · doi:10.1093/intqhc/mzad048 · Cited by 9
“As more information on the topic of COVID-19, BC, and SDH becomes available, the scoping review will be updated.”
InfluentialReflections from the COVID-19 pandemic in Germany: lessons for global health
Wieler, L. H., Antão, E.-M., & Hanefeld, J. (2023) · BMJ Global Health · doi:10.1136/bmjgh-2023-013913 · Cited by 9
Covid and the coalfield: Covid-19 vaccine hesitance in Wales and Appalachia
Saville, C. W. N., Mann, R., Lockard, A. S., et al. (2023) · Social Science & Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.socscimed.2023.116295 · Cited by 9
“The study, while building on a broader literature of looking at social gradients in COVID-19 outcomes and vaccination uptake (Bambra et al., 2020), is novel in focusing on coalfields.”
Boer, M., Moreno-Maldonado, C., Dierckens, M., Lenzi, M., Currie, C. E., Residori, C., Bosáková, L., Berchialla, P., Eida, T., & Stevens, G. W. J. M. (2023) · Child Indicators Research · doi:10.1007/s12187-023-10082-6 · Cited by 11
“The COVID-19 pandemic has been labelled syndemic , meaning that it has exacerbated pre-existing socioeconomic health inequalities (Bambra et al., 2020).”
Wachtler, B., Beese, F., Demirer, I., Haller, S., Pförtner, T., Wahrendorf, M., Grabka, M. M., & Hoebel, J. (2024) · Scandinavian Journal of Work Environment & Health · doi:10.5271/sjweh.4144 · Cited by 9
“One major driver of inequalities in SARS-CoV-2 infections that is mentioned frequently is the unequal exposure as a result of unequal working conditions (6, 7).”
Robb, K., Ahmed, R., Wong, J. W., Ladd, E., & de Jong, J. (2024) · SSM - Population Health · doi:10.1016/j.ssmph.2024.101629 · Cited by 10
“Several empirical and numerous editorial pieces have posited that inequalities in housing conditions contributed to inequalities in COVID-19 infection and severity (Bambra et al., 2020; Barry, 2020; Harlem, 2020; Logan, 2020a; Mehdipanah, 2020).”
BackgroundBambra, C. L., & Lynch, J. F. (2020) · International Journal of Health Policy and Management · doi:10.34172/ijhpm.2020.149 · Cited by 10
Self-citationGarrido, J. M., Martínez‐Rodríguez, D., Rodríguez‐Serrano, F., Pérez-Villares, J. M., Ferreiro-Marzal, A., Jiménez‐Quintana, M. D. M., & Villanueva, R. J. (2021) · Medicina Intensiva · doi:10.1016/j.medin.2021.02.014 · Cited by 9
Area-level indicators of income and total mortality during the COVID-19 pandemic
Colombo, F. R., Alicandro, G., & Vecchia, C. L. (2021) · European Journal of Public Health · doi:10.1093/eurpub/ckab038 · Cited by 9
Chiam, A. L., Cheng, N. W. I., & Larson, H. J. (2021) · Global Public Health · doi:10.1080/17441692.2021.1919734 · Cited by 8
“…in 2014 showed that mistrust of health authorities and propagation of rumours can weaken outbreak response efforts, illustrating the importance of community support for successful implementation of outbreak response measures (Barrelet et al., 2013; Gillespie et al., 2016; Henrich & Holmes, 2011).”
BackgroundMonitorización de la COVID-19 en España: ¿es posible un análisis con perspectiva de género?
Carrillo, M. J., Bacigalupe, A., & Martín, U. (2021) · Gaceta Sanitaria · doi:10.1016/j.gaceta.2021.06.002 · Cited by 9
Bell, Z., Scott, S., Visram, S., Rankin, J. M., Bambra, C. L., & Heslehurst, N. (2021) · BMJ Open · doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2020-048180 · Cited by 9
Self-citationManaging medicines at the end of life: a position paper for health policy and practice
Latif, A., Faull, C., Waring, J. J., Wilson, E., Anderson, C., Avery, A. J., & Pollock, K. (2021) · Journal of Health Organization and Management · doi:10.1108/jhom-11-2020-0440 · Cited by 9
Riza, E., Lazarou, A., Karnaki, P., et al. (2021) · Healthcare · doi:10.3390/healthcare9101284 · Cited by 9
“In times of difficulties, such as the 2011 global economy crisis or the current COVID-19 pandemic, social inequalities become exacerbated and adversely affect these groups [22].”
BackgroundCOVID-19 immunisation in older people
Vigezzi, G. P., & Odone, A. (2022) · The Lancet Healthy Longevity · doi:10.1016/s2666-7568(22)00036-8 · Cited by 9
The influence of socio‐economic conditions on the epidemiology of COVID ‐19 in Australia
Flavel, J., & Baum, F. E. (2022) · The Medical Journal of Australia · doi:10.5694/mja2.51470 · Cited by 9
Bayesian spatial modeling of COVID-19 case-fatality rate inequalities
Polo, G., Acosta, C. M., Soler‐Tovar, D., Porras-Villamil, J. F., Palencia, N. P., Rozo, M. L. P., Martinez, J. M., Bobadilla, J. N., Martín, L. V., Duran, S. P., et al. (2022) · Spatial and Spatio-temporal Epidemiology · doi:10.1016/j.sste.2022.100494 · Cited by 9
de Souza, A. P. G., Mota, C. M. D. M., Rosa, A. G. F., et al. (2022) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0268538 · Cited by 9
“All of these factors are aggravated by the social impacts of COVID-19 [67].”
BackgroundSocial inequalities in ageing in the Nordic countries
Fritzell, J., Agahi, N., Jylhä, M. K., et al. (2022) · European Journal of Ageing · doi:10.1007/s10433-022-00702-5 · Cited by 9
“The issue of socioeconomic inequalities was also highlighted by the pandemic, since well-known pre-existing inequalities became intertwined with COVID-19 inequalities to a large extent (Bambra et al. 2020).”
BackgroundCapurro, D. A., & Harper, S. B. (2022) · Journal of Health Services Research & Policy · doi:10.1177/13558196221079160 · Cited by 9
“This becomes especially relevant considering the impact the COVID-19 pandemic has had, and is projected to have, on income distribution and health care systems response.(24,25) Our estimates of inequality trends across selected subgroups suggest some homogeneity in the trends and allow some generalizations.”
BackgroundLeyens, L., Simkins, T., & Horst, N. K. (2022) · Trials · doi:10.1186/s13063-022-06707-w · Cited by 13
“those with a lower educational level and those from minority groups) and the severity of the impact of a COVID-19 infection [19, 20].”
BackgroundStapelberg, N. J. C., Branjerdporn, G., Adhikary, S. R., Johnson, S., Ashton, K. J., & Headrick, J. P. (2022) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph192013226 · Cited by 10
“Recent substantial public health changes and economic shifts due to COVID-19 have been particularly impactful, in some cases exaggerating economic and social inequities [230] and straining systems of medical and social support.”
BackgroundComplex adaptive systems in CanMEDS 2025
Aerde, J. V., Gomes, M. M., Giuliani, M. E., et al. (2022) · Canadian Medical Education Journal · doi:10.36834/cmej.75538 · Cited by 9
Liu, L., Pollock, N. J., Contreras, G. A., Tonmyr, L., & Thompson, W. (2022) · Health Promotion and Chronic Disease Prevention in Canada · doi:10.24095/hpcdp.43.3.01 · Cited by 11
Widening the gap: the differential impact of COVID-19 on tenants and homeowners
Dreesen, S., & Heylen, K. (2022) · Housing Studies · doi:10.1080/02673037.2022.2150149 · Cited by 9
Price, A. M. H., Suárez, D. C., Zhu, A., Schreurs, N., Measey, M., Woolfenden, S. R., Burley, J., Bryson, H., Efron, D., Rhodes, A., et al. (2022) · Australian Journal of Social Issues · doi:10.1002/ajs4.252 · Cited by 9
Kozakiewicz, A., Izdebski, Z., Białorudzki, M., & Mazur, J. (2023) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph20042988 · Cited by 10
“Undoubtedly, the COVID-19 pandemic is associated with significant health, racial and gender inequalities [36].”
BackgroundNon-essential treatment? Sub-fertility in the time of COVID-19 (and beyond)
Cavaliere, G. (2020) · Reproductive BioMedicine Online · doi:10.1016/j.rbmo.2020.07.029 · Cited by 9
“SARS-CoV-2 has had a disproportionate impact on people with low socio-economic status and from ethnic minorities groups (Bambra et al., 2020).”
BackgroundImplications of the COVID-19 pandemic on health equity and healthy cities
Kim, J. (2020) · 보건교육·건강증진학회지 · doi:10.14367/kjhep.2020.37.4.81 · Cited by 9
Metadata
- Authors
- Bambra, C., Riordan, R., Ford, J., & Matthews, F.
- Affiliations
- Newcastle University (GB)
- University of Cambridge (GB)
- Corresponding author
- Bambra, Clare
- Venue
- Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health
- Publisher
- BMJ
- Published
- 2020-06-13
- Volume
- 74
- Issue
- 11
- Pages
- 964-968
- ISSN
- 0141-7681 (ISSN-L)
- 0143-005X
- 1470-2738
- PMC
- PMC7298201
- OpenAlex
- W3034285292
- Cited by
- 2,118
- References
- 48
- Citations by year
- 2026: 216 · 2025: 196 · 2024: 298 · 2023: 364 · 2022: 508 · 2021: 454 · 2020: 80
- FWCI
- 174.72
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- Journal of Epidemiology & Community Health (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Repository@Hull (Worktribe) (University of Hull) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- HighWire Press Open Archive (submittedVersion)
- Newcastle University ePrints (Newcastle Univesity)
- Funders
- National Institute for Health Research (NIHR200173)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Health › Public Health and Social Inequalities
- Social Sciences › Health › Health disparities and outcomes
- Health Sciences › Health Professions › General Health Professions › Healthcare Systems and Challenges
- Keywords
- COVID-19 pandemic, health disparities, syndemic, social determinants of health, socioeconomic disparities, ethnic inequality, regional disparities, economic impact of lockdown, public health policy
- MeSH terms
- Betacoronavirus, COVID-19, SARS-CoV-2, Humans, Pneumonia, Viral, Socioeconomic Factors, Coronavirus Infections, Health Status Disparities, Healthcare Disparities, Pandemics, Social Determinants of Health
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
A language model drew the claims from the paper on 2026-10-11, under version 3 of the claim definition (model deepseek-v4.1-flash, prompt extract-v3).
A second model labelled each claim on 2026-10-11 (model jev-1.13-20260917, definition revision gold-guideline-v0.2).
Cited sources are checked with a language model’s help (gpt-6-sol).
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
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