Pelvic endometriosis: Reproductive and menstrual risk factors at different stages in Lombardy, northern Italy
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AIM: To analyse the relationship between reproductive and menstrual factors and different stages of pelvic endometriosis. METHODS: Between 1987 and 1990 a case-control study of risk factors for pelvic endometriosis was conducted. Cases comprised 376 women (median age 32 years) with pelvic endometriosis confirmed by laparoscopy or laparotomy admitted to any one of three clinics in Lombardy, northern Italy. A total of 129 (34.3%) of these women were at stage 1, 76 (20.2%) at stage 2, 96 (25.5%) at stage 3, and 75 (19.9%) at stage 4, according to the American Fertility Society revised classification of endometriosis. Controls comprised 522 women admitted to hospital for acute conditions. RESULTS: The risk of endometriosis decreased with increasing number of births. The estimated odds ratios (OR) were similar in different stages of the disease: for example, compared with nulliparous women, the OR of endometriosis at stage 1 was 0.1 in women who reported two or more births and the corresponding values were respectively 0.1, 0.2, and 0.2 for endometriosis at stages 2, 3, and 4. Cases reported fewer induced abortions than controls: the estimated ORs compared with no induced abortion were 0.4, 0.5, 0.2, and 0.2 in women who reported one or more induced abortions for subsequent stages of endometriosis. Women with irregular menstrual cycles were at less risk of the disease: compared with women who reported lifelong regular cycles the estimated ORs were 0.3, 0.5, 0.5, and 0.3 for disease stages 1-4 respectively. No consistent association emerged between the ages at menarche and at first delivery and the risk of endometriosis. CONCLUSIONS: This analysis provides further evidence that reproductive and menstrual factors are associated with the risk of endometriosis. The observation that early and late stages of the disease share similar epidemiological characteristics suggests an epidemiological (and pathogenetic) continuum between various stages of the disease.
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Early menarche before the age of 11 is associated with the risk of endometriosis.
“epidemiological studies analyzing the cycle of women with endometriosis have shown that the early first cycle (before the age of 11) is associated with the risk of endometriosis [43,44,45,46]”
From Endometriosis: Epidemiology, Classification, Pathogenesis, Treatment and Genetics (Review of Literature) (2021) · cites this paper as [46]
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- Authors
- Parazzini, F., Ferraroni, M., Fedele, L., Bocciolone, L., Rubessa, S., & Riccardi, A.
- Affiliations
- Mario Negri Institute for Pharmacological Research (IT)
- Venue
- Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health
- Publisher
- BMJ
- Published
- 1995-02
- Volume
- 49
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 61-64
- ISSN
- 0141-7681 (ISSN-L)
- 0143-005X
- 1470-2738
- PMC
- PMC1060076
- OpenAlex
- W1965828685
- Cited by
- 68
- References
- 12
- Citations by year
- 2026: 1 · 2025: 1 · 2024: 6 · 2023: 3 · 2022: 1 · 2021: 3 · 2020: 4 · 2019: 1 · 2018: 2 · 2017: 2 · 2016: 4 · 2015: 1 · 2014: 3 · 2013: 4 · 2012: 2
- FWCI
- 1.90
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- Journal of Epidemiology & Community Health (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Reproductive Medicine › Endometriosis Research and Treatment
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Ectopic Pregnancy Diagnosis and Management
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Menstrual Health and Disorders
- Keywords
- pelvic endometriosis, endometriosis stage, risk factors, parity, abortion, menstrual irregularity, age at menarche, age at first birth, reproductive factors, menstrual factors
- MeSH terms
- Abortion, Spontaneous, Abortion, Induced, Adult, Endometriosis, Female, Humans, Italy, Menarche, Menstruation Disturbances, Middle Aged, Parity, Pelvis, Pregnancy, Risk Factors, Odds Ratio, Case-Control Studies
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