Cited by 245Workplace Health and Well-beingEmployment and Welfare StudiesJob Satisfaction and Organizational Behavior

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Effort-reward imbalance, procedural injustice and relational injustice as psychosocial predictors of health: complementary or redundant models?

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Kivimäki, Mika, Vahtera, Jussi, Elovainio, Marko, Virtanen, Marianna, Siegrist, Johannes·2007·Occupational and Environmental Medicine

Abstract

Objective: Effort-reward imbalance at work is an established psychosocial risk factor but there are also newer conceptualisations, such as procedural injustice (decisions at work lack consistency, openness and input from all affected parties) and relational injustice (problems in considerate and fair treatment of employees by supervisors). The authors examined whether procedural injustice and relational injustice are associated with employee health in addition to, and in combination with, effort-reward imbalance. Methods: Prospective survey data from two cohorts related to public-sector employees: the 10-Town study (n = 18 066 (78% women, age range 19–62) and the Finnish Hospital Personnel study (n = 4833, 89% women, age range 20–60). Self-rated poor health, minor psychiatric morbidity and doctor-diagnosed depression were assessed at baseline (2000–2) and at follow-up (2004). To determine incident morbidity, baseline cases were excluded. Results: In multivariate models including age, sex, occupational status and all three psychosocial factors as predictors, high effort-reward imbalance and either high procedural injustice or high relational injustice were associated with increased morbidity at follow-up in both cohorts. After combining procedural and relational injustice into a single measure of organisational injustice, high effort-reward imbalance and high injustice were both independently associated with health. For all outcome measures, a combination of high effort-reward imbalance and high organisational injustice was related to a greater health risk than high effort-reward imbalance or injustice alone. Conclusion: Evidence from two independent occupational cohorts suggests that procedural and relational components of injustice, as a combined index, and effort-reward imbalance are complementary risk factors.

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  1. Greenberg J Cropanzano R , eds. Advances in organization justice: Stanford University Press, 2001.

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Metadata

Authors
Kivimäki, M., Vahtera, J., Elovainio, M., Virtanen, M., & Siegrist, J.
Affiliations
Finnish Institute of Occupational Health (FI)
Venue
Occupational and Environmental Medicine
Publisher
BMJ
Published
2007-01-25
Volume
64
Issue
10
Pages
659-665
ISSN
  • 0007-1072 (ISSN-L)
  • 1351-0711
  • 1470-7926
OpenAlex
W2087147136
Cited by
245
References
29
Citations by year
2026: 4 · 2025: 6 · 2024: 11 · 2023: 8 · 2022: 8 · 2021: 10 · 2020: 14 · 2019: 18 · 2018: 17 · 2017: 13 · 2016: 15 · 2015: 18 · 2014: 13 · 2013: 9 · 2012: 25
FWCI
30.16
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
Locations
  • Occupational and Environmental Medicine (publishedVersion)
  • PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
  • UCL Discovery (University College London) (submittedVersion)
  • HighWire Press Open Archive (submittedVersion)
Topics
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Workplace Health and Well-being
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Employment and Welfare Studies
  • Social Sciences › Business, Management and Accounting › Organizational Behavior and Human Resource Management › Job Satisfaction and Organizational Behavior
Keywords
effort-reward imbalance, procedural injustice, psychosocial risk factors, employee health, psychiatric morbidity, depression, public sector employees, occupational health
MeSH terms
Adult, Mental Disorders, Europe, Female, Follow-Up Studies, Health Status, Health Surveys, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Models, Psychological, Occupational Diseases, Prospective Studies, Reward, Social Justice, Cohort Studies, Causality, Multivariate Analysis, Odds Ratio, Workload, Age Distribution, Sex Distribution

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