What Should Be Done with Equity Theory?
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Procedural fairness perceptions are measured considering perceptions of procedural voice, outcome control, consistency of procedures across participants, suppression of bias, accuracy of factors, correctability of outcomes, and ethicality of the process.
“For instance, procedural fairness perceptions are measured considering perceptions of procedural voice, outcome control, consistency of procedures across participants, suppression of bias, accuracy of factors, correctability of outcomes, and ethicality of the process [62,89].”
From Disentangling Fairness Perceptions in Algorithmic Decision-Making: the Effects of Explanations, Human Oversight, and Contestability (2023) · cites this paper as [62]
Correctability directly refers to the requirement of having an appeal process in place.
“This is somewhat unsurprising considering that correctability directly refers to the requirement of having an appeal process in place [62].”
From Disentangling Fairness Perceptions in Algorithmic Decision-Making: the Effects of Explanations, Human Oversight, and Contestability (2023) · cites this paper as [62]
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Justice at the millennium: A meta-analytic review of 25 years of organizational justice research.
Colquitt, J. A., Conlon, D. E., Wesson, M. J., Porter, C. O. L. H., & Ng, K. Y. (2001) · Journal of Applied Psychology · doi:10.1037/0021-9010.86.3.425 · Cited by 5,942 · see citing works
On the dimensionality of organizational justice: A construct validation of a measure.
Colquitt, J. A. (2001) · Journal of Applied Psychology · doi:10.1037/0021-9010.86.3.386 · Cited by 5,989 · see citing works
“…theoretical dimensionality of organizational justice and (b) to perform a construct validation of a new justice measure, one that closely follows the original explications laid out in the seminal works in the area (e.g., Bies & Moag, 1986; Leventhal, 1976; Leventhal, 1980; Thibaut & Walker, 1975).”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialOrganizational Justice: Yesterday, Today, and Tomorrow
Greenberg, J. (1990) · Journal of Management · doi:10.1177/014920639001600208 · Cited by 3,666 · see citing works
Moorman, R. H. (1991) · Journal of Applied Psychology · doi:10.1037//0021-9010.76.6.845 · Cited by 3,422 · see citing works
“For example, Leventhal (1980) suggested that procedural justice perceptions influenced subsequent perceptions of distributive justice.”
BackgroundConsequences of Abusive Supervision
Tepper, B. J. (2000) · Academy of Management Journal · doi:10.5465/1556375 · Cited by 2,125 · see citing works
A Model of Customer Satisfaction with Service Encounters Involving Failure and Recovery
Smith, A. K., Bolton, R. N., & Wagner, J. (1999) · Journal of Marketing Research · doi:10.2307/3152082 · Cited by 2,058 · see citing works
“…outcome of exchange (Adams 1965; Deutsch 1975); procedural justice, which involves the means by which decisions are made and conflicts are resolved (Leventhal 1980; Lind and Tyler 1988; Thibaut and Walker 1975); and interactional justice, which involves the manner in which information is exchanged…”
BackgroundMasterson, S. S., Lewis, K., Goldman, B. M., & Taylor, M. S. (2000) · Academy of Management Journal · doi:10.2307/1556364 · Cited by 2,085 · see citing works
Behavioral Ethics in Organizations: A Review
Treviño, L. K., Weaver, G. R., & Reynolds, S. J. (2006) · Journal of Management · doi:10.1177/0149206306294258 · Cited by 1,837 · see citing works
“…(Deutsch, 1975; Homans, 1961), procedural justice (perceptions of the fairness of the procedures managers and organizations use to make decisions) (Leventhal, 1980; Thibaut & Walker, 1975), and interactional justice (perceptions of the fairness of interpersonal treatment and explanations for bad…”
BackgroundCITIZENSHIP BEHAVIOR AND SOCIAL EXCHANGE.
Konovsky, M. A., & Pugh, S. D. (1994) · Academy of Management Journal · doi:10.2307/256704 · Cited by 1,929 · see citing works
Tsui, A. S., Pearce, J. L., PORTER, L. W., & Tripoli, A. M. (1997) · Academy of Management Journal · doi:10.2307/256928 · Cited by 1,806 · see citing works
Dulebohn, J. H., Bommer, W. H., Liden, R. C., Brouer, R. L., & Ferris, G. R. (2012) · Journal of Management · doi:10.1177/0149206311415280 · Cited by 1,625 · see citing works
“Fair procedures are those characterized by decision-maker adherence to procedural justice rules, including bias suppression, representativeness, ethicality, accuracy, correctability, consistency, and process control (e.g., Leventhal, 1980; Lind & Tyler, 1988).”
BackgroundA Taxonomy of Organizational Justice Theories
Greenberg, J. (1987) · Academy of Management Review · doi:10.5465/amr.1987.4306437 · Cited by 2,309 · see citing works
Colquitt, J. A., Scott, B. A., Rodell, J. B., Long, D. M., Zapata, C. P., Conlon, D. E., & Wesson, M. J. (2013) · Journal of Applied Psychology · doi:10.1037/a0031757 · Cited by 1,462 · see citing works
“When coding the justice dimensions, we generally relied on seminal definitions and measurement discussions (e.g., Adams, 1965; Bies & Moag, 1986; Colquitt, 2001; J. Greenberg, 1993a; Leventhal, 1976, 1980).”
BackgroundMethodMoral Virtues, Fairness Heuristics, Social Entities, and Other Denizens of Organizational Justice
Cropanzano, R., Byrne, Z. S., Bobocel, D. R., & Rupp, D. E. (2001) · Journal of Vocational Behavior · doi:10.1006/jvbe.2001.1791 · Cited by 1,453 · see citing works
“More specifically, Bies argued that previous models of procedural justice had either neglected (e.g., Thibaut & Walker, 1975) or confounded (e.g., Leventhal, 1980) people's concerns about the fairness of the formal structure of decision procedures, with their concerns about the fairness of the…”
Fox, S., Spector, P. E., & Miles, D. E. (2001) · Journal of Vocational Behavior · doi:10.1006/jvbe.2001.1803 · Cited by 1,444 · see citing works
Advances in Organizational Justice
Greenberg, J., & Cropanzano, R. (2001) · Cited by 1,416 · see citing works
Lee, M. K. (2018) · Big Data & Society · doi:10.1177/2053951718756684 · Cited by 1,338 · see citing works
The Forgotten Ones? The Validity of Consideration and Initiating Structure in Leadership Research.
Judge, T. A., Piccolo, R. F., & Ilies, R. (2004) · Journal of Applied Psychology · doi:10.1037/0021-9010.89.1.36 · Cited by 1,265 · see citing works
Konovsky, M. A., & Cropanzano, R. (1991) · Journal of Applied Psychology · doi:10.1037/0021-9010.76.5.698 · Cited by 987 · see citing works
“Leventhal (1980) provided a comprehensive model of procedurally fair structural characteristics when he noted that fair procedures include input from all affected parties, are consistently applied, suppress bias, are as accurate as possible, are correctable (eg, provide for appeals), and are ethical.”
The Perceived Fairness of Selection Systems: An Organizational Justice Perspective
Gilliland, S. W. (1993) · The Academy of Management Review · doi:10.2307/258595 · Cited by 1,185 · see citing works
Research in Organizational Behavior: An Annual Series of Analytical Essays and Critical Reviews
Staw, B. M., Cummings, L. L., Stutton, R. I., Kramer, R. M., & Brief, A. P. (1985) · Medical Entomology and Zoology · Cited by 949 · see citing works
Antecedents and outcomes of abusive supervision: test of a trickle-down model.
Aryee, S., Chen, Z. X., Sun, L.-Y., & Debrah, Y. A. (2007) · Journal of Applied Psychology · doi:10.1037/0021-9010.92.1.191 · Cited by 914 · see citing works
What is Procedural Justice?: Criteria Used by Citizens to Assess the Fairness of Legal Procedures
Tyler, T. R. (1988) · Law & Society Review · doi:10.2307/3053563 · Cited by 912 · see citing works
The role of procedural and distributive justice in organizational behavior
Alexander, S., & Ruderman, M. N. (1987) · Social Justice Research · doi:10.1007/bf01048015 · Cited by 896 · see citing works
“Deutsch (1975) and Leventhal (1976; 1980) made important conceptual contributions to the issue of procedural justice in allocation situations.”
BackgroundThe role of overall justice judgments in organizational justice research: A test of mediation.
Ambrose, M. L., & Schminke, M. J. (2009) · Journal of Applied Psychology · doi:10.1037/a0013203 · Cited by 880 · see citing works
“For example, Leventhal’s (Leventhal, 1980; Leventhal, Karuza, & Fry, 1980) seminal work on procedural justice framed procedural and distributive rules as the foundation of overall justice judgments. Lind and Tyler’s (1988) work also acknowledged distributive and procedural justice as components of overall justice in n…”
BackgroundInfluentialLavelle, J. J., Rupp, D. E., & Brockner, J. (2007) · Journal of Management · doi:10.1177/0149206307307635 · Cited by 850 · see citing works
“…outcomes they receive (distributive justice [DJ]; Adams, 1965), the fairness of the procedures that lead to those outcomes (procedural justice [PJ]; Leventhal, 1980; Thibaut & Walker, 1975), and the interpersonal treatment bestowed in the delivery of said procedures (interactional justice [IJ];…”
BackgroundInteractional fairness judgments: The influence of causal accounts
Bies, R. J., & Shapiro, D. L. (1987) · Social Justice Research · doi:10.1007/bf01048016 · Cited by 792 · see citing works
Lind, E. A., Kanfer, R., & Earley, P. C. (1990) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.59.5.952 · Cited by 633 · see citing works
“a favorable outcome (Leventhal, 1980) or an equitable outcome”
BackgroundConsumer Privacy: Balancing Economic and Justice Considerations
Culnan, M. J., & Bies, R. J. (2003) · Journal of Social Issues · doi:10.1111/1540-4560.00067 · Cited by 779 · see citing works
Homburg, C., & Fürst, A. (2005) · Journal of Marketing · doi:10.1509/jmkg.69.3.95.66367 · Cited by 779 · see citing works
“In turn, perceptions of reliability enhance customer justice evaluations (Leventhal 1980).”
BackgroundHRM Practices and Organizational Commitment: Test of a Mediation Model
Meyer, J. P., & Smith, C. (2009) · Canadian Journal of Administrative Sciences / Revue Canadienne des Sciences de l Administration · doi:10.1111/j.1936-4490.2000.tb00231.x · Cited by 814 · see citing works
Aquino, K. F., Tripp, T. M., & Bies, R. J. (2006) · Journal of Applied Psychology · doi:10.1037/0021-9010.91.3.653 · Cited by 719 · see citing works
JUSTICE IN TEAMS: ANTECEDENTS AND CONSEQUENCES OF PROCEDURAL JUSTICE CLIMATE
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Organizational Justice and Stress: The Mediating Role of Work-Family Conflict.
Judge, T. A., & Colquitt, J. A. (2004) · Journal of Applied Psychology · doi:10.1037/0021-9010.89.3.395 · Cited by 699 · see citing works
“Thibaut and Walker (1975) argued that influence was a vital component of procedural justice, and Leventhal (1980) argued that procedures should be representative of employees’ views and opinions.”
BackgroundInfluentialEMPLOYEE SILENCE ON CRITICAL WORK ISSUES: THE CROSS LEVEL EFFECTS OF PROCEDURAL JUSTICE CLIMATE
Tangirala, S., & Ramanujam, R. (2008) · Personnel Psychology · doi:10.1111/j.1744-6570.2008.00105.x · Cited by 689 · see citing works
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Handbook of Industrial, Work & Organizational Psychology
Anderson, N. R., Öneş, D. S., Sinangil, H. K., & Viswesvaran, C. (2001) · Sage eBooks · Cited by 632 · see citing works
Do Fair Procedures Matter? The Effect of Procedural Justice on Spouse Assault
Paternoster, R., Bachman, R., Brame, R., & Sherman, L. W. (1997) · Law & Society Review · doi:10.2307/3054098 · Cited by 588 · see citing works
A Restatement of the Satisfaction-Performance Hypothesis
Organ, D. W. (1988) · Journal of Management · doi:10.1177/014920638801400405 · Cited by 581 · see citing works
How fairness perceptions make innovative behavior more or less stressful
Janssen, O. (2004) · Journal of Organizational Behavior · doi:10.1002/job.238 · Cited by 568 · see citing works
Liao, H., & Rupp, D. E. (2005) · Journal of Applied Psychology · doi:10.1037/0021-9010.90.2.242 · Cited by 563 · see citing works
VOICE AND JUSTIFICATION: THEIR INFLUENCE ON PROCEDURAL FAIRNESS JUDGMENTS.
Bies, R. J., & Shapiro, D. L. (1988) · Academy of Management Journal · doi:10.2307/256465 · Cited by 579 · see citing works
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Filial Piety and Loyalty: Two Types of Social Identification in Confucianism
Hwang, K. (1999) · Asian Journal Of Social Psychology · doi:10.1111/1467-839x.00031 · Cited by 544 · see citing works
“Distributive justice is the particular method of resource distribution that is accepted by group members (Leventhal, 1976, 1980).”
MethodNiehoff, B. P., & Moorman, R. H. (1993) · Academy of Management Journal · doi:10.5465/256591 · Cited by 541 · see citing works
Stevens, M. J., & Campion, M. A. (1994) · Journal of Management · doi:10.1177/014920639402000210 · Cited by 538 · see citing works
“Few studies have investigated the effects of workload distribution strategies (Dyer, 1984), but motivation theories suggest that equity must be considered when making workload assignments in a team (Adams, 1965; Leventhal, 1980).”
BackgroundReactions to procedural injustice in payment distributions: Do the means justify the ends?
Greenberg, J. (1987) · Journal of Applied Psychology · doi:10.1037/0021-9010.72.1.55 · Cited by 532 · see citing works
Ambrose, M. L., & Schminke, M. J. (2003) · Journal of Applied Psychology · doi:10.1037/0021-9010.88.2.295 · Cited by 524 · see citing works
When do we need procedural fairness? The role of trust in authority.
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“Answering this question is of crucial importance for any theory about justice (Leventhal, 1980), and therefore we focus on this question in the present article.”
BackgroundA Four-Component Model of Procedural Justice: Defining the Meaning of a “Fair” Process
Blader, S. L., & Tyler, T. R. (2003) · Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin · doi:10.1177/0146167203029006007 · Cited by 511 · see citing works
“For instance, Leventhal (1980) specified six criteria of fair 747 Authors’ Note: Steven Blader is now at the Stern School of Business, New York University.”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialKöchling, A., & Wehner, M. C. (2020) · Business Research · doi:10.1007/s40685-020-00134-w · Cited by 511 · see citing works
“Leventhal (1980) describes fairness as equal treatment based on people’s performance and needs.”
BackgroundResultKuvaas, B. (2007) · Journal of Management Studies · doi:10.1111/j.1467-6486.2007.00710.x · Cited by 532 · see citing works
Beyond Deterrence: An Expanded View of Employee Computer Abuse1
Willison, R., & Warkentin, M. E. (2013) · MIS Quarterly · doi:10.25300/misq/2013/37.1.01 · Cited by 481 · see citing works
“Leventhal and his colleagues ( Leventhal 1980 ; Leventhal et al .”
BackgroundSimons, T. L., & Roberson, Q. M. (2003) · Journal of Applied Psychology · doi:10.1037/0021-9010.88.3.432 · Cited by 474 · see citing works
“Re- searchers have offered several different typologies for and operationalizations of procedural justice (Leventhal, 1980; Thibaut & Walker, 1975).”
BackgroundORGANIZATION-MOTIVATED AGGRESSION: A RESEARCH FRAMEWORK
O’Leary-Kelly, A. M., Griffin, R. W., & Glew, D. J. (1996) · Academy of Management Review · doi:10.5465/amr.1996.9602161571 · Cited by 517 · see citing works
Three roads to organizational justice
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Differentiating the effects of status and power: A justice perspective.
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Tsui, A. S. Y., Pearce, J. L., Porter, L. W., et al. (1997) · Academy of Management Journal · doi:10.5465/256928 · Cited by 427 · see citing works
Justice strategy options for increased customer satisfaction in a services recovery setting
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Procedural Justice and Legal Compliance
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“…increase their moral authority are being transparent about their motivations for important decisions (Brockner, DeWitt, Grover, & Reed, 1990; Folger & Martin, 1986), and closely adhering to procedural justice principles (Leventhal, 1980), as these factors are known to support feelings of control.”
BackgroundPresumed fair: Ironic effects of organizational diversity structures.
Kaiser, C. R., Major, B., Jurcevic, I., Dover, T. L., Brady, L. M., & Shapiro, J. R. (2013) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/a0030838 · Cited by 405 · see citing works
Organizational Citizenship Behavior in Schools and Its Relationship to School Climate
DiPaola, M. F., & Tschannen‐Moran, M. (2001) · Journal of School Leadership · doi:10.1177/105268460101100503 · Cited by 398 · see citing works
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Using socially fair treatment to promote acceptance of a work site smoking ban.
Greenberg, J. (1994) · Journal of Applied Psychology · doi:10.1037/0021-9010.79.2.288 · Cited by 382 · see citing works
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The Principles and Limits of Algorithm-in-the-Loop Decision Making
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“For example, the principle of procedural justice requires that decisions be (among other things) accurate, fair, consistent, correctable, and ethical [55].”
BackgroundSolving the equity–equality conceptual dilemma: a new model for analysis of the educational process
Espinoza, Ó. (2007) · Educational Research · doi:10.1080/00131880701717198 · Cited by 375 · see citing works
“Hence, fairness is judged in terms of the procedure’s consistency, prevention of personal bias and its representativeness of important subgroups (Deutsch, 1975; Leventhal, 1980).”
BackgroundIllegitimate tasks as a source of work stress
Semmer, N. K., Jacobshagen, N., Meier, L. L., Elfering, A., Beehr, T. A., Kälin, W., & Tschan, F. (2015) · Work & Stress · doi:10.1080/02678373.2014.1003996 · Cited by 375 · see citing works
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VOICE, CONTROL, AND BELONGING: The Double-Edged Sword of Procedural Fairness
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“Although the first two dimensions were included in an earlier list of procedural desiderata (Leventhal, 1980), the third factor – standing – is the most distinctive contribution of their models.”
BackgroundImplementing global strategies: The role of procedural justice
Kim, W. C., & Mauborgne, R. A. (1991) · Strategic Management Journal · doi:10.1002/smj.4250120910 · Cited by 330 · see citing works
The effect of organizational structure on perceptions of procedural fairness.
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“Leventhal (1980; Leventhal, Karuza, & Fry, 1980) identified six rules by which individuals assess the fairness of procedures: consistency, bias suppression, representativeness, correctability, accuracy, and ethicality.”
BackgroundJustice, Fairness, and Employee Reactions
Colquitt, J. A., & Zipay, K. P. (2015) · Annual Review of Organizational Psychology and Organizational Behavior · doi:10.1146/annurev-orgpsych-032414-111457 · Cited by 339 · see citing works
“In his seminal writings on justice, Leventhal argued that fairness perceptions are formed through a cognitively rich process in which employees decide what justice rules to consider and howmuch toweigh them (e.g., Leventhal 1980, Leventhal et al. 1980).”
BackgroundInfluentialIndigenous and Cultural Psychology
Kim, U., Yang, K., & Hwang, K. (2006) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/0-387-28662-4 · Cited by 331 · see citing works
Chinese Relationalism: Theoretical Construction and Methodological Considerations
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Procedural justice, legitimacy, and prisoner misconduct
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“Leventhal's ( 1980 ) work has also proved influential in understanding citizens’ fairness judgements of legal procedures.”
BackgroundMurphy, K., Tyler, T. R., & Curtis, A. (2009) · Regulation & Governance · doi:10.1111/j.1748-5991.2009.01043.x · Cited by 313 · see citing works
Kernan, M. C., & Hanges, P. J. (2002) · Journal of Applied Psychology · doi:10.1037/0021-9010.87.5.916 · Cited by 351 · see citing works
“Presumably, employees who are allowed input will have a better opportunity to ensure that fair procedures are followed (e.g., standards applied consistently, accurate information is used), thereby enhancing procedural justice perceptions (Leventhal, 1980).”
BackgroundMethodMcShane, L., & Cunningham, P. H. (2011) · Journal of Business Ethics · doi:10.1007/s10551-011-1064-x · Cited by 307 · see citing works
“Processes are said to be fair to the extent that they demonstrate consistency, bias suppression, accuracy, correctability, representativeness, and ethicality (Levanthal 1980).”
BackgroundFairness perceptions of algorithmic decision-making: A systematic review of the empirical literature
Starke, C., Baleis, J., Keller, B., & Marcinkowski, F. (2022) · Big Data & Society · doi:10.1177/20539517221115189 · Cited by 316 · see citing works
“Second, procedural fairness indicates that decision-making is based on fair criteria, such as revocability or consistency (Leventhal, 1980).”
BackgroundManagerial responsibilities and procedural justice
Folger, R. G., & Bies, R. J. (1989) · Employee Responsibilities and Rights Journal · doi:10.1007/bf01384939 · Cited by 298 · see citing works
Procedural justice as a criterion in allocation decisions.
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Roggeveen, A. L., Tsiros, M., & Grewal, D. (2011) · Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science · doi:10.1007/s11747-011-0274-1 · Cited by 302 · see citing works
Justice, Cynicism, and Commitment
Bernerth, J. B., Armenakis, A. A., Feild, H. S., & Walker, H. J. (2007) · The Journal of Applied Behavioral Science · doi:10.1177/0021886306296602 · Cited by 306 · see citing works
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“Leventhal (1980) first discussed procedural justice in non-legal contexts, such as organizational settings, and identified six evaluation criteria for perceived procedural fairness.”
BackgroundProcedural Justice, Police Legitimacy, and Helping the Police Fight Crime
Reisig, M. D., & Lloyd, C. (2009) · Police Quarterly · doi:10.1177/1098611108327311 · Cited by 308 · see citing works
An employee-centered model of organizational justice and social responsibility
Rupp, D. E. (2011) · Organizational Psychology Review · doi:10.1177/2041386610376255 · Cited by 292 · see citing works
“One perspective within this domain has a revivalist flare to it (see Leventhal, 1980; Leventhal, Karuza, & Fry, 1980; Lind & Tyler, 1988).”
BackgroundJohnson, R. E., Selenta, C., & Lord, R. G. (2005) · Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes · doi:10.1016/j.obhdp.2005.07.005 · Cited by 286 · see citing works
“Procedural justice involves the extent to which employees perceive the system that determines pay and other work outcomes as being fair (e.g., accurate, representative, and free from bias; Leventhal, 1980; Thibaut & Walker, 1975).”
BackgroundChory‐Assad, R. M. (2002) · Communication Quarterly · doi:10.1080/01463370209385646 · Cited by 286 · see citing works
“Similarly, communication accuracy, timeliness, and completeness (Cropanzano & Greenberg, 1997; Leventhal, 1980) have been shown to predict increased motivation in organizational settings (Orpen, 1997), suggesting the fairness-motivation connection.”
BackgroundResultSkarlicki, D. P., & Latham, G. P. (1997) · Personnel Psychology · doi:10.1111/j.1744-6570.1997.tb00707.x · Cited by 284 · see citing works
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Masterson, S. S., Lewis, K., Goldman, B. M., et al. (2000) · Academy of Management Journal · doi:10.5465/1556364 · Cited by 283 · see citing works
“Later, Leventhal (1980) identified six justice rules (accuracy, representativeness, bias suppression, consistency, ethicality, and correctability) thought to be used by individuals in judging the fairness of procedures.”
BackgroundFriends Without Benefits: Understanding the Dark Sides of Workplace Friendship
Pillemer, J., & Rothbard, N. P. (2018) · Academy of Management Review · doi:10.5465/amr.2016.0309 · Cited by 287 · see citing works
- Authors
- Leventhal, G. S.
- Affiliations
- Wayne State University (US)
- Corresponding author
- Leventhal, Gerald S.
- ORCID
- Leventhal, Gerald S.
- Venue
- Social Exchange
- Publisher
- Springer US
- Published
- 1980
- Pages
- 27-55
- OpenAlex
- W1526225581
- Cited by
- 3,010
- References
- 0
- Citations by year
- 2026: 130 · 2025: 109 · 2024: 114 · 2023: 122 · 2022: 168 · 2021: 157 · 2020: 153 · 2019: 124 · 2018: 137 · 2017: 133 · 2016: 124 · 2015: 114 · 2014: 120 · 2013: 93 · 2012: 129
- FWCI
- 16.34
- Type
- book chapter
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Springer eBooks (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Social Power and Status Dynamics
- Social Sciences › Business, Management and Accounting › Organizational Behavior and Human Resource Management › Job Satisfaction and Organizational Behavior
- Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Social and Intergroup Psychology
- Keywords
- equity theory, reward allocation, resource allocation, social systems, organizational justice, punishment
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