Life Events, Stress and Depression: A Review of Recent Findings

Tennant, Christopher

doi:10.1046/j.1440-1614.2002.01007.x

Cited by 478Anxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive ProcessesChild and Adolescent Psychosocial and Emotional DevelopmentMental Health Research Topics

Life Events, Stress and Depression: A Review of Recent Findings

Tennant, Christopher·2002·Australian & New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry

DOI 10.1046/j.1440-1614.2002.01007.x

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Abstract

Objective To review recent empirical prospective studies on the relation between life event stressors and depression. Method A systematic literature search focusing on predictive studies was carried out from 1980 to early 2001 using Medline, Embase and PsychInfo. Results The empirical findings for the most part support clinical impressions of the relation of stressors to depression but at the same time provide some clearer understanding in relation to differences of stressor impact on depression type and on index episode, relapse or recurrence. Twin studies now provide the strongest evidence of the relative magnitude of effect of environmental stressors and genetic factors: the former explains at least as much of the variance in depression as our genes. Conclusions Continuing research into life events and depression have been fruitful especially those studies assessing the effect of stressors in combination with other aetiological variables such as genetic factors.

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Stressful life events (SLEs) are environmental factors that increase the risk of depression.
“Stressful life events (SLEs) are environmental factors that increase the risk of depression (Kessler, 1997; Tennant, 2002).”
From Stressful life events increase the risk of major depressive episodes: A population-based twin study (2023) · cites this paper as Tennant, 2002
SLEs that occur during childhood, adolescence and adulthood are all associated with an increased risk of depression.
“SLEs that occur during childhood, adolescence and adulthood are all associated with an increased risk of depression (Sjöholm, Lavebratt, & Forsell, 2009; Tennant, 2002).”
From Stressful life events increase the risk of major depressive episodes: A population-based twin study (2023) · cites this paper as Tennant, 2002

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“However, one-third of the total variance between life events and depression was ‘noncausal’ and was explained by individuals at high risk of depression selecting into high ‘stress risk’ environments [136].”
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Level of Depressive Symptoms and Life Stresses for Culturally Diverse Older Adults
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Assessing Stressful Life Events in Relation to Liability and Compensation
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Self-citation
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Stressful Life Events and Social Rhythm Disruption in the Onset of Manic and Depressive Bipolar Episodes: A Preliminary Investigation
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Stress and Depression
Hammen, C. (2005) · Annual Review of Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1146/annurev.clinpsy.1.102803.143938 · Cited by 2,979 · see citing works
Association of Torture and Other Potentially Traumatic Events With Mental Health Outcomes Among Populations Exposed to Mass Conflict and Displacement: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis
Steel, Z., Chey, T., Silove, D., Marnane, C., Bryant, R. A., & van Ommeren, M. (2009) · JAMA · doi:10.1001/jama.2009.1132 · Cited by 2,246 · see citing works
Racism and Psychological and Emotional Injury: Recognizing and Assessing Race-Based Traumatic Stress
Carter, R. T. (2007) · The Counseling Psychologist · doi:10.1177/0011000006292033 · Cited by 1,316 · see citing works
Psychosocial factors at work and risk of depression: a systematic review of the epidemiological evidence
Bonde, J. P. E. (2008) · Occupational and Environmental Medicine · doi:10.1136/oem.2007.038430 · Cited by 919 · see citing works
Deconstructing the construct: a network perspective on psychological phenomena
Schmittmann, V. D., Cramer, A. O. J., Waldorp, L. J., Epskamp, S., Kievit, R. A., & Borsboom, D. (2013) · New Ideas in Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.newideapsych.2011.02.007 · Cited by 740 · see citing works
The Interaction of Stressful Life Events and a Serotonin Transporter Polymorphism in the Prediction of Episodes of Major Depression
Kendler, K. S., Kuhn, J. W., Vittum, J., Prescott, C. A., & Riley, B. P. (2005) · Archives of General Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/archpsyc.62.5.529 · Cited by 669 · see citing works
A Person-by-Situation Approach to Emotion Regulation: Cognitive Reappraisal Can Either Help or Hurt, Depending on the Context
Troy, A. S., Shallcross, A. J., & Mauss, I. B. (2013) · Psychological Science · doi:10.1177/0956797613496434 · Cited by 641 · see citing works
Feeling bad on Facebook: depression disclosures by college students on a social networking site
Moreno, M. A., Jelenchick, L. A., Egan, K. G., COX, E. D., Young, H. N., Gannon, K., & Becker, T. (2011) · Depression and Anxiety · doi:10.1002/da.20805 · Cited by 607 · see citing works
Social group memberships protect against future depression, alleviate depression symptoms and prevent depression relapse
Cruwys, T., Dingle, G. A., Haslam, C., Haslam, S. A., Jetten, J., & Morton, T. A. (2013) · Social Science & Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.socscimed.2013.09.013 · Cited by 525 · see citing works
Depression and Social Identity: An Integrative Review
Cruwys, T., Haslam, S. A., Dingle, G. A., Haslam, C., & Jetten, J. (2014) · Personality and Social Psychology Review · doi:10.1177/1088868314523839 · Cited by 498 · see citing works
Seeing the silver lining: Cognitive reappraisal ability moderates the relationship between stress and depressive symptoms.
Troy, A. S., Wilhelm, F. H., Shallcross, A. J., & Mauss, I. B. (2010) · Emotion · doi:10.1037/a0020262 · Cited by 461 · see citing works
A gene for...": the nature of gene action in psychiatric disorders.
Kendler, K. (2005) · American Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.162.7.1243 · Cited by 202 · see citing works
Universal risk factors for multifactorial diseases: LifeLines: a three-generation population-based study
Stolk, R. P., Rosmalen, J. G. M., Postma, D. S., de Boer, R. A., Navis, G., Slaets, J. P. J., Ormel, J., & Wolffenbuttel, B. H. R. (2008) · European Journal of Epidemiology · doi:10.1007/s10654-007-9204-4 · Cited by 391 · see citing works
Resilience in the face of stress: emotion regulation as a protective factor
Troy, A. S., & Mauss, I. B. (2011) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/cbo9780511994791.004 · Cited by 388 · see citing works
Depression and reduced sensitivity to non-rewards versus rewards: Evidence from event-related potentials
Foti, D., & Hajcak, G. (2009) · Biological Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.biopsycho.2008.12.004 · Cited by 341 · see citing works
Meta-review of depressive subtyping models
Harald, B., & Gordon, P. (2012) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2011.07.015 · Cited by 328 · see citing works
Individual, Interpersonal, and Institutional Level Factors Associated With the Mental Health of College Students
Byrd, D. R., & McKinney, K. J. (2012) · Journal of American College Health · doi:10.1080/07448481.2011.584334 · Cited by 315 · see citing works
Resilience amid Academic Stress: The Moderating Impact of Social Support among Social Work Students
Wilks, S. E. (2008) · Advances in Social Work · doi:10.18060/51 · Cited by 287 · see citing works
Feeling connected again: Interventions that increase social identification reduce depression symptoms in community and clinical settings
Cruwys, T., Haslam, S. A., Dingle, G. A., Jetten, J., Hornsey, M. J., Chong, E. M. D., & Oei, T. P. S. (2014) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2014.02.019 · Cited by 256 · see citing works
An Exposure-Wide and Mendelian Randomization Approach to Identifying Modifiable Factors for the Prevention of Depression
Choi, K. W., Stein, M. B., Nishimi, K. M., Ge, T., Coleman, J. R. I., Chen, C., Ratanatharathorn, A. D., Zheutlin, A. B., Dunn, E. C., Breen, G. D., et al. (2020) · American Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.2020.19111158 · Cited by 238 · see citing works
The Thai version of the PSS-10: An Investigation of its psychometric properties
Wongpakaran, N., & Wongpakaran, T. (2010) · BioPsychoSocial Medicine · doi:10.1186/1751-0759-4-6 · Cited by 223 · see citing works
Determinants of Depression Among Ethiopian Immigrants and Refugees in Toronto
Fenta, H., Hyman, I., & Noh, S. (2004) · The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease · doi:10.1097/01.nmd.0000126729.08179.07 · Cited by 210 · see citing works
Genetic and Stress-Induced Loss of NG2 Glia Triggers Emergence of Depressive-like Behaviors through Reduced Secretion of FGF2
Birey, F., Kloc, M. L., Chavali, M., Hussein, I., Wilson, M., Christoffel, D. J., Chen, T., Frohman, M. A., Robinson, J. K., Russo, S. J., et al. (2015) · Neuron · doi:10.1016/j.neuron.2015.10.046 · Cited by 204 · see citing works
In Search of HPA Axis Dysregulation in Child and Adolescent Depression
Guerry, J. D., & Hastings, P. D. (2011) · Clinical Child and Family Psychology Review · doi:10.1007/s10567-011-0084-5 · Cited by 195 · see citing works
Depression and College Stress Among University Undergraduates: Do Mattering and Self-Esteem Make a Difference?
Dixon, S., & Robinson, S. E. (2008) · Journal of college student development · doi:10.1353/csd.0.0024 · Cited by 195 · see citing works
Effects of social and technology overload on psychological well-being in young South Korean adults: The mediatory role of social network service addiction
Choi, S. B., & Lim, M. (2016) · Computers in Human Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.chb.2016.03.032 · Cited by 202 · see citing works
Neuroimmunological effects of physical exercise in depression
Eyre, H. A., & Baune, B. T. (2011) · Brain Behavior and Immunity · doi:10.1016/j.bbi.2011.09.015 · Cited by 188 · see citing works
Sex Differences in the Heritability of Resilience
Boardman, J. D., Blalock, C. L., & Button, T. M. M. (2008) · Twin Research and Human Genetics · doi:10.1375/twin.11.1.12 · Cited by 185 · see citing works
Reliability and validity of the 4‐item perceived stress scale among pregnant women: Results from the OTIS antidepressants study
Karam, F., Bérard, A., Sheehy, O., Huneau, M., Briggs, G. B., Chambers, C., Einarson, A., Johnson, D., Kao, K. K., Koren, G., et al. (2012) · Research in Nursing & Health · doi:10.1002/nur.21482 · Cited by 179 · see citing works
Let it be: Accepting negative emotional experiences predicts decreased negative affect and depressive symptoms
Shallcross, A. J., Troy, A. S., Boland, M., & Mauss, I. B. (2010) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.brat.2010.05.025 · Cited by 177 · see citing works
Alexithymia and its associations with depression, suicidality, and aggression: an overview of the literature
Hemming, L., Haddock, G., Shaw, J., & Pratt, D. (2019) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2019.00203 · Cited by 170 · see citing works
STRESS EXPOSURE ACROSS THE LIFE SPAN CUMULATIVELY INCREASES DEPRESSION RISK AND IS MODERATED BY NEUROTICISM
Vinkers, C. H., Joëls, M., Milaneschi, Y., Kahn, R. S., Penninx, B. W. J. H., & Boks, M. P. (2014) · Depression and Anxiety · doi:10.1002/da.22262 · Cited by 170 · see citing works
Hypocortisolism as a potential marker of allostatic load in children: Associations with family risk and internalizing disorders
Badanes, L. S., Watamura, S. E., & Hankin, B. L. (2011) · Development and Psychopathology · doi:10.1017/s095457941100037x · Cited by 167 · see citing works
Health risk behaviours and allostatic load: A systematic review
Suvarna, B., Suvarna, A., Phillips, R., Juster, R., McDERMOTT, B. M., & Sarnyai, Z. (2019) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2019.12.020 · Cited by 165 · see citing works
Academic Stress, Supportive Communication, and Health A version of this paper was presented at the 2005 International Communication Association convention in New York City
MacGeorge, E. L., Samter, W., & Gillihan, S. J. (2005) · Communication Education · doi:10.1080/03634520500442236 · Cited by 159 · see citing works
Increased perceived stress is associated with blunted hedonic capacity: Potential implications for depression research
Pizzagalli, D. A., Bogdan, R., Ratner, K. G., & Jahn, A. L. (2007) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.brat.2007.07.013 · Cited by 159 · see citing works
Longitudinal study of stressful life events and daily stressors among adolescents at high risk for psychotic disorders.
Tessner, K., Mittal, V., & Walker, E. (2011) · Schizophrenia bulletin · doi:10.1093/schbul/sbp087 · Cited by 159 · see citing works
Association Between Stressful Life Events and Depression; Intersection of Race and Gender
Assari, S., & Lankarani, M. M. (2015) · Journal of Racial and Ethnic Health Disparities · doi:10.1007/s40615-015-0160-5 · Cited by 146 · see citing works
Binge drinking and depressive symptoms: a 5‐year population‐based cohort study
Paljärvi, T., Koskenvuo, M. J., Poikolainen, K., Kauhanen, J., Sillanmäki, L. H., & Mäkelä, P. (2009) · Addiction · doi:10.1111/j.1360-0443.2009.02577.x · Cited by 140 · see citing works
Differential effects of acute stress on anticipatory and consummatory phases of reward processing
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Authors: Tennant, C.
Affiliations: Royal North Shore Hospital (AU)
Corresponding author: Tennant, Christopher
ORCID: Tennant, Christopher
Venue: Australian & New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry
Publisher: SAGE Publications
Published: 2002-04
Volume: 36
Issue: 2
Pages: 173-182
ISSN: 0004-8674 (ISSN-L)
1440-1614
DOI: 10.1046/j.1440-1614.2002.01007.x
OpenAlex: W2108595350
Cited by: 478
References: 150
Citations by year: 2026: 8 · 2025: 12 · 2024: 18 · 2023: 17 · 2022: 20 · 2021: 29 · 2020: 29 · 2019: 28 · 2018: 20 · 2017: 18 · 2016: 40 · 2015: 39 · 2014: 19 · 2013: 20 · 2012: 20
FWCI: 1.88
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Licence: journals.sagepub.com/page/policies/text-and-data-mining-license (tdm)
Locations: Australian & New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Topics: Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Anxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive Processes
Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Child and Adolescent Psychosocial and Emotional Development
Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Mental Health Research Topics
Keywords: life events, stress, depression, prospective study, twin studies, genetic factors, environmental stressors, depression recurrence, relapse, etiology of depression
MeSH terms: Adolescent, Adult, Aged, Child, Depressive Disorder, Female, Humans, Life Change Events, Male, Middle Aged, Prospective Studies, Stress, Physiological

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