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The role of DXA bone density scans in the diagnosis and treatment of osteoporosis
Open accessAbstract
Dual energy x ray absorptiometry (DXA) scans to measure bone mineral density (BMD) at the spine and hip have an important role in the evaluation of individuals at risk of osteoporosis, and in helping clinicians advise patients about the appropriate use of antifracture treatment. Compared with alternative bone densitometry techniques, hip and spine DXA examinations have a number of advantages that include a consensus that BMD results can be interpreted using the World Health Organization T-score definition of osteoporosis, a proven ability to predict fracture risk, proven effectiveness at targeting antifracture therapies, and the ability to monitor response to treatment. This review discusses the evidence for these and other clinical aspects of DXA scanning, including its role in the new WHO algorithm for treating patients on the basis of their individual fracture risk.
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“Currently, the diagnosis of osteoporosis primarily relies on the assessment of bone mass through bone densitometry, also known as dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DEXA) [46].”
From Osteoporosis: Molecular Pathology, Diagnostics, and Therapeutics (2023) · cites this paper as [46]
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Cited by
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Items 201–300 of 532
An Overview of Osteoporosis and Possible Treatment Approaches
Abo-Elenin, M. H. H., Kamel, R., Nofal, S., & Ahmed, A. A. E. (2024) · Clinical & Translational Metabolism · doi:10.1007/s12018-024-09291-6 · Cited by 9
“Central sites, like the spine, hip, radius, and in certain situations, the entire body, are measured using central DEXA [121].”
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Dewan, N., MacDermid, J. C., Grewal, R. S., & BEATTIE, K. A. (2019) · Physiotherapy Canada · doi:10.3138/ptc.2017-72 · Cited by 9
Zhu, S., Li, Y., Wang, L., Huang, J., Song, K., Gan, X., Xiang, X.-N., He, C., & Yang, L. (2022) · IEEE Transactions on Neural Systems and Rehabilitation Engineering · doi:10.1109/tnsre.2022.3149483 · Cited by 9
Improving DXA Quality by Avoiding Common Technical and Diagnostic Pitfalls: Part 1
Banks, K. P., Farrell, M. B., Gunther, R. S., McWhorter, N. E., Byerly, D. W., & Peacock, J. G. (2022) · Journal of Nuclear Medicine Technology · doi:10.2967/jnmt.122.264885 · Cited by 9
“QCT of the forearm, also called peripheral QCT, can be measured using smaller, less sophisticated equipment; however, the measurements correlate poorly with central measures (16).”
BackgroundInfluence of bone mineral density on femoral stem subsidence after cementless THA
Leiß, F., Götz, J. S., Schindler, M., Reinhard, J., Müller, K., Grifka, J. K., Greimel, F., & Meyer, M. (2023) · Archives of Orthopaedic and Trauma Surgery · doi:10.1007/s00402-023-05006-6 · Cited by 9
“The bone mineral density (BMD) is a reliable estimate to predict the risk for hip fractures and can be interpreted by using the World Health Organizations definition of T-and Z-score [15, 16].”
Sa, D. K., Zulkarnain, Z., Lestari, S., Hutagalung, S. V., & Gan, R. A. (2016) · Asian Journal of Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.3923/ajcn.2017.37.43 · Cited by 9
“The aims of this study were to determine whether there is association between 25(OH)D (1) With bone health parameter differ by body weight, (2) Body mass index and BMD.”
BackgroundInterpreting the DXA analysis: When should you hold off on spinal fusion?
Wanderman, N., Freedman, B. A., Currier, B. L., Huddleston, P. M., Yaszemski, M. J., & Nassr, A. N. (2017) · Seminars in Spine Surgery · doi:10.1053/j.semss.2017.09.007 · Cited by 9
A New Clinically Relevant T-Score Standard to Interpret Bone Status in a Sheep Model
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“Clinically, osteoporotic bone status is determined by T-score [22], which is the correlation to a baseline of a healthy, skeletally mature patient population.”
BackgroundMethodGhavami, S., Denis, M. F., Gregory, A., Webb, J. M., Bayat, M., Kumar, V., Fatemi, M., & Alizad, A. (2019) · Journal of the mechanical behavior of biomedical materials/Journal of mechanical behavior of biomedical materials · doi:10.1016/j.jmbbm.2019.05.008 · Cited by 9
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Bone mineral density alteration in obstructive sleep apnea by derived computed tomography screening
Daniel, S., Cohen-Freud, Y., Shelef, I., & Tarasiuk, A. (2022) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-022-10313-w · Cited by 9
Kim, M. H., Choi, L. Y., Chung, J. Y., Kim, E.-J., & Yang, W. M. (2022) · Bone and Joint Research · doi:10.1302/2046-3758.115.bjr-2021-0380.r1 · Cited by 9
“Cite this article: Bone Joint Res 2022;11(5):304–316.”
Højberg, L. M., Helge, E. W., Pingel, J., & Wienecke, J. (2022) · Translational Sports Medicine · doi:10.1155/2022/6817318 · Cited by 9
Normal growth hormone secretion in overweight young adults with Down syndrome
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“z-Scores adjust for age, sex and weight and express the difference from the corresponding mean value in the general population by using deviation as a measure [20].”
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“The lack of uniform and good correlation with central DXA has proved a barrier to reach a consensus on the use of these other methods (24) .”
BackgroundChanges in middle ear transmission characteristics secondary to altered bone remodelling
Kumar, P., Singh, N. K., Gargeshwari, A., S, R., & Jha, R. H. (2019) · Osteoporosis International · doi:10.1007/s00198-019-04834-w · Cited by 9
Oppermann, B., Ayoub, W. T., Newman, E. D., Wood, G. C., & Olenginski, T. P. (2010) · Journal of Clinical Densitometry · doi:10.1016/j.jocd.2010.03.001 · Cited by 9
Khandelwal, P., Fish, J. D., Gorfinkel, L., Guilcher, G. M. T., Howell, J. C., Nishitani, M., Nuechterlein, B., Obeng, E. A., Shah, A. J., Cuvelier, G. D. E., et al. (2025) · Transplantation and Cellular Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.jtct.2025.01.891 · Cited by 9
Alghamdi, F., Mokbel, K., Meertens, R. M., Obotiba, A. D., Alharbi, M., KNAPP, K. M., & Strain, W. D. (2024) · Viruses · doi:10.3390/v16111694 · Cited by 9
“It follows the World Health Organization’s osteoporosis T-score classification and the National Institute for Health and Care Excellence guidelines for fragility fracture risk assessment, can be used to observe healing responses, and has a reliable reference range [66–68].”
Zekri, J., & Farag, K. (2016) · Journal of bone oncology · doi:10.1016/j.jbo.2016.05.007 · Cited by 8
“This information is used to diagnose osteopenia and osteoporosis and can predict individual's risk of fracture and thus guiding physicians to advise patients about the use of appropriate treatments [16].”
BackgroundГабдулина, Г. Х., Kasher, M., Beissebayeva, A., Mussabaeva, D., Tokarev, A., Mominova, G., Essirkepova, G., Amanzholova, A., Zaurbekova, K., Saparbayeva, M. M., et al. (2018) · Archives of Osteoporosis · doi:10.1007/s11657-018-0514-9 · Cited by 8
Trabecular bone mineral density correlations using QCT: Central and peripheral human skeleton
Chirvi, S., Pintar, F. A., Yoganandan, N., Stemper, B. D., & Kleinberger, M. (2020) · Journal of the mechanical behavior of biomedical materials/Journal of mechanical behavior of biomedical materials · doi:10.1016/j.jmbbm.2020.104076 · Cited by 8
Bone Organic-Inorganic Phase Ratio Is a Fundamental Determinant of Bone Material Quality
Luo, Y., & Amromanoh, O. A. (2021) · Applied Bionics and Biomechanics · doi:10.1155/2021/4928396 · Cited by 8
Bjelica, A., Vučaj-Ćirilović, V., Tomašević-Todorović, S., & Filipović, K. (2018) · Medicinski pregled · doi:10.2298/mpns1806201b · Cited by 8
Osteoporosis and Hip Fractures
Olgun, D., Gianakos, A. L., Jo, J., Galmer, L. Z., & Lane, J. M. (2015) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-19905-4_8 · Cited by 8
Lü, Y., Engelke, K., Püschel, K., Morlock, M. M., & Huber, G. (2014) · Medical Engineering & Physics · doi:10.1016/j.medengphy.2014.05.001 · Cited by 8
“Dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) is widely used for the iagnosis of osteoporosis and for the assessment of the fracture isk [1–3].”
MethodTorres, G. H. F., Guzmán, L. F. E., Alvarenga, J. C., Lopes, N. H. M., & Pereira, R. M. R. (2018) · Maturitas · doi:10.1016/j.maturitas.2018.11.019 · Cited by 8
A novel method for estimating nail-tract bone density for intertrochanteric fractures
Zhang, R., Wang, L., Lin, Y., Yang, M., Guo, Z., Xia, W., Wei, J., Chen, Y., Wu, X., Cheng, X., et al. (2018) · Journal of Orthopaedic Translation · doi:10.1016/j.jot.2018.11.005 · Cited by 8
“Dual X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) is widely used for the measurement of BMD [9], but it is limited by its twodimensional methodology.”
BackgroundFeasibility study of SiPM based scintillation detector for dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry
Park, C.-W., Song, H., Joung, J., Kim, Y., Kim, K. B., & Chung, Y. H. (2020) · Nuclear Engineering and Technology · doi:10.1016/j.net.2020.03.030 · Cited by 8
“It can also be used to monitor the treatment progress and to assess skeletal changes over age [1,3].”
BackgroundChapter 29. DXA in Adults and Children
Adams, J. E., & Bishop, N. J. (2008) · Primer on the metabolic bone diseases and disorders of mineral metabolism · doi:10.1002/9780470623992.ch29 · Cited by 8
Broadband time domain diffuse optical characterization of human cadaver bone from 500 to 1100 nm
Kothuri, S. K., MacMahon, D., Lanka, P., O’Flynn, C., Henn, P., Andersson‐Engels, S., Gautam, R., & Sekar, S. K. V. (2025) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-025-06138-y · Cited by 7
Wally, S. F., Wali, M. F., Hariri, O. A., Alotiabi, R. E., Waked, B. K., Almudayni, N. M., Khashab, F. M., Alshahrani, B. A., Aljaaly, K. M., & Alzahrani, A. O. (2025) · Journal of Clinical Densitometry · doi:10.1016/j.jocd.2025.101637 · Cited by 7
Ena, G., & Soyfoo, M. S. (2025) · Journal of Clinical Medicine · doi:10.3390/jcm15010102 · Cited by 8
“When standard DXA https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm15010102 cannot provide reliable assessment, quantitative CT may be considered for volumetric BMD measurement [30,31].”
InfluentialSeaton, M. P., Nichols, J. F., Rauh, M. J., Kado, D. M., Wetherell, J. L., Lenze, E. J., & Wing, D. (2023) · Journal of Clinical Densitometry · doi:10.1016/j.jocd.2023.101370 · Cited by 7
Chen, Z., Keyak, J. H., Cao, X., Sha, Q., Wu, L., Luo, Z., Zhao, L., Tian, Q., Serou, M. J., Qiu, C., et al. (2023) · Frontiers in Endocrinology · doi:10.3389/fendo.2023.1261088 · Cited by 7
Jannasz, I., Brzeziński, J., Mańczak, M., Sondej, T., Targowski, T., Rysz, J., & Olszewski, R. (2023) · Archives of Gerontology and Geriatrics · doi:10.1016/j.archger.2023.105309 · Cited by 7
“In some studies, instead of measuring BMD using densitometry, appropriate questionnaires that could predict osteoporosis were used [71].”
BackgroundChuang, C.-L., Lai, C.-L., Huang, A.-C., Su, P.-H., Chu, L.-P., Hsieh, K.-C., & Lu, H.-K. (2024) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-024-80721-7 · Cited by 7
Single‐sided NMR to estimate morphological parameters of the trabecular bone structure
Barbieri, M., Fantazzini, P., Bortolotti, V., Baruffaldi, F., Festa, A., Manners, D. N., Testa, C. M., & Brizi, L. (2020) · Magnetic Resonance in Medicine · doi:10.1002/mrm.28648 · Cited by 7
Dyreborg, K., Sørensen, M. S., Flivik, G., Solgaard, S., & Petersen, M. M. (2021) · Acta Orthopaedica · doi:10.1080/17453674.2021.1920163 · Cited by 7
Lei, J. J. H., Pereira, B. I., Moyle, G. J., Boffito, M., & Milinkovic, A. (2021) · HIV Medicine · doi:10.1111/hiv.13137 · Cited by 7
“In comparison to cortical hip bone, trabecular vertebral bone is more metabolically active with greater bone turnover and remodelling; thus it is subject to greater changes [35, 36].”
BackgroundAbdelmaksoud, N. M., Abulsoud, A. I., Abulsoud, M. I., & Elshaer, S. S. (2022) · Gene Reports · doi:10.1016/j.genrep.2022.101591 · Cited by 7
Osteoporosis risk group: Screening for osteoporosis in dental clinics using panoramic radiographs
Selvakumar, R., Chandran, A., Patil, A., Harini, T., Dandekeri, S. S., Verma, D., Babu, S. J., Swarnalatha, C., & Nayyar, A. (2022) · Journal of Education and Health Promotion · doi:10.4103/jehp.jehp_1727_21 · Cited by 7
Rupel, K., Broi, C. D., Ottaviani, G., Bellassai, L., Preda, T. M. B., Lenarda, R. D., & Biasotto, M. (2024) · BMC Oral Health · doi:10.1186/s12903-024-03870-1 · Cited by 7
“Up to date, DEXA remains the standard method used to diagnose and monitor the efficacy of the therapies in metabolic bone disorders, and it is usually repeated every 2 years [19].”
MethodBone Mineral Density in Children and Adolescents with Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia
Alves, P. A. G., Gilban, D., de Mendonça, L. M. C., Farias, M. L. F., & Beserra, I. C. R. (2014) · International Journal of Endocrinology · doi:10.1155/2014/806895 · Cited by 8
“All patients underwent the same paediatric protocol preparation, positioning, and image acquisition [26–31].”
Effects of Lycii Fructus and Lycii Folium Extracts on Osteoporosis in Ovariectomized Rats
Kim, J.-H., & Kim, J.-S. (2014) · Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition · doi:10.3746/jkfn.2014.43.1.024 · Cited by 7
“골다공증은 폐경기 이후 estrogen의 결핍 때문에 급격 히 증가하고(8-10), 전 세계적으로 여성의 약 30~40%가 평생 동안 한번 이상의 골절 경험을 한다고 하였다(11).”
Colazo, J. M., Thompson, R. C., Covington, N. V., & Dahir, K. M. (2020) · Radiology Case Reports · doi:10.1016/j.radcr.2020.01.039 · Cited by 7
Trentadue, M., Sozzi, C., Idolazzi, L., Lazzarini, G., Murano, R. S., Gatti, D., Rossini, M., & Piovan, E. (2022) · Radiologia Brasileira · doi:10.1590/0100-3984.2021.0124 · Cited by 7
“DEXA is used as a noninvasive technique for the quantification of osteoporosis prior to therapeutic interventions, given that BMD correlates with bone strength and is still the single best predictor of fracture risk((3,9,10)), thus being the reference parameter for the screening and follow-up of osteoporosis.”
MethodImage Analysis of Periapical Radiograph for Bone Mineral Density Prediction
Widyaningrum, R., Lestari, S., & Jie, F. (2018) · International Journal of Electrical and Computer Engineering (IJECE) · doi:10.11591/ijece.v8i4.pp2083-2090 · Cited by 7
“The bone mineral density involves BMD of hip, T-Score of hip, BMD of the lumbar spine, and T-Score of the lumbar spine. predictor for the bone mineral density.”
MethodInfluentialValidity and feasibility of using a seated push-up test among community-dwelling older adults
Poncumhak, P., Phadungkit, S., Chokphukiao, P., Intaruk, R., Amatachaya, P., & Amatachaya, S. (2022) · Hong Kong Physiotherapy Journal · doi:10.1142/s1013702522500123 · Cited by 6
“protocols recommended by GEHealthcare.(18) The data of body”
MethodLi, Y., Lai, J., Wu, W., Ling, S., Dai, Y., Zhong, Z., Chen, X., & Zheng, Y. (2024) · Calcified Tissue International · doi:10.1007/s00223-024-01220-5 · Cited by 7
“BMD is a clinical criterion for assessing OP and fracture risk [14].”
BackgroundIngle, I., Kerns, J. G., & Shepherd, R. F. (2024) · Spectrochimica Acta Part A Molecular and Biomolecular Spectroscopy · doi:10.1016/j.saa.2024.125434 · Cited by 6
Bloch‐Ibenfeldt, M., Gates, A. T., Jørgensen, N. R., Linneberg, A. R., Aadahl, M., Kjær, M., & Boraxbekk, C. (2025) · Bone · doi:10.1016/j.bone.2025.117393 · Cited by 6
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Yoon, H. I., Kim, J. H., Ryu, D.-S., & Yoon, S. H. (2021) · The Nerve · doi:10.21129/nerve.2021.7.2.64 · Cited by 6
“The Nerve eISSN 2465-891X The Nerve 2021;7(2):64-70”
BackgroundInfluentialLin, Z.-C., Wu, J.-F., Chang, C., Lai, K.-M., & Yang, H. (2022) · Archives of Osteoporosis · doi:10.1007/s11657-022-01186-7 · Cited by 6
“The densitometer can enable the identification of patients at risk of fracture; this feature has been evaluated and proven in epidemiological studies [23].”
BackgroundAldhafiri, F. K., Abdelgawad, F. E., Bakri, G. M. M., & Saber, T. (2023) · Medicina · doi:10.3390/medicina59030593 · Cited by 6
“Therefore, the hyperandrogenism brought on by PCOS in women’s ovarian and adrenal glands could have an influence on bone turnover and bone mineral density (BMD).”
MethodKushwaha, N. S., Singh, A., Kumar, S., Kumar, D., & Bharat, A. (2023) · Cureus · doi:10.7759/cureus.38562 · Cited by 6
“The DEXA values can be predicted with the help of QUS values by the study-generated nomograms [12-13].”
MethodTokashiki, T., Igarashi, T., Shiraishi, M., Kano, R., & Ojiri, H. (2023) · Skeletal Radiology · doi:10.1007/s00256-023-04461-x · Cited by 6
Noetzold, T. L., Chew, J. A., Korver, D. R., Bédécarrats, G. Y., Kwakkel, R. P., & Zuidhof, M. J. (2024) · Poultry Science · doi:10.1016/j.psj.2024.104300 · Cited by 6
Rukhaimi, M. A., AlSahow, A., Boobes, Y., Goldsmith, D. J. A., Khabouth, J., Baz, T. E., Mahmoud, H., Ganji, M.-R., & Shaheen, F. A. (2014) · Saudi Journal of Kidney Diseases and Transplantation · doi:10.4103/1319-2442.124536 · Cited by 6
Noe, K., & Pack, A. (2010) · Continuum · doi:10.1212/01.con.0000368237.49610.93 · Cited by 7
“Children receiving both low and high doses had significant and comparable increases in BMD.”
BackgroundInfluentialPredictors of bone mineral density testing among older women on Medicare
Lou, Y., Edmonds, S. W., Jones, M., Ullrich, F. A., Wehby, G. L., Cram, P. M., & Wolinsky, F. D. (2016) · Osteoporosis International · doi:10.1007/s00198-016-3688-2 · Cited by 6
Liu, E.-Q., Hou, X.-Z., Liu, S., Han, J., & Lv, H. (2022) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-022-13973-w · Cited by 6
“For the selection of confounding variables, we followed the following principles: (1) based on clinical significance, we selected indicators related to HGB and BMD; (2) from the perspective of statistical methodology, we chose to include factors that have an impact greater than 10% on the results; (3) based on the abo…”
MethodDual-Energy X-Ray Absorptiometry
Adams, J. E. (2013) · Medical radiology · doi:10.1007/174_2012_789 · Cited by 6
Kashani, M. R. A., Nikkhoo, M., Khalaf, K. A., Firoozbakhsh, K. K., Arjmand, N., Razmjoo, A., & Parnianpour, M. (2014) · Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers Part H Journal of Engineering in Medicine · doi:10.1177/0954411914563363 · Cited by 6
Cerbone, L. A., Mettivier, G., Lai, Y., Jia, X., Boyd, S. K., & Russo, P. (2025) · Physics in Medicine and Biology · doi:10.1088/1361-6560/adc9f6 · Cited by 5
“…tool (Gazzotti et al 2023); indeed, dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry (DXA) (Bazzocchi et al 2016) represents the gold standard for clinical practice (El Maghraoui and Roux 2008) and it is the accepted method to diagnose osteoporosis (World Health Organization 2004, Blake and Fogelman 2007).”
Intuitive Eating and the Female Athlete Triad in Collegiate Runners
Thomson, J., & Almstedt, H. C. (2025) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu17142337 · Cited by 5
“The DEXA was used to evaluate BMD, which is considered the gold-standard protocol [44].”
Konno, S., Uchi, T., Kihara, H., & Sugimoto, H. (2024) · Healthcare · doi:10.3390/healthcare12171793 · Cited by 5
The Role of ChatGPT in osteoporosis management: a comparative analysis with clinical expertise
Bucak, Ö. F., & Çınar, Ç. (2025) · Archives of Osteoporosis · doi:10.1007/s11657-025-01533-4 · Cited by 5
“The diagnosis of osteoporosis has been based on imaging techniques such as dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) [4] and quantitative computed tomography (QCT) [5].”
Guo, S., Zhao, G.-Z., Chen, X., Xue, Y., Ouyang, X.-L., Liu, J.-Y., Huang, Y.-P., Liu, Y.-J., Yao, Q., Han, L.-H., et al. (2022) · BMJ Open · doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2021-056691 · Cited by 5
Lu, C., Lee, C., Wu, L.-W., Liao, C., Su, S., Liu, J., Li, P., Huang, C., Ho, L.-J., Lin, C., et al. (2023) · Diabetology & Metabolic Syndrome · doi:10.1186/s13098-023-01087-w · Cited by 5
“Therefore, in this study, we recruited patients with T2DM aged 50–80 years old to receive DXA scanning as a gold standard for diagnosis of osteoporosis [7] and a standard method for precisely quantifying regional human body components [14, 15].”
BackgroundMethodEvaluation of Bone Mineral Density in Lung Transplant Recipients by Chest Computed Tomography
Mori, R., Handa, T., Ohsumi, A., Ikezoe, K., Tanizawa, K., Uozumi, R., Tanabe, N., Oguma, T., Sakamoto, R., Hamaji, M., et al. (2023) · Respiration · doi:10.1159/000535269 · Cited by 6
“The utility of CT-derived BMD has been well established [11, 12], although dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DEXA) remains the gold standard for the diagnosis of osteoporosis [13].”
BackgroundProblematic video gaming is negatively associated with bone mineral density in adolescents
Kızılkan, M. P., Akgül, S., Kanbur, N., Gungoren, O., & Derman, O. (2024) · European Journal of Pediatrics · doi:10.1007/s00431-023-05399-x · Cited by 5
Cannarella, R., Andaloro, A., Caruso, M. A., Musso, N., Barbagallo, F., Condorelli, R. A., Vignera, S. L., & Calogero, A. E. (2024) · Minerva Endocrinology · doi:10.23736/s2724-6507.24.04177-0 · Cited by 5
Uchiyama, S., & Ikegami, S. (2016) · Journal of Osteoporosis and Physical Activity · doi:10.4172/2329-9509.1000167 · Cited by 5
“Low BMD at the proximal femur is a risk factor of hip fracture and this is very strongly correlated [10].”
BackgroundMartini, D., Guareschi, C., Biasini, B., Bedogni, G., Galli, C., Angelino, D., Marchi, L., Zavaroni, I., Pruneti, C. A., Ventura, M., et al. (2017) · PharmaNutrition · doi:10.1016/j.phanu.2017.12.001 · Cited by 5
Ueyama, H., Minoda, Y., Sugama, R., Ohta, Y., Nakamura, S., Takemura, S., & Nakamura, H. (2020) · The Knee · doi:10.1016/j.knee.2020.04.011 · Cited by 5
Gupta, S., Mathur, S., Kapoor, A., Vijay, S., Khatri, R. K., & Srivastava, R. (2020) · Journal of Family Medicine and Primary Care · doi:10.4103/jfmpc.jfmpc_724_20 · Cited by 5
Bone mineral density comparison of adolescents with constitutional thinness and anorexia nervosa
Kızılkan, M. P., Akgül, S., Derman, O., & Kanbur, N. (2018) · Journal of Pediatric Endocrinology and Metabolism · doi:10.1515/jpem-2017-0342 · Cited by 5
Barbieri, M., Fantazzini, P., Testa, C. M., Bortolotti, V., Baruffaldi, F., Kogan, F., & Brizi, L. (2021) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms22147318 · Cited by 5
“It employs ionizing radiation and provides a measure of the areal bone mineral density (BMD), but it does not provide information about the architecture of the bone [3,6].”
BackgroundXu, Y., Zhang, X.-Y., Li, J.-C., Miao, Y., Ying, P., Chen, C., Xu, W.-Q., & Wang, Q. (2024) · Frontiers in Bioengineering and Biotechnology · doi:10.3389/fbioe.2024.1381201 · Cited by 5
“Regarding patient-related factors, the progression of osteoporosis and the presence of unstable fracture types are identi fi ed as causes of postoperative femoral head varus (Blake and Fogelman, 2007; Armas and Recker, 2012).”
BackgroundChallenges in assessing bone health in early infancy: a narrative review of existing technologies
Pepe, G., Morabito, L. A., Corica, D., Aversa, T., Beretta, V., Scarpa, E., Petrolini, C., Dall’Asta, A., Grassi, F., Shulhai, A.-M., et al. (2025) · Frontiers in Endocrinology · doi:10.3389/fendo.2025.1651094 · Cited by 4
“In children, DXA BMD measurements are in fl uenced by height, so bone mineral apparent density, and height-for-age Z score are used and recommended to reduce the confounding effect of short stature on spine bone density (16, 25 – 27 Overall, X-rays have limited application in assessing bone status.”
The pattern of incident fractures according to fracture site in people with T1D
Rasmussen, N. H.-H., Sarodnik, C., Bours, S., Schaper, N. C., Souverein, P. C., Jensen, M. H., Driessen, J. H. M., van den Bergh, J. P., & Vestergaard, P. (2021) · Osteoporosis International · doi:10.1007/s00198-021-06175-z · Cited by 4
Bone mineral density and muscle mass in adults with developmental skeletal discrepancies
Sharifi, R., Kordi, S., Noravesh, F., Aghababaei, Y., Ramezani, M., & Maghbooli, Z. (2022) · BMC Musculoskeletal Disorders · doi:10.1186/s12891-022-05538-9 · Cited by 4
Metabolically favorable adiposity and bone mineral density: a Mendelian randomization analysis
Bland, V. L., Bea, J. W., Going, S. B., Yaghootkar, H., Arora, A., Ramadan, F. A., Funk, J. L., Chen, Z., & Klimentidis, Y. C. (2022) · Obesity · doi:10.1002/oby.23604 · Cited by 4
“Dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry (DXA)-derived areal bone mineral density (aBMD) is the current clinical standard for diagnosing and monitoring osteoporosis [1, 4].”
BackgroundJin, S., An, C. H., Jeong, H. Y., Choi, W., Hong, S.-W., Song, H. K., Kim, H. S., Lee, Y. K., Kang, H. J., Ahn, D. Y., et al. (2024) · Journal of Clinical Medicine · doi:10.3390/jcm13144033 · Cited by 4
“Dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) is a validated method for the determination of BMD and the gold standard for diagnosing osteoporosis [21].”
MethodOsteopenia Metabolomic Biomarkers for Early Warning of Osteoporosis
Wang, J., Yan, D., Wang, S., Zhao, A., Hou, X., Zheng, X., Guo, J., Shen, L., Bao, Y., Wei, J., et al. (2025) · Metabolites · doi:10.3390/metabo15010066 · Cited by 4
Probst, M., Probst, F., Troeltzsch, M., Bruckbauer, M., Marka, A. W., Andreisek, G., Frauenfelder, T., & Burian, E. (2025) · Journal of Clinical Medicine · doi:10.3390/jcm14041339 · Cited by 4
“The gold standard of BMD evaluation is DXA [29].”
Predicting bone aging using spatially offset Raman spectroscopy: a longitudinal analysis on mice
Dou, H., Sun, W., Chen, S., & Chen, K. (2025) · Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry · doi:10.1007/s00216-025-05819-x · Cited by 4
“While dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) scans remain the gold standard for osteoporosis detection through bone mineral density (BMD) measurement [4], disparities in medical resource accessibility often prevent timely DXA examinations [5].”
Walker, C. T., Babadjouni, R., Gibbs, W. N., Lord, E. L., Gausper, A., Osorio, J. A., Molina, C., Jones, K. E., van Hooff, M. L., Theologis, A. A., et al. (2025) · Spine · doi:10.1097/brs.0000000000005426 · Cited by 4
Persson, C., Shiel, F., Climstein, M., & Furness, J. W. (2019) · International Journal of Sport Nutrition and Exercise Metabolism · doi:10.1123/ijsnem.2018-0299 · Cited by 4
Vecchio, L. D., Borges, N. R., Macgregor, C., Meerkin, J. D., & Climstein, M. (2021) · Movement & Sport Sciences - Science & Motricité · doi:10.1051/sm/2021004 · Cited by 4
Lee, Y., Lee, H., Yoon, S., Shin, J., Park, K., Lee, S., & Lee, S. (2021) · Frontiers in Medicine · doi:10.3389/fmed.2021.790135 · Cited by 4
“USA) and were calculated by taking the difference between a patient’s measured BMD and the mean BMD in healthy young adults, matched for gender and ethnic group, and expressing the difference relative to the standard deviation (SD) of the young adult population (20).”
MethodCan routine MRI spine T1 sequences be used for prediction of decreased bone density?
Kale, H. A., & Yadav, S. (2022) · Acta Radiologica · doi:10.1177/02841851211063008 · Cited by 4
“Dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DEXA) is considered the “gold standard” technique for measuring BMD (6).”
Shahrestani, S., Chen, X. T., Ballatori, A. M., Ton, A. T., Bakhsheshian, J., Hah, R. J., Wang, J. C., & Buser, Z. (2021) · Spine · doi:10.1097/brs.0000000000004051 · Cited by 4
“5.(2) Within the United States, 3% to 10% of adults older than 50 years are diagnosed with osteoporosis involving the lumbar spine, with females being affected three- to four-fold more frequently than males.”
BackgroundDaugschies, M., Brixen, K., Hermann, A. P., Rohde, K., Glüer, C., & Barkmann, R. (2015) · Ultrasound in Medicine & Biology · doi:10.1016/j.ultrasmedbio.2014.10.013 · Cited by 4
Lestari, S., & Widyaningrum, R. (2017) · Majalah Kedokteran Gigi Indonesia · doi:10.22146/majkedgiind.13207 · Cited by 4
Measurement of maximum value of dental radiograph to predict the bone mineral density
Lestari, S., Diqi, M., & Widyaningrum, R. (2017) · Proceeding of the Electrical Engineering Computer Science and Informatics · doi:10.1109/eecsi.2017.8239101 · Cited by 4
“To examine the BMD parameter, it usually uses the Dual Energy X-Ray Absorptiometry (DEXA) as the gold standard by The World Health Organization [4].”
Method
Metadata
- Authors
- Blake, G. M., & Fogelman, I.
- Affiliations
- King's College London (GB)
- Corresponding author
- Blake, Glen M
- ORCID
- Blake, Glen M
- Venue
- Postgraduate Medical Journal
- Publisher
- Oxford University Press (OUP)
- Published
- 2007-08-01
- Volume
- 83
- Issue
- 982
- Pages
- 509-517
- ISSN
- 0032-5473 (ISSN-L)
- 1469-0756
- PMC
- PMC2600106
- OpenAlex
- W2000878199
- Cited by
- 532
- References
- 74
- Citations by year
- 2026: 31 · 2025: 55 · 2024: 56 · 2023: 34 · 2022: 55 · 2021: 54 · 2020: 31 · 2019: 31 · 2018: 33 · 2017: 26 · 2016: 22 · 2015: 16 · 2014: 19 · 2013: 22 · 2012: 13
- FWCI
- 1.55
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- Postgraduate Medical Journal (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Research Portal (King's College London) (submittedVersion)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Orthopedics and Sports Medicine › Bone health and osteoporosis research
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Infectious Diseases › HIV-related health complications and treatments
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism › Menopause: Health Impacts and Treatments
- Keywords
- dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry, bone mineral density, osteoporosis diagnosis, fracture risk prediction, treatment response monitoring
- MeSH terms
- Humans, Osteoporosis, Risk Factors, Absorptiometry, Photon, Bone Density, Risk Assessment, Fractures, Bone
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