The DOI matches its Crossref record; 74 of the 74 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
The role of DXA bone density scans in the diagnosis and treatment of osteoporosis
Open accessAbstract
Dual energy x ray absorptiometry (DXA) scans to measure bone mineral density (BMD) at the spine and hip have an important role in the evaluation of individuals at risk of osteoporosis, and in helping clinicians advise patients about the appropriate use of antifracture treatment. Compared with alternative bone densitometry techniques, hip and spine DXA examinations have a number of advantages that include a consensus that BMD results can be interpreted using the World Health Organization T-score definition of osteoporosis, a proven ability to predict fracture risk, proven effectiveness at targeting antifracture therapies, and the ability to monitor response to treatment. This review discusses the evidence for these and other clinical aspects of DXA scanning, including its role in the new WHO algorithm for treating patients on the basis of their individual fracture risk.
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“Currently, the diagnosis of osteoporosis primarily relies on the assessment of bone mass through bone densitometry, also known as dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DEXA) [46].”
From Osteoporosis: Molecular Pathology, Diagnostics, and Therapeutics (2023) · cites this paper as [46]
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Maguire, N., Weir, J., Lustıg, S., & Brett, A. (2026) · Osteoarthritis Imaging · doi:10.1016/j.ostima.2026.100391
“BMD measurement for the diagnosis of low bone mass and osteoporosis is usually done using dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry (DXA) scanning [6].”
Cho, Y., & Park, K. S. (2026) · Annals of Surgical Treatment and Research · doi:10.4174/astr.2026.110.2.84
“Osteoporosis is defined as a T score under –2.5 at the axial skeleton by measuring BMD using dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry [20].”
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Wang, C., Huang, F., Lai, H., Cai, E., Ma, D., Bai, Y., He, D., & Chen, Z. (2026) · Frontiers in Chemistry · doi:10.3389/fchem.2026.1780639
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“The WHO identifies low bone mineral density (BMD) as a key diagnostic feature, most accurately measured by Dual-energy X-ray absorp-tiometry (DEXA), which guides pharmaceutical interventions for osteoporosis (Blake and Fogelman 2007).”
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Rangayyan, S. M., Divya, K., Shettigar, I., Mrug, J., Rajesh, R., & Srinivasa, G. (2026) · IEEE International Conference on Interdisciplinary Approaches in Technology and Management for Social Innovation (IATMSI) · doi:10.1109/iatmsi68868.2026.11466011
“Dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) is considered the gold standard by the WHO for osteoporosis diagnosis [10] [11].”
Body Composition and Skeletal Health in Indonesian Youth: A Multicenter DXA StudyPreprint
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“This finding may be partly explained by degenerative changes in the lumbar spine, including osteophytes, vertebral sclerosis, and occult vertebral fractures, which may cause an overestimation of lumbar spine BMD as measured by DXA [17].”
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“The lack of sensitivity for real‐time detection of dynamic changes in bone turnover and the inability to provide early prediction of individual responses to anti‐OP treatment limit its application [26].”
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“…technique for measuring bone mineral density (BMD) is dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA), as it offers high reproducibility, extensive availability of normative reference data, is non-invasive, requires a rela - tively short examination time, and involves minimal radiation exposure [9].”
Cantellano-Sánchez, P. M., Limas-Quezada, P., Ortega-Meléndez, A. I., Carrillo-Patiño, S. R., Ballinas-Verdugo, M. A., Aparicio‐Bautista, D. I., Vargas, N. D. N., López-Espinosa, E., & Jiménez-Ortega, R. F. (2026) · Journal of Clinical Densitometry · doi:10.1016/j.jocd.2026.101740
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“A T-score below -2.5 standard deviations (SD) con fi rms the diagnosis (4).”
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“…[29], magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) [30], histomorphometry [31], https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm15166416 dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DEXA) [32], intensity-based imaging features [33], and finite element analysis (FEA) [34], FD analysis has been widely preferred because it enables…”
InfluentialJeong, S.-G., Cho, J., & Kim, J.-Y. (2026) · Medicina · doi:10.3390/medicina62091662
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“Vertebral bone mineral density (BMD), typically assessed via DEXA, remains the gold-standard clinical measure for diagnosing osteoporosis (Blake and Fogelman, 2007).”
Sex differences in rheumatoid arthritis: results of a cross-sectional study
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Sidhu, R. K., Donaldson, M. G., & Boyd, S. K. (2026) · Frontiers in Endocrinology · doi:10.3389/fendo.2026.1916830
“Although DXA was introduced for clinical use in the late 1980s (41, 42), early clinical reference databases were proprietary and speci fi c to scanner vendors.”
XAI-Enhanced CNN Framework for Osteoporosis Screening Using Simple X-Ray Radiograph
K, N. M. G., & Supriya, M. C. (2026) · International Conference on Soft Computing for Security Applications (ICSCSA) · doi:10.1109/icscsa69367.2026.11707899
“…diagnosis of osteoporosis, based on T score measurement, but its use is still not optimal because of the inequitable distribution of access to this test and the lack of specific tests for bone health assessment is often not performed in those with potential susceptibility for osteoporosis [4, 5].”
Massad, M., Alqoudah¹, M., Saleh, Z. A., Hizzani, Y., Saleh, L. B., Alsbeehat, L., Ja'afreh, H., Jaber, M., Owiesat, D., Khalaf, L., et al. (2026) · Journal of Clinical Densitometry · doi:10.1016/j.jocd.2026.101751
Mäkinen, V.-N., Lyngberg, A., Sølling, A. S., Harsløf, T., & Langdahl, B. L. (2026) · Calcified Tissue International · doi:10.1007/s00223-026-01621-8
“The coefficient of varia - tion for DXA is 1.0%-1.5% for LS and TH [20 ].”
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Skeletal Tracer Kinetics: Science and Practice
Blake, G. M., Frost, M. L., Moore, A. E. B., Siddique, M., & Fogelman, I. (2012) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-642-02400-9_4
Self-citationBaggaley, M. (2014) · UKnowledge (University of Kentucky)
Metadata
- Authors
- Blake, G. M., & Fogelman, I.
- Affiliations
- King's College London (GB)
- Corresponding author
- Blake, Glen M
- ORCID
- Blake, Glen M
- Venue
- Postgraduate Medical Journal
- Publisher
- Oxford University Press (OUP)
- Published
- 2007-08-01
- Volume
- 83
- Issue
- 982
- Pages
- 509-517
- ISSN
- 0032-5473 (ISSN-L)
- 1469-0756
- PMC
- PMC2600106
- OpenAlex
- W2000878199
- Cited by
- 532
- References
- 74
- Citations by year
- 2026: 31 · 2025: 55 · 2024: 56 · 2023: 34 · 2022: 55 · 2021: 54 · 2020: 31 · 2019: 31 · 2018: 33 · 2017: 26 · 2016: 22 · 2015: 16 · 2014: 19 · 2013: 22 · 2012: 13
- FWCI
- 1.55
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- Postgraduate Medical Journal (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Research Portal (King's College London) (submittedVersion)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Orthopedics and Sports Medicine › Bone health and osteoporosis research
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Infectious Diseases › HIV-related health complications and treatments
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism › Menopause: Health Impacts and Treatments
- Keywords
- dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry, bone mineral density, osteoporosis diagnosis, fracture risk prediction, treatment response monitoring
- MeSH terms
- Humans, Osteoporosis, Risk Factors, Absorptiometry, Photon, Bone Density, Risk Assessment, Fractures, Bone
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