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The role of DXA bone density scans in the diagnosis and treatment of osteoporosis
Open accessAbstract
Dual energy x ray absorptiometry (DXA) scans to measure bone mineral density (BMD) at the spine and hip have an important role in the evaluation of individuals at risk of osteoporosis, and in helping clinicians advise patients about the appropriate use of antifracture treatment. Compared with alternative bone densitometry techniques, hip and spine DXA examinations have a number of advantages that include a consensus that BMD results can be interpreted using the World Health Organization T-score definition of osteoporosis, a proven ability to predict fracture risk, proven effectiveness at targeting antifracture therapies, and the ability to monitor response to treatment. This review discusses the evidence for these and other clinical aspects of DXA scanning, including its role in the new WHO algorithm for treating patients on the basis of their individual fracture risk.
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“Currently, the diagnosis of osteoporosis primarily relies on the assessment of bone mass through bone densitometry, also known as dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DEXA) [46].”
From Osteoporosis: Molecular Pathology, Diagnostics, and Therapeutics (2023) · cites this paper as [46]
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“Dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) scans of hip and spine were applied as the gold standard for diagnosis of osteoporosis [21].”
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“BMD measurement, typically conducted using dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) [13], quanti fi es bone mineral content in relation to the scanned bone area, thus providing a surrogate measure of bone strength.”
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Chatzipetrou, V., Chevalley, T., Padlina, I., Portela, M., Ferrari, S., & Biver, E. (2025) · Aging Clinical and Experimental Research · doi:10.1007/s40520-025-03154-w · Cited by 1
“…that bone microstructure analysis may potentially serve as a valuable tool for fracture risk assessment, especially in women with normal BMD. aBMD can be falsely elevated as DXA tends to overestimate BMD measurements in the presence of artifacts, such as osteophytes and lumbar lesions [61, 62].”
Ramalingam, V. S., Sundarsingh, E. F., Balakrishnan, S. A., Akash, S., Gautam, R., Ashwin, A., & Aditya, K. (2025) · Measurement · doi:10.1016/j.measurement.2025.119049 · Cited by 1
Alghamdi, F., Obotiba, A. D., Meertens, R. M., Alshalawi, O., Mokbel, K., Strain, W. D., & KNAPP, K. M. (2025) · Journal of Clinical Medicine · doi:10.3390/jcm14238558 · Cited by 1
Harnessing Biophysical Approaches in Unlocking Bone Health: A Toolkit for Clinicians and Researchers
Kaur, S. P., Singh, A. K., Rajput, S., Bhardwaj, A., & Srivastava, R. K. (2025) · ACS Biomaterials Science & Engineering · doi:10.1021/acsbiomaterials.5c01337 · Cited by 1
Wu, Z., Liu, C., Huang, Z., Lan, Z., Lin, X., Chen, L., Lin, J., & Xu, Z. (2025) · Medicine · doi:10.1097/md.0000000000046131 · Cited by 1
“[5,6] 6] Zinc acts as the catalytic center for nearly 300 enzymes involved in growth, development, immune response, wound The authors have no funding and conflicts of interest to disclose.”
Varalakshmi, S. D., Choudhari, K. S., Lewis, L. E. S., Koushik, H., Kartha, V. B., & Unnikrishnan, V. K. (2025) · Microchemical Journal · doi:10.1016/j.microc.2025.114595 · Cited by 1
Peker, C., Şahiner, Z., Doğrul, R. T., Öztorun, H. S., Arik, G., & Silay, K. (2026) · Osteoporosis International · doi:10.1007/s00198-026-07879-w · Cited by 1
“Artefactual elevation of lumbar spine BMD is well recognized in elderly patients [3–5, 8, 9].”
InfluentialRossi, A. E., Lundy, B., Peeling, P., Landers, G. J., & Binnie, M. J. (2026) · International Journal of Sport Nutrition and Exercise Metabolism · doi:10.1123/ijsnem.2026-0012 · Cited by 1
Evans, S., Warmer, M. C., Gonzalez, J. T., Fallowfield, J. L., & Bilzon, J. (2026) · Military Medicine · doi:10.1093/milmed/usag409 · Cited by 1
Static and mobile DXA scanner in-vivo cross-calibration study
Griffin, J., KNAPP, K. M., & Pearce, G. (2012) · Radiography · doi:10.1016/j.radi.2012.08.005 · Cited by 1
“Central dual energy x-ray absorptiometry (DXA) of the spine and hip is the current preferred method for the diagnosis of osteoporosis [1].”
BackgroundMethodCaveats in diagnosis of osteoporosis
Acharya, S., Adsul, N. M., Palukuri, N., & Acharya, A. S. (2017) · Indian Journal of Medical Specialities · doi:10.1016/j.injms.2017.05.004 · Cited by 1
Jabin, Z., Hussain, R., Begum, S. M., Parveen, R., Sultana, N., & Khatun, N. (2017) · Bangladesh Journal of Nuclear Medicine · doi:10.3329/bjnm.v18i1.34934 · Cited by 1
“Osteoporosis is a metabolic bone disorder characterized by low bone mass and microarchitectural deterioration, with a subsequent increase in bone fragility and susceptibility to fracture (1).”
BackgroundEffect of T12 Mislabeling as L1 on the Diagnosis of Low BMD at Lumbar Spine
Sarathi, V., Rakesh, C. V., & Tirupati, S. (2020) · Journal of Clinical Densitometry · doi:10.1016/j.jocd.2020.10.012 · Cited by 1
Bone Health, Fragility and Fractures
Wilson, H., Calcraft, D., Neville, C., Lanham-New, S. A., & Durrant, L. R. (2021) · Perspectives in nursing management and care for older adults · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-63892-4_9 · Cited by 1
Densitometria óssea na prática clínica
Pinheiro, M. A. A. (2019) · Revista Paulista de Reumatologia · doi:10.46833/reumatologiasp.2019.18.2.21-33 · Cited by 1
An Investigation of Diabetes Mellitus in Postmortem Human Remains
May, S. E. (2014) · Cited by 1
Duncan, D. I. (2023) · American Journal of Biomedical Science & Research · doi:10.34297/ajbsr.2023.18.002464 · Cited by 1
Dual-Energy X-Ray Absorptiometry Does Not Confirm Validity of the Craig's Test
Clark, K. A., Nielsen, S., Heywood, T., Nguyen, C., & Mitchell, U. H. (2024) · Journal of Clinical Densitometry · doi:10.1016/j.jocd.2024.101466 · Cited by 1
., D., Kumar, N., Ronanki, K., & Kant, R. (2022) · Journal of the Uttaranchal Orthopaedic Association · doi:10.4103/juoa.juoa_1_22 · Cited by 1
The Relationship between Anemia and Bone Mineral Density Measured by Dual X-Ray Absorptiometry
Ahmed, R. J., Dawood, N. S., & Al-Khalisy, M. H. (2024) · Al-Rafidain Journal of Medical Sciences · doi:10.54133/ajms.v6i2.800 · Cited by 1
Diaz, D., Cisternas, W. F., Aguilera, A., Olivares, R., Muñoz, R., & Minonzio, J.-G. (2024) · IEEE UFFC Latin America Ultrasonics Symposium (LAUS) · doi:10.1109/laus60931.2024.10553065 · Cited by 1
“Likewise, it is operationally defined based on bone mineral density (BMD) measured by Dual Energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) [2] and can be classified as primary (type I and type II) and secondary.”
BackgroundVertebral body density role in determining vertebral osteoporotic fracture type and its progression
Smorgick, Y., Pelleg‐Kallevag, R., Lindner, D., Anekstein, Y., Goldstein, S., & May, H. (2024) · Clinical Anatomy · doi:10.1002/ca.24219 · Cited by 1
The Role of Rehabilitation in Optimizing Bone Health in Cancer Survivors
Jones, N. G., & Rubin, D. H. P. (2024) · Current Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation Reports · doi:10.1007/s40141-024-00471-5 · Cited by 1
“This approach not only helps in identifying those who might benefit from anti-fracture treatments, but also plays a vital role in ongoing patient care and treatment optimization [65, 66].”
CNN applied to ultrasonic guided wave spectrum image classification
Cisternas, W. F., Aguilera, A., Olivares, R., Muñoz, R., & Minonzio, J.-G. (2024) · Journal of Physics Conference Series · doi:10.1088/1742-6596/2822/1/012021 · Cited by 1
“The strengths of DXA are the low radiation dose (1-6 mu Sv) and the speed of scanning (1-2 min); it provides areal bone mineral density (aBMD; g.cm − 2 ) of both cortical and trabecular bone at the main fragility fractures, i.e., spine and hip [6].”
The Role of Adipose Tissue in Canine Cranial Cruciate Ligament Disease
Saengsoi, W. (2018) · University of Liverpool · doi:10.17638/03027258 · Cited by 1
“The advantages of DEXA include a short scan time, precise measurement with its high-resolution images, the ability to analyse different body regions, low radiation dose and being relatively inexpensive (Blake and Fogelman, 2007).”
BackgroundHaryono, I. R., Tulaar, A. B., Sudoyo, H., Purba, A., Abdullah, M., Jusman, S. W. A., Lubis, A. M. T., & Ilyas, E. I. I. (2019) · Turkish Journal of Osteoporosis · doi:10.4274/tod.galenos.2019.58815 · Cited by 1
Morita, L., Silva, V. B. D., Munhoz, L., Arita, E., & Watanabe, P. C. A. (2019) · Brazilian Dental Science · doi:10.14295/bds.2019.v22i4.1839
“World Health Organizations (WHO) determined values to the BMD measured, named as T-scores, which allows to assess fracture risk [7].”
BackgroundEvaluation of Cytokine Dynamics in Patients With Multiple and Concomitant Closed Chest Injuries
Khalyapina, A. B., Parshikov, M. V., Bolotov, D. D., Zhuravlyova, G. M., & Yarygin, N. V. (2021) · Russian Sklifosovsky Journal Emergency Medical Care · doi:10.23934/2223-9022-2021-10-2-318-327 · Cited by 1
Distal radius fracture: An opportunity for osteoporosis intervention
Chung, M. M. T., Yee, D. K. H., Fang, E., Leung, F. K. L., & Fang, C. X. (2021) · Journal of Orthopaedics Trauma and Rehabilitation · doi:10.1177/22104917211035549 · Cited by 1
“Diagnosis of osteoporosis is commonly performed through dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) scan, where the T-score of the test denotes the number of standard deviations below the healthy young adult mean for an individual’s bone mineral density (BMD).(4) A T-score of 2.”
BackgroundAteş, S., & Gülsün, B. (2021) · International Dental Research · doi:10.5577/intdentres.2021.vol11.suppl1.29 · Cited by 1
“In this method, the T score is used, which is calculated by comparing the bone mineral density of the individual with the bone mineral density values of healthy young adults of the same gender (7).”
MethodLi, B., Liu, C., Li, Y., Tran, T. N. H. T., & Ta, D. (2021) · IEEE International Ultrasonics Symposium · doi:10.1109/ius52206.2021.9593464 · Cited by 1
“Even some countries had to implement initiatives that suspended DXA services [21, 22] or limited patient's exposure to clinical spaces.”
MethodMiranda, D., Olivares, R., Muñoz, R., & Minonzio, J.-G. (2021) · IEEE UFFC Latin America Ultrasonics Symposium (LAUS) · doi:10.1109/laus53676.2021.9639108 · Cited by 1
Regional (but strategic) assessment for a generalized disorder (Sarcopenia)
Razaq, S., Kara, M., & Özçakar, L. (2022) · Multiple Sclerosis and Related Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.msard.2022.103668 · Cited by 1
Metadata
- Authors
- Blake, G. M., & Fogelman, I.
- Affiliations
- King's College London (GB)
- Corresponding author
- Blake, Glen M
- ORCID
- Blake, Glen M
- Venue
- Postgraduate Medical Journal
- Publisher
- Oxford University Press (OUP)
- Published
- 2007-08-01
- Volume
- 83
- Issue
- 982
- Pages
- 509-517
- ISSN
- 0032-5473 (ISSN-L)
- 1469-0756
- PMC
- PMC2600106
- OpenAlex
- W2000878199
- Cited by
- 532
- References
- 74
- Citations by year
- 2026: 31 · 2025: 55 · 2024: 56 · 2023: 34 · 2022: 55 · 2021: 54 · 2020: 31 · 2019: 31 · 2018: 33 · 2017: 26 · 2016: 22 · 2015: 16 · 2014: 19 · 2013: 22 · 2012: 13
- FWCI
- 1.55
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- Postgraduate Medical Journal (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Research Portal (King's College London) (submittedVersion)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Orthopedics and Sports Medicine › Bone health and osteoporosis research
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Infectious Diseases › HIV-related health complications and treatments
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism › Menopause: Health Impacts and Treatments
- Keywords
- dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry, bone mineral density, osteoporosis diagnosis, fracture risk prediction, treatment response monitoring
- MeSH terms
- Humans, Osteoporosis, Risk Factors, Absorptiometry, Photon, Bone Density, Risk Assessment, Fractures, Bone
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