CoChat
Sign Up
Cited by 156Physical Activity and HealthCardiovascular and exercise physiologyCardiovascular Effects of Exercise

Evidence-based risk assessment and recommendations for physical activity clearance: Consensus Document 20111This paper is one of a selection of papers published in this Special Issue, entitled Evidence-based risk assessment and recommendations for physical activity clearance, and has undergone the Journal’s usual peer review process.

Open access
Warburton, Darren E.R., Gledhill, Norman, Jamnik, Veronica K., Bredin, Shannon S.D., McKenzie, Don C., Stone, James, Charlesworth, Sarah, Shephard, Roy J.·2011·Applied Physiology, Nutrition, and Metabolism
DOI 10.1139/h11-062
Open this paper in CoChat — free accountOpen PDF

Abstract

The Physical Activity Readiness Questionnaire (PAR-Q) and the Physical Activity Readiness Medical Evaluation (PARmed-X) are internationally known preparticipation screening tools developed on the basis of expert opinion. The primary purposes of this consensus document were to seek evidence-based support for the PAR-Q and PARmed-X forms, to identify whether further revisions of these instruments are warranted, to determine how people responding positively to questions on the PAR-Q can be safely cleared without medical referral, and to develop exercise clearance procedures appropriate for various clinical conditions across the human lifespan. Seven systematic reviews were conducted, examining physical-activity-related risks and effective risk-stratification procedures for various prevalent chronic conditions. An additional systematic review assessed the risks associated with exercise testing and training of the general population. Two gap areas were identified and evaluated systematically: the role of the qualified exercise professional and the requisite core competencies required by those working with various chronic conditions; and the risks associated with physical activity during pregnancy. The risks associated with being physically inactive are markedly higher than transient risks during and following an acute bout of exercise in both asymptomatic and symptomatic populations across the lifespan. Further refinements of the PAR-Q and the PARmed-X (including online versions of the forms) are required to address the unique limitations imposed by various chronic health conditions, and to allow the inclusion of individuals across their entire lifespan. A probing decision-tree process is proposed to assist in risk stratification and to reduce barriers to physical activity. Qualified exercise professionals will play an essential role in this revised physical activity clearance process.

The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.

Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.

A few free checks a day · papers already verified open instantly · results are public

Integrity signals

Registry

Crossref · 10.1139/h11-062

Cites

19 of 19 references verified0 citation errors · 0 not checkable

Statistics

Claims the paper makes

The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.

Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.

A few free checks a day · papers already verified open instantly · results are public

Claims other papers make about this one

Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?

  • Referral of individuals for medical clearance solely on the basis of age has been shown to result in superfluous health care referrals.

    “Although increasing age is a risk factor for CVD (men, Q 45 yr; women, Q 55 yr), there is no evidence that age per se is a strong predictor of exercise-associated SCD and AMI (20), and the referral of individuals for medical clearance solely on the basis of age has been shown to result in superfluous health care referrals (6,19,46).”

    From Updating ACSM's Recommendations for Exercise Preparticipation Health Screening (2015) · cites this paper as [46]

    In 'Interpretation of evidence and justification' (page unavailable), the paper says there is no compelling evidence for restricting the PAR-Q to ages 15–69 and calls that restriction an unnecessary barrier. The same section says the previous clearance process was unduly conservative and that the revised process avoids many medical referrals. It does not specifically show that referrals made solely because of age resulted in superfluous health care referrals. (LLM, conf=0.82)

    Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

  • A possible barrier to becoming physically active is the requirement for exercise preparticipation health screening, which may involve a visit to a health care provider and/or diagnostic testing.

    “A possible barrier to becoming physically active is the requirement for exercise preparticipation health screening, which may involve a visit to a health care provider and/or diagnostic testing to potentially identify underlying CAD and other occult CVD (3,16,46).”

    From Updating ACSM's Recommendations for Exercise Preparticipation Health Screening (2015) · cites this paper as [46]

Self-check

Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.

The self-check needs the paper’s full text.

Cites

Flagged first, then by citations

Research works printed but not linked: 155

  1. Aapro, M., Bernard-Marty, C., Brain, E.G., Batist, G., Erdkamp, F., Krzemieniecki, K., et al. 2011. Anthracycline cardiotoxicity in the elderly cancer patient: a SIOG expert position paper. Ann. Oncol. 22(2): 257-267. doi:10.1093/annonc/mdq609. PMID:20956616. · DOI
  2. Abate, N., and Chandalia, M. 2007. Ethnicity, type 2 diabetes & migrant Asian Indians. Indian J. Med. Res. 125(3): 251-258. PMID:17496354.
  3. Adamsen, L., Midtgaard, J., Rorth, M., Borregaard, N., Andersen, C., Quist, M., et al. 2003. Feasibility, physical capacity, and health benefits of a multidimensional exercise program for cancer patients undergoing chemotherapy. Support. Care Cancer, 11(11): 707- 716. doi:10.1007/s00520-003-0504-2. PMID:12898370. · DOI
  4. Aiello, L.P., Cahill, M.T., and Wong, J.S. 2001. Systemic considera- tions in the management of diabetic retinopathy. Am. J. Ophthalmol. 132(5): 760-776. doi:10.1016/S0002-9394(01) 01124-2. PMID:11704039. · DOI
  5. Ainsworth, B.E., Haskell, W.L., Leon, A.S., Jacobs, D.R., Jr, Montoye, H.J., Sallis, J.F., and Paffenbarger, R.S., Jr. 1993. Compendium of physical activities: classification of energy costs of human physical activities. Med. Sci. Sports Exerc. 25(1): 71- 80. doi:10.1249/00005768-199301000-00011. PMID:8292105. · DOI · Paper page
  6. Ainsworth, B.E., Haskell, W.L., Whitt, M.C., Irwin, M.L., Swartz, A. M., Strath, S.J., et al. 2000. Compendium of physical activities: an update of activity codes and MET intensities. Med. Sci. Sports Exerc. 32(9 Suppl): S498-S504. PMID:10993420.
  7. Alvarez, N., and Rubin, L. 1986. Atlantoaxial instability in adults with Down syndrome: a clinical and radiological survey. Appl. Res. Ment. Retard. 7(1): 67-78. doi:10.1016/0270-3092(86) 90019-6. PMID:2938541. · DOI
  8. American Academy of Pediatrics. 1984. American Academy of Pediatrics. Committee on Sports Medicine. Atlantoaxial instability in Down syndrome. Pediatrics, 74(1): 152-154. PMID:6234506.
  9. American Academy of Pediatrics. 1995. Atlantoaxial instability in Down syndrome: subject review. American Academy of Pediatrics Committee on Sports Medicine and Fitness. Pediatrics, 96(1 Pt. 1): 151-154. PMID:7596705.
  10. Armstrong, D.G., Lavery, L.A., Holtz-Neiderer, K., Mohler, M.J., Wendel, C.S., Nixon, B.P., and Boulton, A.J. 2004. Variability in activity may precede diabetic foot ulceration. Diabetes Care, 27(8): 1980-1984. doi:10.2337/diacare.27.8.1980. PMID:15277427. · DOI
  11. Balducci, S., Iacobellis, G., Parisi, L., Di Biase, N., Calandriello, E., Leonetti, F., and Fallucca, F. 2006. Exercise training can modify the natural history of diabetic peripheral neuropathy. J. Diabetes Complications, 20(4): 216-223. doi:10.1016/j.jdiacomp.2005.07. 005. PMID:16798472. · DOI · Paper page
  12. Bickel, C.S., Slade, J.M., and Dudley, G.A. 2004. Long-term spinal cord injury increases susceptibility to isometric contraction- induced muscle injury. Eur. J. Appl. Physiol. 91(2-3): 308-313. doi:10.1007/s00421-003-0973-5. PMID:14586584. · DOI
  13. Birrer, R.B. 2004. The Special Olympics athlete: evaluation and clearance for participation. Clin. Pediatr. (Phila.), 43(9): 777-782. doi:10.1177/000992280404300901. PMID:15583772. · DOI
  14. Bouchard, C., Shephard, R.J., and Stephens, T. 1994. The consensus statement. In Physical activity fitness and health: International proceedings and consensus statement. Edited by C. Bouchard and R. J. Shephard and T. Stephens. Human Kinetics, Champaign, Ill., USA. pp. 9-76.
  15. Braith, R.W., and Beck, D.T. 2008. Resistance exercise: training adaptations and developing a safe exercise prescription. Heart Fail. Rev. 13(1): 69-79. doi:10.1007/s10741-007-9055-9. PMID: 17932746. · DOI
  16. Brehm, B.J., Rourke, K.M., and Cassell, C. 1999. Training health professionals: a multidisciplinary team approach in a university- based weight-loss program. J. Allied Health, 28(4): 226-229. PMID:10614555.
  17. Brown, J.K., Byers, T., Doyle, C., Coumeya, K.S., Demark- Wahnefried, W., Kushi, L.H., et al.; American Cancer Society. 2003. Nutrition and physical activity during and after cancer treatment: an American Cancer Society guide for informed choices. CA Cancer J. Clin. 53(5): 268-291. doi:10.3322/ canjclin.53.5.268. PMID:14570227. · DOI
  18. Bruce, N., and Burnett, S. 1991. Prevention of lifestyle-related disease: general practitioners' views about their role, effectiveness and resources. Fam. Pract. 8(4): 373-377. doi:10.1093/fampra/8.4. 373. PMID:1800203. · DOI
  19. Cremers, M.J., and Beijer, H.J. 1993. No relation between general laxity and atlantoaxial instability in children with Down syndrome. J. Pediatr. Orthop. 13(3): 318-321. doi:10.1097/01241398- 199305000-00008. PMID:8496364. · DOI
  20. Cremers, M.J., Bol, E., de Roos, F., and van Gijn, J. 1993. Risk of sports activities in children with Down's syndrome and atlantoax- ial instability. Lancet, 342(8870): 511-514. doi:10.1016/0140- 6736(93)91644-2. PMID:8102665. · DOI
  21. Culos-Reed, S.N., Carlson, L.E., Daroux, L.M., and Hately-Aldous, S. 2006. A pilot study of yoga for breast cancer survivors: physical and psychological benefits. Psychooncology, 15(10): 891-897. doi:10.1002/pon.1021. PMID:16374892. · DOI
  22. Cunningham, A.J., Edmonds, C.V., Jenkins, G.P., Pollack, H., Lockwood, G.A., and Warr, D. 1998. A randomized controlled trial of the effects of group psychological therapy on survival in women with metastatic breast cancer. Psychooncology, 7(6): 508- 517. doi:10.1002/(SICI)1099-1611(199811/12)7:6<508::AID- PON376>3.3.CO;2-Z. PMID:9885092. · DOI
  23. Cust, A.E., Armstrong, B.K., Friedenreich, C.M., Slimani, N., and Bauman, A. 2007. Physical activity and endometrial cancer risk: a review of the current evidence, biologic mechanisms and the quality of physical activity assessment methods. Cancer Causes Control, 18(3): 243-258. doi:10.1007/s10552-006-0094-7. PMID: 17206535. · DOI
  24. Davies, E.J., Moxham, T., Rees, K., Singh, S., Coats, A.J., Ebrahim, S., et al. 2010. Exercise based rehabilitation for heart failure. Cochrane Database Syst. Rev. (4): CD003331. PMID:20393935.
  25. Dollinger, V., Obwegeser, A.A., Gabl, M., Lackner, P., Koller, M., and Galiano, K. 2008. Sporting activity following discectomy for lumbar disc herniation. Orthopedics, 31(8): 756. doi:10.3928/ 01477447-20080801-05. PMID:19292419. · DOI
  26. Dundar, U., Solak, O., Yigit, I., Evcik, D., and Kavuncu, V. 2009. Clinical effectiveness of aquatic exercise to treat chronic low back pain: a randomized controlled trial. Spine (Phila. Pa. 1976), 34(14): 1436-1440. doi:10.1097/BRS.0b013e3181a79618. PMID:19525833. · DOI
  27. Dunn, A.L., Trivedi, M.H., and O'Neal, H.A. 2001. Physical activity dose-response effects on outcomes of depression and anxiety. Med. Sci. Sports Exerc. 33(6 Suppl.): S587-S597; discussion 609-610. PMID:11427783.
  28. Eickhoff-Shemek, J.M. 2010. An analysis of 8 negligence lawsuits against personal fitness trainers: 3 major liability exposures revealed. ACSM's Health & Fitness Journal, 14(5): 34-37.
  29. Fattal, C., Mariano-Goulart, D., Thomas, E., Rouays-Mabit, H., Verollet, C., and Maimoun, L. 2011. Osteoporosis in persons with spinal cord injury: the need for a targeted therapeutic education. Arch. Phys. Med. Rehabil. 92(1): 59-67. doi:10.1016/j.apmr.2010. 09.019. PMID:21187206. · DOI
  30. Flocke, S.A., Kelly, R., and Highland, J. 2009. Initiation of health behavior discussions during primary care outpatient visits. Patient Educ. Couns. 75(2): 214-219. doi:10.1016/j.pec.2008.09.008. PMID:19013742. · DOI
  31. Franklin, B., Fern, A., Fowler, A., Spring, T., and Dejong, A. 2009. Exercise physiologist's role in clinical practice. Br. J. Sports Med. 43(2): 93-98. doi:10.1136/bjsm.2008.055202. PMID:19050005. · DOI
  32. Friedrich, M., Gittler, G., Halberstadt, Y., Cermak, T., and Heiller, I. 1998. Combined exercise and motivation program: effect on the compliance and level of disability of patients with chronic low back pain: a randomized controlled trial. Arch. Phys. Med. Rehabil. 79(5): 475-487. doi:10.1016/S0003-9993(98)90059-4. PMID:9596385. · DOI
  33. Frost, H., Lamb, S.E., Klaber Moffett, J.A., Fairbank, J.C., and Moser, J.S. 1998. A fitness programme for patients with chronic low back pain: 2-year follow-up of a randomised controlled trial. Pain, 75(2-3): 273-279. doi:10.1016/S0304-3959(98)00005-0. PMID:9583763. · DOI
  34. Frotzler, A., Coupaud, S., Perret, C., Kakebeeke, T.H., Hunt, K.J., Donaldson Nde, N., and Eser, P. 2008. High-volume FES-cycling partially reverses bone loss in people with chronic spinal cord injury. Bone, 43(1): 169-176. doi:10.1016/j.bone.2008.03.004. PMID:18440891. · DOI
  35. Ginis, K.A., Hicks, A.L., Latimer, A.E., Warburton, D.E.R., Bourne, C., Ditor, D.S., et al. 2011. The development of evidence-informed physical activity guidelines for people with spinal cord injury. Spinal Cord, [Epub ahead of print.] PMID:21647164.
  36. Ginis, K.A., Latimer, A.E., Arbour-Nicitopoulos, K.P., Buchholz, A. C., Bray, S.R., Craven, B.C., et al. 2010. Leisure time physical activity in a population-based sample of people with spinal cord injury part I: demographic and injury-related correlates. Arch. Phys. Med. Rehabil. 91(5): 722-728. doi:10.1016/j.apmr.2009.12. 027. PMID:20434609. · DOI
  37. Gledhill, N., and Jamnik, V.K. 1992. Development and validation of a fitness screening protocol for firefighter applicants. Can. J. Sport Sci. 17(3): 199-206. PMID:1325259.
  38. Goebbels, U., Myers, J., Dziekan, G., Muller, P., Kuhn, M., Ratte, R., and Dubach, P. 1998. A randomized comparison of exercise training in patients with normal vs. reduced ventricular function. Chest, 113(5): 1387-1393. doi:10.1378/chest.113.5.1387. PMID: 9596323. · DOI
  39. Gordon, N.F., Gulanick, M., Costa, F., Fletcher, G., Franklin, B.A., Roth, E.J., and Shephard, T.; American Heart Association Council on Clinical Cardiology, Subcommittee on Exercise, Cardiac Rehabilitation, and Prevention; the Council on Cardiovascular Nursing; the Council on Nutrition, Physical Activity, and Metabolism; and the Stroke Council. 2004. Physical activity and exercise recommendations for stroke survivors: an American Heart Association scientific statement from the Council on Clinical Cardiology, Subcommittee on Exercise, Cardiac Rehabilitation, and Prevention; the Council on Cardiovascular Nursing; the Council on Nutrition, Physical Activity, and Metabolism; and the Stroke Council. Circulation, 109(16): 2031-2041. doi:10.1161/01. CIR.0000126280.65777.A4. PMID:15117863. · DOI
  40. Greiner, A.C., and Knebel, E. 2003. Health professions education: a bridge to quality. National Academies Press, Washington, D.C., USA.
  41. Hamada, H., Ohkubo, T., Maeda, M., and Ogawa, S. 2006. Evaluation of cardiac reserved function by high-dose dobuta- mine-stress echocardiography in asymptomatic anthracycline- treated survivors of childhood cancer. Pediatr. Int. 48(3): 313- 320. doi:10.1111/j.1442-200X.2006.02210.x. PMID:16732801. · DOI
  42. Haydon, A.M., Macinnis, R., English, D., and Giles, G. 2006. The effect of physical activity and body size on survival after diagnosis with colorectal cancer. Gut, 55(1): 62-67. doi:10.1136/gut.2005. 068189. PMID:15972299. · DOI
  43. Haykowsky, M., Vonder Muhll, I., Ezekowitz, J., and Armstrong, P. 2005. Supervised exercise training improves aerobic capacity and muscle strength in older women with heart failure. Can. J. Cardiol. 21(14): 1277-1280. PMID:16341296.
  44. Herbert, D.L., and Eickhoff-Shemek, J.M. 2010. New standards statements Legal considerations for the fitness industry. ACSM's Health & Fitness Journal, 14(3): 31-33.
  45. Ho, E., Brown, A., Barrett, P., Morgan, R.B., King, G., Kennedy, M. J., and Murphy, R.T. 2010. Subclinical anthracycline-and trastuzumab-induced cardiotoxicity in the long-term follow-up of asymptomatic breast cancer survivors: a speckle tracking echo- cardiographic study. Heart, 96(9): 701-707. doi:10.1136/hrt.2009. 173997. PMID:20424152. · DOI
  46. Holmes, M.D., Chen, W.Y., Feskanich, D., Kroenke, C.H., and Colditz, G.A. 2005. Physical activity and survival after breast cancer diagnosis. JAMA, 293(20): 2479-2486. doi:10.1001/jama. 293.20.2479. PMID:15914748. · DOI · Paper page
  47. Ivey, F.M., Hafer-Macko, C.E., and Macko, R.F. 2008. Exercise training for cardiometabolic adaptation after stroke. J. Cardiopulm. Rehabil. Prev. 28(1): 2-11. PMID:18277823.
  48. Ivy, J.L., Zderic, T.W., and Fogt, D.L. 1999. Prevention and treatment of non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. Exerc. Sport Sci. Rev. 27: 1-35. doi:10.1249/00003677-199900270-00003. PMID: 10791012. · DOI
  49. Jamnik, V.K., Gledhill, N., and Shephard, R.J. 2007. Revised clearance for participation in physical activity: greater screening responsibility for qualified university-educated fitness profes- sionals. Appl. Physiol. Nutr. Metab. 32(6): 1191-1197. doi:10. 1139/h07-128. PMID:18059594. · DOI
  50. Janssen, I. 2007. Physical activity guidelines for children and youth. Can. J. Public Health, 98(Suppl. 2): S109-S121. PMID:18213942.
  51. Jones, L.W., Haykowsky, M., Peddle, C.J., Joy, A.A., Pituskin, E.N., Tkachuk, L.M., et al. 2007. Cardiovascular risk profile of patients with HER2/neu-positive breast cancer treated with anthracycline- taxane-containing adjuvant chemotherapy and/or trastuzumab. Cancer Epidemiol. Biomarkers Prev. 16(5): 1026-1031. doi:10. 1158/1055-9965.EPI-06-0870. PMID:17507633. · DOI
  52. Kanade, R.V., van Deursen, R.W., Harding, K., and Price, P. 2006. Walking performance in people with diabetic neuropathy: benefits and threats. Diabetologia, 49(8): 1747-1754. doi:10.1007/s00125- 006-0309-1. PMID:16758177. · DOI
  53. Katzmarzyk, P.T., and Janssen, I. 2004. The economic costs associated with physical inactivity and obesity in Canada: an update. Can. J. Appl. Physiol. 29(1): 90-115. doi:10.1139/h04- 008. PMID:15001807. · DOI
  54. Katzmarzyk, P.T., Gledhill, N., and Shephard, R.J. 2000. The economic burden of physical inactivity in Canada. CMAJ, 163(11): 1435- 1440. PMID:11192648.
  55. Kavanagh, T., Mertens, D.J., Hamm, L.F., Beyene, J., Kennedy, J., Corey, P., and Shephard, R.J. 2002. Prediction of long-term prognosis in 12 169 men referred for cardiac rehabilitation. Circulation, 106(6): 666-671. doi:10.1161/01.CIR.0000024413. 15949.ED. PMID:12163425. · DOI
  56. Kesäniemi, A., Riddoch, C.J., Reeder, B., Blair, S.N., and Sørensen, T. 2010. Advancing the future of physical activity guidelines in Canada: an independent expert panel interpretation of the evidence. Int. J. Behav. Nutr. Phys. Act. 7: 41. PMID:20459785.
  57. Krassioukov, A.V., Karlsson, A.K., Wecht, J.M., Wuermser, L.A., Mathias, C.J., and Marino, R.J.; Joint Committee of American Spinal Injury Association and International Spinal Cord Society. 2007. Assessment of autonomic dysfunction following spinal cord injury: rationale for additions to International Standards for Neurological Assessment. J. Rehabil. Res. Dev. 44(1): 103-112. doi:10.1682/JRRD.2005.10.0159. PMID:17551864. · DOI
  58. Krassioukov, A., Eng, J.J., Warburton, D.E., and Teasell, R.; Spinal Cord Injury Rehabilitation Evidence Research Team. 2009a. A systematic review of the management of orthostatic hypotension after spinal cord injury. Arch. Phys. Med. Rehabil. 90(5): 876- 885. doi:10.1016/j.apmr.2009.01.009. PMID:19406310. · DOI
  59. Krassioukov, A., Warburton, D.E., Teasell, R., and Eng, J.J.; Spinal Cord Injury Rehabilitation Evidence Research Team. 2009b. A systematic review of the management of autonomic dysreflexia after spinal cord injury. Arch. Phys. Med. Rehabil. 90(4): 682- 695. doi:10.1016/j.apmr.2008.10.017. PMID:19345787. · DOI
  60. Kriska, A. 2003. Can a physically active lifestyle prevent type 2 diabetes? Exerc. Sport Sci. Rev. 31(3): 132-137. doi:10.1097/ 00003677-200307000-00006. PMID:12882479. · DOI
  61. Kriska, A.M., LaPorte, R.E., Patrick, S.L., Kuller, L.H., and Orchard, T.J. 1991. The association of physical activity and diabetic complications in individuals with insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus: the Epidemiology of Diabetes Complications Study- VII. J. Clin. Epidemiol. 44(11): 1207-1214. doi:10.1016/0895- 4356(91)90153-Z. PMID:1941015. · DOI
  62. Lau, D.C., Douketis, J.D., Morrison, K.M., Hramiak, I.M., Sharma, A.M., and Ur, E.; Obesity Canada Clinical Practice Guidelines Expert Panel. 2007. 2006 Canadian clinical practice guidelines on the management and prevention of obesity in adults and children. CMAJ, 176(8): S1-S13. [summary.] doi:10.1503/cmaj.061409. PMID:17420481. · DOI
  63. Lazo, M.G., Shirazi, P., Sam, M., Giobbie-Hurder, A., Blacconiere, M.J., and Muppidi, M. 2001. Osteoporosis and risk of fracture in men with spinal cord injury. Spinal Cord, 39(4): 208-214. doi:10. 1038/sj.sc.3101139. PMID:11420736. · DOI
  64. Lemière, C., Bai, T., Balter, M., Bayliff, C., Becker, A., Boulet, L.P., et al.; Canadian Adult Consensus Group of the Canadian Thoracic Society. 2004. Adult Asthma Consensus Guidelines update 2003. Can. Respir. J. 11(Suppl. A): 9A-18A. PMID:15254605.
  65. Lim, K.L., Jacobs, P., and Klarenbach, S. 2006. A population-based analysis of healthcare utilization of persons with back disorders: results from the Canadian Community Health Survey 2000-2001. Spine (Phila. Pa. 1976), 31(2): 212-218. doi:10.1097/01.brs. 0000194773.10461.9f. PMID:16418643. · DOI
  66. Lindahl, M., Hansen, L., Pedersen, A., Truelsen, T., and Boysen, G. 2008. Self-reported physical activity after ischemic stroke corre- lates with physical capacity. Advances in Physiotherapy, 10(4): 188-194. doi:10.1080/14038190802490025. · DOI
  67. Manniche, C., Asmussen, K., Lauritsen, B., Vinterberg, H., Karbo, H., Abildstrup, S., et al. 1993. Intensive dynamic back exercises with or without hyperextension in chronic back pain after surgery for lumbar disc protrusion. A clinical trial. Spine (Phila. Pa. 1976), 18(5): 560-567. doi:10.1097/00007632-199304000-00007. PMID:8484146. · DOI
  68. Maron, B.J., and Pelliccia, A. 2006. The heart of trained athletes: cardiac remodeling and the risks of sports, including sudden death. Circulation, 114(15): 1633-1644. doi:10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.106.613562. PMID:17030703. · DOI
  69. McAvoy, B.R., Kaner, E.F., Lock, C.A., Heather, N., and Gilvarry, E. 1999. Our healthier nation: Are general practitioners willing and able to deliver? A survey of attitudes to and involvement in health promotion and lifestyle counselling. Br. J. Gen. Pract. 49(440): 187-190. PMID:10343420.
  70. McDermott, M.M., Tian, L., Liu, K., Guralnik, J.M., Ferrucci, L., Tan, J., et al. 2008. Prognostic value of functional performance for mortality in patients with peripheral artery disease. J. Am. Coll. Cardiol. 51(15): 1482-1489. doi:10.1016/j.jacc.2007.12.034. PMID:18402904. · DOI · Paper page
  71. McKelvie, R.S., Teo, K.K., McCartney, N., Humen, D., Montague, T., and Yusuf, S. 1995. Effects of exercise training in patients with congestive heart failure: a critical review. J. Am. Coll. Cardiol. 25 (3): 789-796. doi:10.1016/0735-1097(94)00428-S. PMID: 7860930. · DOI
  72. McKenzie, D.C. 1998. Abreast in a boat-a race against breast cancer. CMAJ, 159(4): 376-378. PMID:9732719.
  73. McKenzie, D.C., and Kalda, A.L. 2003. Effect of upper extremity exercise on secondary lymphedema in breast cancer patients: a pilot study. J. Clin. Oncol. 21(3): 463-466. doi:10.1200/JCO. 2003.04.069. PMID:12560436. · DOI
  74. Mendonca, G.V., Pereira, F.D., and Fernhall, B. 2010. Reduced exercise capacity in persons with Down syndrome: cause, effect, and management. Ther. Clin. Risk Manag. 6: 601-610. doi:10. 2147/TCRM.S10235. PMID:21206759. · DOI
  75. Meyer, K., Lehmann, M., Sunder, G., Keul, J., and Weidemann, H. 1990. Interval versus continuous exercise training after coronary bypass surgery: a comparison of training-induced acute reactions with respect to the effectiveness of the exercise methods. Clin. Cardiol. 13(12): 851-861. doi:10.1002/clc.4960131208. PMID: 2282729. · DOI
  76. Meyer, K., Samek, L., Schwaibold, M., Westbrook, S., Hajric, R., Beneke, R., et al. 1997. Interval training in patients with severe chronic heart failure: analysis and recommendations for exercise procedures. Med. Sci. Sports Exerc. 29(3): 306-312. PMID: 9139168.
  77. Meyer, T., Kindermann, M., and Kindermann, W. 2004. Exercise programmes for patients with chronic heart failure. Sports Med. 34(14): 939-954. doi:10.2165/00007256-200434140-00001. PMID:15571426. · DOI
  78. Meyerhardt, J.A., Heseltine, D., Niedzwiecki, D., Hollis, D., Saltz, L. B., Mayer, R.J., et al. 2006b. Impact of physical activity on cancer recurrence and survival in patients with stage III colon cancer: findings from CALGB 89803. J. Clin. Oncol. 24(22): 3535-3541. doi:10.1200/JCO.2006.06.0863. PMID:16822843. · DOI
  79. Michael, K.M., Allen, J.K., and Macko, R.F. 2005. Reduced ambulatory activity after stroke: the role of balance, gait, and cardiovascular fitness. Arch. Phys. Med. Rehabil. 86(8): 1552- 1556. doi:10.1016/j.apmr.2004.12.026. PMID:16084807. · DOI
  80. Myers, J., Gullestad, L., Vagelos, R., Do, D., Bellin, D., Ross, H., and Fowler, M.B. 2000. Cardiopulmonary exercise testing and prognosis in severe heart failure: 14 mL/kg/min revisited. Am. Heart J. 139(1): 78-84. doi:10.1016/S0002-8703(00)90312-0. PMID:10618566. · DOI
  81. Ohinmaa, A., Jacobs, P., Simpson, S., and Johnson, J.A. 2004. The projection of prevalence and cost of diabetes in Canada: 2000 to 2016. Canadian Journal of Diabetes, 28(2): 1-8.
  82. Oja, P. 2001. Dose response between total volume of physical activity and health and fitness. Med. Sci. Sports Exerc. 33(Suppl. 6): S428-S437, discussion S452-S453. PMID:11427767.
  83. Orleans, C.T., George, L.K., Houpt, J.L., and Brodie, K.H. 1985. Health promotion in primary care: a survey of U.S. family practitioners. Prev. Med. 14(5): 636-647. doi:10.1016/0091-7435 (85)90083-0. PMID:4070193. Osteoporosis Canada. 2010. Osteoporosis: facts and statistics. Osteoporosis Canada. Available from http://www.osteoporosis.ca/ index.php/ci_id/8867/la_id/1.htm. [Accessed 7 December 2010. · DOI
  84. Ozgen, S., Konya, D., Toktas, O.Z., Dagcinar, A., and Ozek, M.M. 2007. Lumbar disc herniation in adolescence. Pediatr. Neurosurg. 43(2): 77-81. doi:10.1159/000098377. PMID:17337916. · DOI
  85. Pang, M.Y., Eng, J.J., Dawson, A.S., and Gylfadottir, S. 2006. The use of aerobic exercise training in improving aerobic capacity in individuals with stroke: a meta-analysis. Clin. Rehabil. 20(2): 97- 111. doi:10.1191/0269215506cr926oa. PMID:16541930. · DOI
  86. Pang, M.Y., Eng, J.J., and Miller, W.C. 2007. Determinants of satisfaction with community reintegration in older adults with chronic stroke: role of balance self-efficacy. Phys. Ther. 87(3): 282-291. doi:10.2522/ptj.20060142. PMID:17284545. · DOI
  87. Paterson, D.H., and Warburton, D.E. 2010. Physical activity and functional limitations in older adults: a systematic review related to Canada's Physical Activity Guidelines. Int. J. Behav. Nutr. Phys. Act. 7: 38. PMID:20459782.
  88. Pavy, B., Iliou, M.C., Meurin, P., Tabet, J.Y., and Corone, S.Functional Evaluation and Cardiac Rehabilitation Working Group of the French Society of Cardiology. 2006. Safety of exercise training for cardiac patients: results of the French registry of complications during cardiac rehabilitation. Arch. Intern. Med. 166(21): 2329-2334. doi:10.1001/archinte.166.21.2329. PMID:17130385. · DOI · Paper page
  89. Petrella, R.J., Koval, J.J., Cunningham, D.A., and Paterson, D.H. 2003. Can primary care doctors prescribe exercise to improve fitness? The Step Test Exercise Prescription (STEP) project. Am. J. Prev. Med. 24(4): 316-322. doi:10.1016/S0749-3797(03)00022- 9. PMID:12726869. · DOI
  90. Petrella, R.J., Lattanzio, C.N., and Overend, T.J. 2007. Physical activity counseling and prescription among Canadian primary care physicians. Arch. Intern. Med. 167(16): 1774-1781. doi:10.1001/ archinte.167.16.1774. PMID:17846397. Physical Activity Guidelines Advisory Committee. 2008. Physical Activity Guidelines Advisory Committee Report. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Washington, D.C., USA. · DOI
  91. Piepoli, M.F., Corra, U., Agostoni, P.G., Belardinelli, R., Cohen- Solal, A., Hambrecht, R., and Vanhees, L.Task Force of the Italian Working Group on Cardiac Rehabilitation and Prevention (Gruppo Italiano di Cardiologia Riabilitativa e Prevenzione, GICR); Working Group on Cardiac Rehabilitation and Exercise Physiol- ogy of the European Society of Cardiology. 2006a. Statement on cardiopulmonary exercise testing in chronic heart failure due to left ventricular dysfunction: recommendations for performance and interpretation Part II: How to perform cardiopulmonary exercise testing in chronic heart failure. Eur. J. Cardiovasc. Prev. Rehabil. 13(3): 300-311. PMID:16926657.
  92. Piepoli, M.F., Corra, U., Agostoni, P.G., Belardinelli, R., Cohen- Solal, A., Hambrecht, R., and Vanhees, L.; Task Force of the Italian Working Group on Cardiac Rehabilitation PreventionWork- ing Group on Cardiac Rehabilitation and Exercise Physiology of the European Society of Cardiology. 2006b. Statement on cardiopulmonary exercise testing in chronic heart failure due to left ventricular dysfunction: recommendations for performance and interpretation. Part I: definition of cardiopulmonary exercise testing parameters for appropriate use in chronic heart failure. Eur. J. Cardiovasc. Prev. Rehabil. 13(2): 150-164. doi:10.1097/01.hjr. 0000209812.05573.04. PMID:16575267. · DOI
  93. Piepoli, M.F., Corra, U., Agostoni, P.G., Belardinelli, R., Cohen- Solal, A., Hambrecht, R., and Vanhees, L.; Task Force of the Italian Working Group on Cardiac Rehabilitation and Prevention. 2006c. Statement on cardiopulmonary exercise testing in chronic heart failure due to left ventricular dysfunction. Recommendations for performance and interpretation. Eur. J. Cardiovasc. Prev. Rehabil. 13(1): 10-12. PMID:16449859.
  94. Pierce, J.P., Stefanick, M.L., Flatt, S.W., Natarajan, L., Sternfeld, B., Madlensky, L., et al. 2007. Greater survival after breast cancer in physically active women with high vegetable-fruit intake regard- less of obesity. J. Clin. Oncol. 25(17): 2345-2351. doi:10.1200/ JCO.2006.08.6819. PMID:17557947. · DOI
  95. Piña, I.L., Apstein, C.S., Balady, G.J., Belardinelli, R., Chaitman, B. R., Duscha, B.D., et al.; American Heart Association Committee on Exercise, Rehabilitation, and Prevention. 2003. Exercise and heart failure: A statement from the American Heart Association Committee on exercise, rehabilitation, and prevention. Circulation, 107(8): 1210-1225. doi:10.1161/01.CIR.0000055013.92097.40. PMID:12615804. · DOI · Paper page
  96. Rich, M.W. 2005. Multidisciplinary heart failure clinics: Are they effective in Canada? CMAJ 173(1): 53-54. doi:10.1503/cmaj. 050705. PMID:15997045. · DOI
  97. Rockhill, B., Willett, W.C., Hunter, D.J., Manson, J.E., Hankinson, S.E., and Colditz, G.A. 1999. A prospective study of recreational physical activity and breast cancer risk. Arch. Intern. Med. 159 (19): 2290-2296. doi:10.1001/archinte.159.19.2290. PMID: 10547168. · DOI
  98. Roglic, G., Unwin, N., Bennett, P.H., Mathers, C., Tuomilehto, J., Nag, S., et al. 2005. The burden of mortality attributable to diabetes: realistic estimates for the year 2000. Diabetes Care, 28(9): 2130-2135. doi:10.2337/diacare.28.9.2130. PMID:16123478. · DOI
  99. Ross, H., Howlett, J., Arnold, J.M., Liu, P., O'Neill, B.J., Brophy, J. M., et al.; Canadian Cardiovascular Society Access to Care Working Group. 2006. Treating the right patient at the right time: access to heart failure care. Can. J. Cardiol. 22(9): 749-754. doi:10.1016/S0828-282X(06)70290-2. PMID:16835668. · DOI
  100. Ross, R., Blair, S.N., Godwin, M., Hotz, S., Katzmarzyk, P.T., Lam, M., et al. 2009. Prevention and Reduction of Obesity through Active Living (PROACTIVE): rationale, design and methods. Br. J. Sports Med. 43(1): 57-63. doi:10.1136/bjsm.2008.053504. PMID:19001014. · DOI
  101. Rutledge, J.C., Hyson, D.A., Garduno, D., Cort, D.A., Paumer, L., and Kappagoda, C.T. 1999. Lifestyle modification program in management of patients with coronary artery disease: the clinical experience in a tertiary care hospital. J. Cardiopulm. Rehabil. 19(4): 226-234. doi:10.1097/00008483-199907000- 00003. PMID:10453429. · DOI
  102. Scheinowitz, M., Dankner, R., Goldbourt, U., and Marom-Klibansky, R. 2008. Pre-participation screening of individuals engaging in noncompetitive physical activity. Harefuah, 147(7): 611-617, 662, 661. PMID:18814521.
  103. Scully, R.E., and Lipshultz, S.E. 2007. Anthracycline cardiotoxi- city in long-term survivors of childhood cancer. Cardiovasc. Toxicol. 7(2): 122-128. doi:10.1007/s12012-007-0006-4. PMID:17652816. · DOI
  104. Segal, R.J., Reid, R.D., Courneya, K.S., Malone, S.C., Parliament, M.B., Scott, C.G., et al. 2003. Resistance exercise in men receiving androgen deprivation therapy for prostate cancer. J. Clin. Oncol. 21(9): 1653-1659. doi:10.1200/JCO.2003.09.534. PMID: 12721238. · DOI
  105. Sesso, H.D., Paffenbarger, R.S., Jr, and Lee, I.M. 1998. Physical activity and breast cancer risk in the College Alumni Health Study (United States). Cancer Causes Control, 9(4): 433-439. doi:10. 1023/A:1008827903302. PMID:9794176. · DOI
  106. Shephard, R.J. 1988. PAR-Q, Canadian Home Fitness Test and exercise screening alternatives. Sports Med. 5(3): 185-195. doi:10. 2165/00007256-198805030-00005. PMID:3368685. · DOI
  107. Shephard, R.J. 1991. Safety of exercise testing-the role of the paramedical exercise specialist. Clin. J. Sport Med. 1(1): 8-11. doi:10.1097/00042752-199101000-00002. · DOI
  108. Shephard, R.J. 1994. Readiness for physical activity. President's Council on Physical Fitness and Sports Research Digest, 1(5): 1-8.
  109. Shephard, R.J. 2001. Absolute versus relative intensity of physical activity in a dose-response context. Med. Sci. Sports Exerc. 33(6 Suppl.): S400-S418, discussion S419-S420. PMID:11427764.
  110. Shephard, R.J., and Futcher, R. 1997. Physical activity and cancer: How may protection be maximized? Crit. Rev. Oncog. 8(2-3): 219-272. PMID:9570295.
  111. Shirado, O., Doi, T., Akai, M., Hoshino, Y., Fujino, K., Hayashi, K., et al.; Japan Low back-pain Exercise Therapy Study; Investigators Japanese Orthopaedic Association; Japanese Society for Muscu- loskeletal Rehabilitation; Japanese Clinical Orthopaedic Associa- tion. 2010. Multicenter randomized controlled trial to evaluate the effect of home-based exercise on patients with chronic low back pain: the Japan low back pain exercise therapy study. Spine (Phila. Pa. 1976), 35(17): E811-E819. doi:10.1097/BRS. 0b013e3181d7a4d2. PMID:20628332. · DOI
  112. Shojaei, H., Soroush, M.R., and Modirian, E. 2006. Spinal cord injury-induced osteoporosis in veterans. J. Spinal Disord. Tech. 19(2): 114-117. doi:10.1097/01.bsd.0000194689.95674.c1. PMID:16760785. · DOI
  113. Simbre, V.C., II, Duffy, S.A., Dadlani, G.H., Miller, T.L., and Lipshultz, S.E. 2005. Cardiotoxicity of cancer chemotherapy: implications for children. Paediatr. Drugs, 7(3): 187-202. doi:10. 2165/00148581-200507030-00005. PMID:15977964. · DOI
  114. Sinaki, M., and Mikkelsen, B.A. 1984. Postmenopausal spinal osteoporosis: flexion versus extension exercises. Arch. Phys. Med. Rehabil. 65(10): 593-596. PMID:6487063. Statistics Canada. 2010. Arthritis. Statistics Canada. Available from http://www.statcan.gc.ca/pub/82-229-x/2009001/status/art-eng. htm. [Accessed 7 December 2010.
  115. Stone, J.A., McCartney, N., Millar, P.J., Tremblay, G., and Warburton, D.E.R. 2009. Risk stratification, exercise testing, exercise prescription, and program safety. In Canadian Guidelines for Cardiac Rehabilitation and Cardiovascular Disease Prevention. 3rd ed. Edited by J.A. Stone. Canadian Association of Cardiac Rehabilitation, Winnipeg, Man., Canada. pp. 341-385.
  116. Tabet, J.Y., Meurin, P., Driss, A.B., Weber, H., Renaud, N., Grosdemouge, A., et al. 2009. Benefits of exercise training in chronic heart failure. Arch. Cardiovasc. Dis. 102(10): 721-730. doi:10.1016/j.acvd.2009.05.011. PMID:19913773. · DOI
  117. Talbot, L.A., Gaines, J.M., Huynh, T.N., and Metter, E.J. 2003. A home-based pedometer-driven walking program to increase physical activity in older adults with osteoarthritis of the knee: a preliminary study. J. Am. Geriatr. Soc. 51(3): 387-392. doi:10. 1046/j.1532-5415.2003.51113.x. PMID:12588583. · DOI · Paper page
  118. Taylor, N.F., Dodd, K.J., Shields, N., and Bruder, A. 2007. Therapeutic exercise in physiotherapy practice is beneficial: a summary of systematic reviews 2002-2005. Aust. J. Physiother. 53(1): 7-16. doi:10.1016/S0004-9514(07)70057-0. PMID: 17326734. · DOI
  119. Thom, T., Haase, N., Rosamond, W., Howard, V.J., Rumsfeld, J., Manolio, T., et al.; American Heart Association Statistics Committee and Stroke Statistics Subcommittee. 2006. Heart disease and stroke statistics-2006 update: a report from the American Heart Association Statistics Committee and Stroke Statistics Subcommittee. Circulation, 113(6): e85-e151. doi:10. 1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.105.171600. PMID:16407573. · DOI
  120. Thomas, S., Reading, J., and Shephard, R.J. 1992. Revision of the Physical Activity Readiness Questionnaire (PAR-Q). Can. J. Sport Sci. 17(4): 338-345. PMID:1330274.
  121. Thune, I., and Furberg, A.S. 2001. Physical activity and cancer risk: dose-response and cancer, all sites and site-specific. Med. Sci. Sports Exerc. 33(6 Suppl.): S530-S550; discussion S609-S610. PMID:11427781.
  122. Timmons, B.W., Naylor, P.J., and Pfeiffer, K. 2007. Physical activity for preschool children -How much and how? Appl. Physiol. Nutr. Metab. 32(Suppl. 2E): S122-S134. doi:10.1139/h07-112. · DOI
  123. Tobe, S.W., Stone, J.A., Bhattacharyya, O., Brouwers, M., Walker, K. M., Dawes, M., et al. 2011. Harmonization and integration of cardiovascular disease prevention and treatment guidelines: The C-CHANGE Initiative II. CMAJ, In press.
  124. Tong, H.C., Haig, A.J., Theisen, M.E., Smith, C., and Miller, Q. 2001. Multidisciplinary team evaluation of upper extremity injuries in a single visit: the UPPER Program. Occup. Med. (Lond.), 51(4): 278-286. doi:10.1093/occmed/51.4.278. PMID: 11463873. · DOI
  125. Tremblay, M.S., Shephard, R.J., Brawley, L.R., Cameron, C., Craig, C.L., Duggan, M., et al. 2007. Physical activity guide- lines and guides for Canadians: facts and future. Can. J. Public Health, 98(Suppl. 2): S218-S224. PMID:18213951.
  126. Tremblay, M.S., Warburton, D.E., Janssen, I., Paterson, D.H., Latimer, A.E., Rhodes, R.E., et al. 2011. New canadian physical activity guidelines. Appl. Physiol. Nutr. Metab. 36(1): 36-46, 47- 58. doi:10.1139/h11-009. PMID:21326376. · DOI · Paper page
  127. van de Port, I.G., Kwakkel, G., van Wijk, I., and Lindeman, E. 2006. Susceptibility to deterioration of mobility long-term after stroke: a prospective cohort study. Stroke, 37(1): 167-171. doi:10.1161/01. STR.0000195180.69904.f2. PMID:16322486. · DOI
  128. van der Pal, H.J., van Dalen, E.C., Hauptmann, M., Kok, W.E., Caron, H.N., van den Bos, C., et al. 2010. Cardiac function in 5- year survivors of childhood cancer: a long-term follow-up study. Arch. Intern. Med. 170(14): 1247-1255. doi:10.1001/ archinternmed.2010.233. PMID:20660845. · DOI
  129. van der Velde, G., and Mierau, D. 2000. The effect of exercise on percentile rank aerobic capacity, pain, and self-rated disability in patients with chronic low-back pain: a retrospective chart review. Arch. Phys. Med. Rehabil. 81(11): 1457-1463. doi:10.1053/apmr. 2000.9629. PMID:11083348. · DOI
  130. Wallace, P.G., and Haines, A.P. 1984. General practitioner and health promotion: what patients think. Br. Med. J. (Clin. Res. Ed.), 289 (6444): 534-536. doi:10.1136/bmj.289.6444.534. PMID:6432179. · DOI
  131. Warburton, D.E.R., and Bredin, S.S.D. 2009. The importance of qualified exercise professionals in Canada. Health & Fitness Journal of Canada, 2(2): 18-22.
  132. Warburton, D.E., Gledhill, N., and Quinney, A. 2001a. The effects of changes in musculoskeletal fitness on health. Can. J. Appl. Physiol. 26(2): 161-216. doi:10.1139/h01-012. PMID:11312416. · DOI
  133. Warburton, D.E., Gledhill, N., and Quinney, A. 2001b. Musculoske- letal fitness and health. Can. J. Appl. Physiol. 26(2): 217-237. doi:10.1139/h01-013. PMID:11312417. · DOI
  134. Warburton, D.E., Haykowsky, M.J., Quinney, H.A., Blackmore, D., Teo, K.K., Taylor, D.A., et al. 2004. Blood volume expansion and cardiorespiratory function: effects of training modality. Med. Sci. Sports Exerc. 36(6): 991-1000. doi:10.1249/01.MSS.0000128163. 88298.CB. PMID:15179169. · DOI
  135. Warburton, D.E., McKenzie, D.C., Haykowsky, M.J., Taylor, A., Shoemaker, P., Ignaszewski, A.P., and Chan, S.Y. 2005. Effec- tiveness of high-intensity interval training for the rehabilitation of patients with coronary artery disease. Am. J. Cardiol. 95(9): 1080- 1084. doi:10.1016/j.amjcard.2004.12.063. PMID:15842976. · DOI
  136. Warburton, D.E., Nicol, C., and Bredin, S.S. 2006a. Health benefits of physical activity: the evidence. CMAJ, 174(6): 801-809. doi:10.1503/cmaj.051351. PMID:16534088. · DOI · Paper page
  137. Warburton, D.E., Nicol, C., and Bredin, S.S. 2006b. Prescribing exercise as preventive therapy. CMAJ 174(7): 961-974. doi:10. 1503/cmaj.1040750. PMID:16567757. · DOI
  138. Warburton, D.E.R., Sproule, S., Krassioukov, A., and Eng, J.J. 2006c. Cardiovascular health and exercise following spinal cord injury. In Spinal cord injury rehabilitation evidence. Edited by J.J. Eng, R.W. Teasell, W.C. Miller, D.L. Wolfe, A.F. Townson, J. Aubut, C. Abramson, J.T.C. Hsieh and S. Connolly. International Collabora- tion on Repair Discoveries. Vancouver, B.C., Canada. pp. 7.1- 7.
  139. Warburton, D.E., Bredin, S.S., Gledhill, N., Jamnik, V., McKenzie, D.C., and Shephard, R.J. 2007a. Personal trainers for obese patients. CMAJ, 177(11): 1391. doi:10.1503/cmaj.1070089. PMID:18025434. · DOI
  140. Warburton, D.E., Taylor, A., Bredin, S.S., Esch, B.T., Scott, J.M., and Haykowsky, M.J. 2007b. Central haemodynamics and peripheral muscle function during exercise in patients with chronic heart failure. Appl. Physiol. Nutr. Metab. 32(2): 318-331. doi:10.1139/ h06-085. PMID:17486176. · DOI
  141. Warburton, D.E.R., Eng, J.J., Krassioukov, A., and Sproule, S.SCIRE Research Team. 2007d. Cardiovascular health and exercise rehabilitation in spinal cord injury. Top. Spinal Cord Inj. Rehabil. 13(1): 98-122. doi:10.1310/sci1301-98. · DOI
  142. Warburton, D.E.R., Katzmarzyk, P.T., Rhodes, R.E., and Shephard, R.J. 2007e. Evidence-informed physical activity guidelines for Canadian adults. Appl. Physiol. Nutr. Metab. 98(Suppl 2E): S16- S68. doi:10.1139/h07-123. · DOI
  143. Warburton, D.E., Charlesworth, S., Ivey, A., Nettlefold, L., and Bredin, S.S. 2010. A systematic review of the evidence for Canada's Physical Activity Guidelines for Adults. Int. J. Behav. Nutr. Phys. Act. 7(1): 39. doi:10.1186/1479-5868-7-39. PMID: 20459783. · DOI · Paper page
  144. Warburton, D.E.R., Bredin, S.S.D., Jamnik, V., and Gledhill, N. 2011a. Validation of the PAR-Q+ and ePARmed-X+. Health & Fitness Journal of Canada, 4(2): 38-46.
  145. Warburton, D.E.R., Jamnik, V.K., Bredin, S.S.D., Burr, J., Charles- worth, S., Chilibeck, P., et al. 2011c. Executive summary: the 2011 Physical Activity Readiness Questionnaire (PAR-Q+) and the Electronic Physical Activity Readiness Medical Examination (ePARmed-X+). Health & Fitness Journal of Canada, 4(2): 24-25.
  146. Warburton, D.E.R., Jamnik, V.K., Bredin, S.S.D., and Gledhill, N. 2011d. The Physical Activity Readiness Questionnaire (PAR-Q+) and electronic Physical Activity Readiness Medical Examination (ePARmed-X+). Health & Fitness Journal of Canada, 4(2): 3-23.
  147. Williams, R., Rapport, F., Elwyn, G., Lloyd, B., Rance, J., and Belcher, S. 2004. The prevention of type 2 diabetes: general practitioner and practice nurse opinions. Br. J. Gen. Pract. 54(504): 531-535. PMID:15239916.
  148. Williamson, D.F., Vinicor, F., and Bowman, B.A.Centers For Disease Control And Prevention Primary Prevention Working Group. 2004. Primary prevention of type 2 diabetes mellitus by lifestyle intervention: implications for health policy. Ann. Intern. Med. 140(11): 951-957. PMID:15172920.
  149. Wilson, E. 2001. Congestive heart failure: A national priority. Can. J. Cardiol. 17(12): 1243-1244. PMID:11773934.
  150. Wisløff, U., Støylen, A., Loennechen, J.P., Bruvold, M., Rognmo, Ø., Haram, P.M., et al. 2007. Superior cardiovascular effect of aerobic interval training versus moderate continuous training in heart failure patients: a randomized study. Circulation, 115(24): 3086-3094. doi:10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.106.675041. PMID:17548726. · DOI · Paper page
  151. Wolfe, L.A., and Davies, G.A.; School of Physical and Health Education, Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology and Physiology, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada. 2003. Canadian guidelines for exercise in pregnancy. Clin. Obstet. Gynecol. 46(2): 488-495. doi:10.1097/00003081-200306000- 00027. PMID:12808398. · DOI
  152. Wolfe, L.A., and Mottola, M.F. 1993. Aerobic exercise in pregnancy: an update. Can. J. Appl. Physiol. 18(2): 119-147. doi:10.1139/ h93-011. PMID:8513287. · DOI
  153. Wolfe, L.A., Hall, P., Webb, K.A., Goodman, L., Monga, M., and McGrath, M.J. 1989. Prescription of aerobic exercise during pregnancy. Sports Med. 8(5): 273-301. doi:10.2165/00007256- 198908050-00003. PMID:2692121. · DOI
  154. Young, D.Z., Lampert, S., Graboys, T.B., and Lown, B. 1984. Safety of maximal exercise testing in patients at high risk for ventricular arrhythmia. Circulation, 70(2): 184-191. PMID:6733874.
  155. Zuppinger, C., and Suter, T.M. 2010. Cancer therapy-associated cardiotoxicity and signaling in the myocardium. J. Cardiovasc. Pharmacol. 56(2): 141-146. doi:10.1097/FJC.0b013e3181e0f89a. PMID:20386457. · DOI

Cited by

Sorted by citations

Authors
Warburton, D. E. R., Gledhill, N., Jamnik, V. K., Bredin, S. S. D., McKenzie, D. C., Stone, J., Charlesworth, S., & Shephard, R. J.
Affiliations
University of British Columbia (CA)
Corresponding author
Warburton, Darren E.R.
ORCID
Venue
Applied Physiology, Nutrition, and Metabolism
Publisher
Canadian Science Publishing
Published
2011-07
Volume
36
Issue
S1
Pages
S266-S298
ISSN
  • 1715-5312 (ISSN-L)
  • 1715-5320
DOI
10.1139/h11-062
OpenAlex
W2765336080
Cited by
156
References
19
Citations by year
2026: 7 · 2025: 11 · 2024: 22 · 2023: 10 · 2022: 9 · 2021: 18 · 2020: 12 · 2019: 11 · 2018: 10 · 2017: 11 · 2016: 7 · 2015: 2 · 2014: 6 · 2013: 11 · 2012: 2
FWCI
5.45
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
Licence
www.nrcresearchpress.com/page/about/CorporateTextAndDataMining (tdm)
Locations
  • Applied Physiology Nutrition and Metabolism (publishedVersion)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
Funders
  • Public Health Agency of Canada
  • Public Health Agency
  • University of British Columbia
Topics
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Physiology › Physical Activity and Health
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Complementary and alternative medicine › Cardiovascular and exercise physiology
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine › Cardiovascular Effects of Exercise
Keywords
pre-participation screening, Physical Activity Readiness Questionnaire, chronic disease, physical inactivity, exercise testing, exercise training, exercise during pregnancy, barriers to physical activity, decision tree
MeSH terms
Chronic Disease, Decision Support Techniques, Decision Trees, Exercise Therapy, Female, Health Status, Health Status Indicators, Humans, Male, Mass Screening, Motor Activity, Physical Fitness, Pregnancy, Surveys and Questionnaires, Risk Factors, Practice Guidelines as Topic, Risk Assessment, Perinatal Care, Evidence-Based Medicine, Consensus

About these checks

Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.

Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.

Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.

What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›

Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review