The DOI matches its Crossref record; 10 of the 10 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Discrimination in online ad delivery
Abstract
Google ads, black names and white names, racial discrimination, and click advertising.
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“The impact of this work is undeniable -leading to voluntary moratoriums [30], and several successful lawsuits [75,79]; nation-wide waves of regulatory action and public outcry [74]; congressional hearings [3]; and the recalls or radical redesigns of the deployed algorithms [12,64,65,88].”
From Outsider Oversight: Designing a Third Party Audit Ecosystem for AI Governance (2022) · cites this paper as [79]
In the citing paper
“This is not to say that algorithmic profiling is not problematic.”
From Artificial intelligence in support of the circular economy: ethical considerations and a path forward (2024) · cites this paper as Sweeney 2013
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“Concerns also originate from discrimination and biases in ad targeting practices [44, 57], and material harms caused by advertising such as scams and malware [36, 51, 56].”
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“However, given the lack of diversity on technology development teams [40] and documented racial bias in the computing industry [43, 44], we set the stage to unintentionally or intentionally leave them out, or worse, design systems that are biased against them.”
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“’s results are broadly motivated by Sweeney [18].”
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“Sweeney (2013) does not report the last names used in the analysis.”
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“For example, an experiment in 2013 [41] publicized the disproportionate likelihood of receiving online ads related to arrest records with a search query of a black-sounding name in contrast with a white-sounding name, even when the advertiser’s preferred search queries and bids represented white and black sounding nam…”
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“Racial bias affects the ads search engines display, e.g., showing ads for (nonexistent) arrest records when searching for African American names [56].”
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“…of first and last names, and the way they are racialized, allow us to understand them as markers that lead to social discrimination (Benjamin, 2019; Sweeney, 2013).12 In Brazil, for example, discrimination happens with names more common in the northern regions of the country, which generate…”
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Lambrecht, A., & Tucker, C. E. (2021) · NIM Marketing Intelligence Review · doi:10.2478/nimmir-2021-0004 · Cited by 3
Bugat, M.-È. R., & Béranger, J. (2021) · Bulletin de l Académie Nationale de Médecine · doi:10.1016/j.banm.2021.04.017 · Cited by 3
Bias detection by using name disparity tables across protected groups
Mishraky, E., Arie, A. B., Horesh, Y., & Lador, S. M. (2021) · Journal of Responsible Technology · doi:10.1016/j.jrt.2021.100020 · Cited by 3
Reflexive Practices in Software Engineering
Boyd, A. E. (2023) · doi:10.1109/fairware59297.2023.00006 · Cited by 4
“Online search engines perpetuate societal stereotypes [4], [5].”
BackgroundArtificial intelligence: ethical and future challenges
Leonel, J. S., Leonel, C. F. S., Byk, J., & Furtado, S. D. C. (2024) · Revista Bioética · doi:10.1590/1983-803420243739en · Cited by 3
Key dialectics in cloud services
Dainow, B. (2016) · ACM SIGCAS Computers and Society · doi:10.1145/2874239.2874247 · Cited by 3
“The research findings of Sweeney’s Discrimination in Online Ad Delivery [42] reveal how racial stereotyping in ad personalization harms Afro-Americans in many ways, including job prospects and access to financial services.”
BackgroundOrientalism in Joseph Conrad’s novel Almayer’s Folly (1895): a post-colonial approach
Iqbal, M. (2020) · COMMICAST · doi:10.12928/commicast.v1i2.2728 · Cited by 3
“In the time of the colonialism, many artists and scholars worked to serve the Empire and based on the Empire criteria (Sweeney, 2013).”
BackgroundData & Civil Rights: Employment PrimerPreprint
Rosenblat, A., Wikelius, K., Boyd, D., Gangadharan, S. P., & Yu, C. (2014) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.2541512 · Cited by 3
Understanding Interest-based Behavioural Targeted Advertising.Preprint
Carrascosa, J. M., Mikians, J., Cuevas, R., Erramilli, V., & Nikolaos Laoutaris, B. (2014) · arXiv (Cornell University) · Cited by 3
Privacy Implications of Health Information Seeking on the WebPreprint
Libert, T. (2014) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.2423006 · Cited by 3
Data PollutionPreprint
Ben‐Shahar, O. (2017) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.3191231 · Cited by 3
“…ads promoting STEM careers are shown less often to women than to men (Lambrecht & Tucker 2018; Datta et al. 2015), or when online ads suggestive of arrest records appear more often along search results of black-sounding names (Sweeney 2013), the discriminatory impact could be toxic to society.”
BackgroundBias Mitigation in Data SetsPreprint
Brown, S., Carrier, R., Hickok, M., & Smith, A. L. (2021) · doi:10.31235/osf.io/z8qrb · Cited by 3
Editorial: Responsible Robotics
Brandão, M., Mansouri, M. I., & Magnusson, M. (2022) · Frontiers in Robotics and AI · doi:10.3389/frobt.2022.937612 · Cited by 3
The Ethical Implications of Artificial Intelligence on the Human SocietyPreprint
Ansari, W. (2023) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.4512301 · Cited by 3
Do Search Engines Increase Concentration in Media Markets?Preprint
Calzada, J., Duch‐Brown, N., & Gil, R. (2023) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.4592958 · Cited by 3
Metadata
- Authors
- Sweeney, L.
- Affiliations
- Harvard University (US)
- Corresponding author
- Sweeney, Latanya
- ORCID
- Sweeney, Latanya
- Venue
- Communications of the ACM
- Published
- 2013-05
- Volume
- 56
- Issue
- 5
- Pages
- 44-54
- ISSN
- 0001-0782 (ISSN-L)
- 1557-7317
- OpenAlex
- W2095932468
- Cited by
- 783
- References
- 10
- Citations by year
- 2026: 30 · 2025: 53 · 2024: 61 · 2023: 109 · 2022: 78 · 2021: 84 · 2020: 91 · 2019: 82 · 2018: 69 · 2017: 53 · 2016: 37 · 2015: 18 · 2014: 16 · 2013: 2
- FWCI
- 63.66
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Communications of the ACM (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- Division of Computer and Network Systems (CNS-1237235)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Computer Science › Artificial Intelligence › Ethics and Social Impacts of AI
- Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Names, Identity, and Discrimination Research
- Social Sciences › Law › Discrimination and Equality Law
- Keywords
- online advertising, racial discrimination, algorithmic discrimination, Google AdWords, algorithmic fairness
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