The DOI matches its Crossref record; 12 of the 12 references it cites were found in a registry or an index; none of the 11 sources its claims cite is checked for support yet.
Crosscurrents: cultural dimensions and global Web user-interface design
Open accessAbstract
This paper introduces dimensions of culture, as analyzed by Geert Hofstede in his classic study of cultures in organizations, and considers how they might affect userinterface designs. Examples from the Web illustrate the cultural dimensions.mation first or read about the organization and assess its credibility?Different cultures look for different data to make decisions. A New Issue for User-Interface DesignersIn most projects, the complex interplay of user, business, marketing, and engineering requirements needs to be resolved by Web user-interface and information visualization designers.Their development process includes iterative steps of planning, research, analysis, design, evaluation, documentation, and training.As they carry out all of these tasks, however, they would do well to consider their own cultural orientation and to understand the preferred structures and processes of other cultures.This attention would help them to achieve more desirable global solutions or to determine to what extent localized, customized designs might be better than international or universal ones.Cultures, even within some countries, are very different.Sacred colors in the Judeo-Christian West (e.g., red, blue, white, gold) are different from Buddhist saffron yellow or Islamic green.Subdued Finnish designs for background screen patterns (see Figure 1) might not be equally suitable in Mediterranean climates, in Hollywood, USA, or Bollywood, India.These differences go deeper than mere appearance; they reflect strong cultural values.How might these cultural differences be understood without falling into the trap of stereotyping other cultures?Many analysts in organizational communication have studied cultures thoroughly and published classic theories; other authors have applied these theories to analyze the impact of culture on business relations and commerce (see Bibliography).Few of these works are well known to the user-interface design community.This paper introduces the well-respected work of one theorist, Geert Hofstede, and applies some of his cultural dimensions to Web user interfaces.Edward T. Hall, David Victor, and Fons Trompenaars would have been equally valuable in illuminating the problems of cross-cultural communication on the Web, but our application of Hofstede will demonstrate the value of this body of research for our field.
Overview
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
11 Sources not found · 5 No basis given · 3 Own interpretation · 2 Own result
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The Excite website (www.excite.com.se/)from Sweden, with the lowest MF value 5, makes no distinction in gender or age.”
§ l y + a u g u s t 2 0 0 0 > Masculinity vs. Femininity (MAS)
plainSingle case- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The USA website features an emphasis on the visitor, his/her goals, and possible actions in coming to the park.”
§ l y + a u g u s t 2 0 0 0 > Individualism vs. Collectivism
plaincorrelationalSingle case- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- It may state two separate claims as one. 16
- Probably not a substantial claim. 12
- The quote only partly states this claim. 1
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The Costa Rican website features an emphasis on nature, downplays the individual tourist, and uses a slogan to emphasize a national agenda.”
§ l y + a u g u s t 2 0 0 0 > Individualism vs. Collectivism
plaincorrelationalSingle case- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The Dutch websites feature an emphasis on students (not leaders), a stronger use of asymmetric layout, and photos of both genders in illustrations.”
§ l y + a u g u s t 2 0 0 0 > Hofstede's Dimensions of Culture
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The ChickClick (www.chickclick.com/)USA website (MAS = 52) consciously promotes the autonomy of young women (although it leaves out later stages in a woman's life).”
§ l y + a u g u s t 2 0 0 0 > Masculinity vs. Femininity (MAS)
plaindirectSingle case- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The Siemens website (www.siemens.co.de/) from Germany (LT=31) shows a typical Western corporate layout that emphasizes crisp, clean functional design aimed at achieving goals quickly.”
§ l y + a u g u s t 2 0 0 0 > Long-vs. Short-Term Time Orientation
plainSingle case- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The Chinese version from Beijing requires more patience to achieve navigational and functional goals.”
§ l y + a u g u s t 2 0 0 0 > Long-vs. Short-Term Time Orientation
plaindirectSingle case- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
In the paper
“Low PD countries tend to view subordinates and supervisors as closer together and more interchangeable, with flatter hierarchies in organizations and less difference in salaries and status.”
§ l y + a u g u s t 2 0 0 0 > Hofstede's Dimensions of Culture
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Hofstede
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
In the paper
“Hofstede identified five dimensions and rated 53 countries on indices for each dimension, normalized to values (usually) of 0 to 100.”
§ l y + a u g u s t 2 0 0 0 > Introduction
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Hofstede
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
In the paper
“Hofstede found that individualistic cultures value personal time, freedom, challenge, and such extrinsic motivators as material rewards at work.”
§ l y + a u g u s t 2 0 0 0 > Individualism vs. Collectivism
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Hofstede
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
In the paper
“tries tend to have centralized political power and exhibit tall hierarchies in organizations with large differences in salary and status.”
§ l y + a u g u s t 2 0 0 0 > Hofstede's Dimensions of Culture
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Hofstede
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
In the paper
“His five dimensions of culture are the following: • Power-distance • Collectivism vs. individualism • Femininity vs. masculinity • Uncertainty avoidance • Long-vs.short-term orientation”
§ l y + a u g u s t 2 0 0 0 > Introduction
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Hofstede
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
In the paper
“By contrast, low UA cultures tend to have higher caffeine consumption, lower calorie intake, higher heart-disease death rates, and more chronic psychosis per capita.”
§ l y + a u g u s t 2 0 0 0 > Uncertainty Avoidance (UA)
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Hofstede
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Since Hofstede's definition focuses on the balance between roles and relationships, we believe masculinity and femininity may be expressed on the Web through different emphases.”
§ l y + a u g u s t 2 0 0 0 > Uncertainty Avoidance (UA)
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.
- Rests on an assumption: Recent research has shown that Hofstede's cultural dimensions have remained quite stable for the last twenty years.
- Rests on an assumption: Not everyone in a society fits the cultural pattern precisely, but there is enough statistical regularity to identify trends and tendencies.
- Rests on an assumption: Different cultures look for different data to make decisions.
In the paper
“At work, collectivist cultures value training, physical conditions, skills, and the intrinsic rewards of mastery.”
§ l y + a u g u s t 2 0 0 0 > Hofstede's Dimensions of Culture
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Hofstede
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
In the paper
“In the early 1980s, shortly after Hofstede first formulated his cultural dimensions, work by Michael Bond convinced him that a fifth dimension needed to be defined.”
§ l y + a u g u s t 2 0 0 0 > Long-vs. Short-Term Time Orientation
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Hofstede
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Not matched
In the paper
“Hofstede notes that some cultural relativism is necessary: it is difficult to establish absolute criteria for what is noble and what is disgusting.”
§ l y + a u g u s t 2 0 0 0 > Conclusions
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Hofstede
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
In the paper
“There are some interesting correlations for power distance: low PD countries tend to have higher geographic latitude, smaller populations, and/or higher gross domestic product (GDP) per capita than high PD countries.”
§ l y + a u g u s t 2 0 0 0 > Hofstede's Dimensions of Culture
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Hofstede
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Based on this definition, we believe power distance may influence the following aspects of user-interface and Web design: • Access to information: highly (high PD) vs. less-highly (low PD) structured.”
§ l y + a u g u s t 2 0 0 0 > Hofstede's Dimensions of Culture
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one. The quote only partly states this claim.
- Rests on an assumption: Recent research has shown that Hofstede's cultural dimensions have remained quite stable for the last twenty years.
- Rests on an assumption: Not everyone in a society fits the cultural pattern precisely, but there is enough statistical regularity to identify trends and tendencies.
- Rests on an assumption: Different cultures look for different data to make decisions.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Based on this definition, we believe individualism and collectivism may influence the following aspects of user-interface and Web design:”
§ l y + a u g u s t 2 0 0 0 > Hofstede's Dimensions of Culture
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Rests on an assumption: Recent research has shown that Hofstede's cultural dimensions have remained quite stable for the last twenty years.
- Rests on an assumption: Not everyone in a society fits the cultural pattern precisely, but there is enough statistical regularity to identify trends and tendencies.
- Rests on an assumption: Different cultures look for different data to make decisions.
In the paper
“Hofstede and Bond found such countries shared these beliefs: • A stable society requires unequal relations. • The family is the prototype of all social organizations; consequently, older people (parents) have more authority than younger people (and men more than women).”
- Also stated in: § Uncertainty Avoidance (UA) · plain
“• Virtuous behavior to others means not treating them as one would not like to be treated. • Virtuous behavior in work means trying to acquire skills and education, working hard, and being frugal, patient, and persevering.”
§ l y + a u g u s t 2 0 0 0 > Uncertainty Avoidance (UA)
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Hofstede
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Also stated in: § Uncertainty Avoidance (UA) · plain
The paper relies on this without support.
Few works on cultural theories applied to business relations and commerce are well known to the user-interface design community.
“Few of these works are well known to the user-interface design community.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Recent research has shown that Hofstede's cultural dimensions have remained quite stable for the last twenty years.
“Recent research has shown that the dimensions have remained quite stable for the last twenty years.”
The paper relies on this without support.
There is no escaping bias; all people develop cultural values based on their environment and early training as children.
“There is no escaping bias; all people develop cultural values based on their environment and early training as children.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Not everyone in a society fits the cultural pattern precisely, but there is enough statistical regularity to identify trends and tendencies.
“Not everyone in a society fits the cultural pattern precisely, but there is enough statistical regularity to identify trends and tendencies.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Different cultures look for different data to make decisions.
“Different cultures look for different data to make decisions.”
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
Each contradiction between two passages listed here was confirmed by an independent check.
Rated minor: it would not touch a result — a value no result rests on, a p-value that stays on the same side of the significance level, or a conflict that is clerical, resolved elsewhere in the paper, or outside its own findings.
In the paper
§ l y + a u g u s t 2 0 0 0 > Masculinity vs. Femininity (MAS)
“The ChickClick (www.chickclick.com/)USA website (MAS = 52) consciously promotes the autonomy of young women (although it leaves out later stages in a woman's life).”
§ l y + a u g u s t 2 0 0 0 > Uncertainty Avoidance (UA)
“The following list shows some typical masculinity (MAS) index values, where a high value implies a strongly masculine culture: 95 Japan 79 Austria 63 South Africa 62 USA 53 Arab countries”
Citations
Cites
Cultures and Organizations: Software of the Mind.
Triandis, H. C., & Hofstede, G. (1993) · Administrative Science Quarterly · doi:10.2307/2393257 · Cited by 17,696
Hall, E. T. (1973) · Leonardo · doi:10.2307/1572461 · Cited by 4,883
Cultures and organizations: software of the mind
(1992) · Choice Reviews Online · doi:10.5860/choice.29-4203 · Cited by 3,703
Andrews, T. G., & Mead, R. J. (2009) · Routledge eBooks · Cited by 573
Moran, R. T., Harris, P. R., & Moran, S. V. (2010) · Routledge eBooks · doi:10.4324/9781856179249 · Cited by 226
Fernandes, T. (1994) · CHI Conference Extended Abstracts on Human Factors in Computing Systems (CHI EA) · doi:10.1145/259963.260509 · Cited by 150
Designing User Interfaces for International Use
Nielsen, J. (1990) · Medical Entomology and Zoology · Cited by 145
Learning How to Use a Cellular Phone: Comparison between German and Chinese Users.
Honold, P. (1999) · Technical Communication: Journal of the Society for Technical Communication · Cited by 74
Multicultural Management 2000: Essential Cultural Insights for Global Business Success
Elashmawi, F., & Harris, P. R. (1998) · Cited by 31
International and Intercultural User Interfaces
Marcus, A. (2000) · CRC Press eBooks · doi:10.1201/9780429285059-3 · Cited by 26
Self-citation
Research works printed but not linked: 4
- DelGaldo Elise , and Nielsen , Jakob , ed., International User Interfaces , TBD , 1996 DelGaldo Elise, and Nielsen, Jakob, ed., International User Interfaces, TBD, 1996
- Lewis , Richard , When Cultures Collide , Nicholas Brealey , London , 1991 . Lewis, Richard, When Cultures Collide, Nicholas Brealey, London, 1991.
- Trompenaars , Fons , and Charles Hampden Turner , Riding the Waves of Culture , McGraw-Hill , NY , 1998 . Trompenaars, Fons, and Charles Hampden Turner, Riding the Waves of Culture, McGraw-Hill, NY, 1998.
- ACM/SIGCHI Intercultural listserve: chi-intercultural@acm.org. Moderator: Donald Day mail to: www.sabena.com. ACM/SIGCHI Intercultural listserve: chi-intercultural@acm.org. Moderator: Donald Day mail to: www.sabena.com.
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Postcolonial computing: a lens on design and development
Irani, L., Vertesi, J., Dourish, P., Philip, K., & Grinter, R. E. (2010) · Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems · doi:10.1145/1753326.1753522 · Cited by 780
“For example, design aesthetics vary wildly from place to place [21] and taken-for-granted symbolic literacies, such as recognizing an image representing a GUI button, are strange in less computer-saturated cultures [23].”
BackgroundModeling Web Site Design Across Cultures: Relationships to Trust, Satisfaction, and E-Loyalty
Cyr, D. (2008) · Journal of Management Information Systems · doi:10.2753/mis0742-1222240402 · Cited by 766
Exploring Human Images in Website Design: A Multi-Method Approach1
Cyr, Head, M. M., Larios, H., & Pan, B. (2009) · MIS Quarterly · doi:10.2307/20650308 · Cited by 664
Examining Trust in Information Technology Artifacts: The Effects of System Quality and Culture
Vance, A., Elie-Dit-Cosaque, C., & Straub, D. W. (2008) · Journal of Management Information Systems · doi:10.2753/mis0742-1222240403 · Cited by 599
“Del Galdo and Nielsen [15] and Marcus and Gould [55] found similar results.”
ResultColour appeal in website design within and across cultures: A multi-method evaluation
Cyr, D., Head, M., & Larios, H. (2010) · International Journal of Human-Computer Studies · doi:10.1016/j.ijhcs.2009.08.005 · Cited by 511
“Although various elements of website design have significant impacts on consumer perceptions and willingness to interact with or return to a website (Fornell and Larcker, 1981; Szymanski and Hise, 2000), research is sparse when examining potential impacts of website colour (Marcus and Gould, 2000).”
BackgroundGanguly, B., Dash, S. B., Cyr, D., & Head, M. (2010) · International Journal of Electronic Business · doi:10.1504/ijeb.2010.035289 · Cited by 314
“…to investigate the influence of cultural value on consumer behaviour in the online context in several past studies in online settings such as Information, Visual, Navigation Design (Cyr, 2008), Privacy (Singh, 2002; Singh et al., 2005b; Singh and Matsuo, 2004), Security (Marcus and Gould, 2000).”
BackgroundResultInfluentialCyr, D., & Trevor-Smith, H. B. (2004) · Journal of the American Society for Information Science and Technology · doi:10.1002/asi.20075 · Cited by 280
Cultural Differences in Collaborative Authoring of Wikipedia
Pfeil, U., Zaphiris, P., & Ang, C. S. (2006) · Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication · doi:10.1111/j.1083-6101.2006.00316.x · Cited by 268
Liu, C., Sinkovics, R. R., Sinkovics, N., & Haghirian, P. (2011) · Journal of Interactive Marketing · doi:10.1016/j.intmar.2011.07.002 · Cited by 270
Improving performance, perceived usability, and aesthetics with culturally adaptive user interfaces
Reinecke, K., & Bernstein, A. (2011) · ACM Transactions on Computer-Human Interaction · doi:10.1145/1970378.1970382 · Cited by 271
Digital Family Portrait Field Trial: Support for Aging in Place
Rowan, J., & Mynatt, E. D. (2005) · Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems · doi:10.1145/1054972.1055044 · Cited by 254
Reinecke, K., & Bernstein, A. (2013) · MIS Quarterly · doi:10.25300/misq/2013/37.2.06 · Cited by 243
The impact of colour on Website appeal and users’ cognitive processes
Bonnardel, N., Piolat, A., & Le Bigot, L. (2011) · Displays · doi:10.1016/j.displa.2010.12.002 · Cited by 216
The role of trust in information science and technology
Marsh, S., & Dibben, M. R. (2003) · Annual Review of Information Science and Technology · doi:10.1002/aris.1440370111 · Cited by 203
Website design, trust and culture: An eight country investigation
Cyr, D. (2013) · Electronic Commerce Research and Applications · doi:10.1016/j.elerap.2013.03.007 · Cited by 180
“Preferences for the form of navigationa l scheme are expected to vary by culture (Marcus and Gould 2000 ).”
BackgroundInfluentialImproving the quality of online presence through interactivity
Chen, K., & Yen, D. C. (2004) · Information & Management · doi:10.1016/j.im.2004.01.005 · Cited by 181
“Many researchers and practitioners, including Marcus and Gould, Neilsen, and Neilsen and Sano, have investigated the issues of site ease-of-use and intuitiveness [23,28,30].”
BackgroundA process model for developing usable cross-cultural websites
Smith, A. W., Dunckley, L., French, T., Minocha, S., & Chang, Y. (2003) · Interacting with Computers · doi:10.1016/j.intcom.2003.11.005 · Cited by 167
Web site design, trust, satisfaction and e‐loyalty: the Indian experience
Cyr, D., Kindra, G. S., & Dash, S. (2008) · Online Information Review · doi:10.1108/14684520810923935 · Cited by 169
“Some researchers have done work in the area of culture and design (Barber and Badre, 2001; Marcus and Gould, 2000), but results have generally been either inconclusive or unrelated to developing loyal online customers.”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialFaiola, A., & Matei, S. A. (2005) · Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication · doi:10.1111/j.1083-6101.2006.tb00318.x · Cited by 155
“…that address cross-cultural web design and usability with specific concern for user preferences from a behavioral perspective (Barber & Badre, 1998; Honold, 2000; Larson & Czerwinski, 1998; Liu, Lin, & Wang, 2003; Marcus, 2000; Marcus & Gould, 2000; Tractinsky, 1997; Zahedi, van Pelt, & Song, 2001).”
User Evaluation of Websites: From First Impression to Recommendation
Thielsch, M. T., Blotenberg, I., & Jaron, R. (2013) · Interacting with Computers · doi:10.1093/iwc/iwt033 · Cited by 149
Ahmed, S. I., Jackson, S. J., Ahmed, N., Ferdous, H. S., Rifat, M. R., Rizvi, A. S. M., Ahmed, S., & Mansur, R. S. (2014) · CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems · doi:10.1145/2556288.2557376 · Cited by 152
“‗Universal‘ principles of design may turn out to be anything but conflicting with locally held aesthetics, metaphors, and assumptions [22].”
BackgroundDon't mind me touching my wrist: a case study of interacting with on-body technology in public
Profita, H. P., Clawson, J., Gilliland, S., Zeagler, C., Starner, T., Budd, J., & Do, E. Y.-L. (2013) · Proceedings of the 2013 International Symposium on Wearable Computers · doi:10.1145/2493988.2494331 · Cited by 148
Lalwani, A. K., & Forcum, L. E. (2016) · Journal of Consumer Research · doi:10.1093/jcr/ucw019 · Cited by 125
Adaptation of cultural content: evidence from B2C e‐commerce firms
Singh, N., Kumar, V., & Baack, D. (2005) · European Journal of Marketing · doi:10.1108/03090560510572025 · Cited by 123
A qualitative cross-national study of cultural influences on mobile data service design
Choi, B., Lee, I., Kim, J., & Jeon, Y. (2005) · CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems · doi:10.1145/1054972.1055064 · Cited by 108
“Marcus and Gould [15] applied the intangible cultural dimensions suggested by Hofstede [10] to website design.”
BackgroundCulture and usability evaluation: the effects of culture in structured interviews
Vatrapu, R., & Pérez-Quiñones, M. A. (2006) · Cited by 107
Dong, Y., & Lee, K.-P. (2008) · International Journal of Design · Cited by 104
Harrington, C. N., Garg, R., Woodward, A., & Williams, D. (2022) · CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems · doi:10.1145/3491102.3501995 · Cited by 98
“Prior HCI research has established the importance of making aspects of an interface culturally relevant, such as text, images, colors, and modes of interaction [32, 39, 66, 95].”
BackgroundZakaria, N., Stanton, J. M., & Sarkar‐Barney, S. T. M. (2003) · Information Technology & People · doi:10.1108/09593840310463023 · Cited by 99
Investigating university student preferences and beliefs about learning in the web-based context
Yang, F., & Tsai, C. (2007) · Computers & Education · doi:10.1016/j.compedu.2006.12.009 · Cited by 97
People are people, but technology is not technology
Marsden, G., Maunder, A., & Parker, M. (2008) · Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A Mathematical Physical and Engineering Sciences · doi:10.1098/rsta.2008.0119 · Cited by 94
“So while cultural models are interesting and may give a broad-brush insight into certain societies ( Marcus & Gould (2000) used them to”
BackgroundCross-cultural usability of the library metaphor
Duncker, E. (2002) · doi:10.1145/544220.544269 · Cited by 91
Designing Usable Interfaces with Cultural Dimensions
Ford, G., & Kotzé, P. (2005) · Lecture Notes in Computer Science · doi:10.1007/11555261_57 · Cited by 89
“The character traits expected of users displaying each side of each dimension is presented below [2, 10, 12, 13 ]: 716 G. Ford and P. Kotze”
BackgroundCultural adaptation in cross border e-commerce: A study of German companies
Sinkovics, R. R., Yamin, M., & Hossinger, M. (2007) · Research Explorer (The University of Manchester) · Cited by 84
Does culture matter on the web?
Burgmann, I., Kitchen, P. J., & Williams, R. (2006) · Marketing Intelligence & Planning · doi:10.1108/02634500610641561 · Cited by 85
“They are, therefore, ignoring any effect arising from large minorities, subcultures and multi-cultural nations ( Marcus and Gould, 2000”
BackgroundCultural Factors in a Mobile Phone Adoption and Usage Model
van Biljon, J. V., & Kotzé, P. (2008) · Journal of universal computer science (Online) · doi:10.3217/jucs-014-16-2650 · Cited by 118
Song, J., Kim, J., Jones, D. R., Baker, J., & Chin, W. W. (2013) · Decision Support Systems · doi:10.1016/j.dss.2013.10.004 · Cited by 86
Culture and facial expressions of emotion
Jack, R. E. (2013) · Visual Cognition · doi:10.1080/13506285.2013.835367 · Cited by 80
“With rapid globalization and cultural integration within an emerging digital economy, cross-cultural communication is now fast becoming essential in highly connected modern society (Hermeking, 2005; Krishna, Sahay, & Walsham, 2004; Marcus & Gould, 2000; Walls, 1993).”
BackgroundA cross-cultural comparative analysis of crowdfunding projects in the United States and South Korea
Cho, M., & Kim, G. (2017) · Computers in Human Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.chb.2017.03.013 · Cited by 81
Wave Like an Egyptian — Accelerometer Based Gesture Recognition for Culture Specific Interactions
(2008) · doi:10.14236/ewic/hci2008.2 · Cited by 79
“To integrate culture as a contextual factor into the human computer interaction, two tasks have to be solved.”
Cultural and pedagogical implications of a global e‐learning programme
Selinger *, M. (2004) · Cambridge Journal of Education · doi:10.1080/03057640410001700589 · Cited by 80
Pavluković, V., Armenski, T., & Alcántara‐Pilar, J. M. (2017) · Tourism Management · doi:10.1016/j.tourman.2017.06.006 · Cited by 91
Dianat, I., Adeli, P., Jafarabadi, M. A., & Karimi, M. A. (2019) · Applied Ergonomics · doi:10.1016/j.apergo.2019.102892 · Cited by 78
Irani, L. C., & Dourish, P. (2009) · International Workshop on Intercultural Collaboration (IWIC) · doi:10.1145/1499224.1499268 · Cited by 71
P5 eHealth: An Agenda for the Health Technologies of the Future
Pravettoni, G., & Triberti, S. (2019) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-27994-3 · Cited by 63
Cross‐cultural dimensions of Internet portals
Zahir, S., Dobing, B., & Hunter, M. G. (2002) · Internet Research · doi:10.1108/10662240210430892 · Cited by 67
Culture and acceptance of global web sites
Li, X., Hess, T. J., McNab, A. L., & Yu, Y. (2009) · ACM SIGMIS Database the DATABASE for Advances in Information Systems · doi:10.1145/1644953.1644959 · Cited by 66
Spanish-Language Consumer Health Information Technology Interventions: A Systematic Review
Chaet, A., Morshedi, B., Wells, K. M., Barnes, L. E., & Valdez, R. S. (2016) · Journal of Medical Internet Research · doi:10.2196/jmir.5794 · Cited by 54
“…in the past two decades [104-110], the cultural competency movement within the health sciences has focused predominantly on language, cultural traditions, and cultural differences in health beliefs within this population [111]; these domains are predominantly pertinent to technology content.”
Cyr, D., & Head, M. M. (2013) · Computers in Human Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.chb.2013.01.050 · Cited by 70
“It is known that there are different design preferenc es in different cultures (Gefen, Geri, & Paravastu, 2007; Marcus & Gould, 2000), and these preferenc es have implication s for website trust and website satisfaction (Cyr, 2008 ).”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialCommunity Collectives: Low-tech Social Support for Digitally-Engaged Entrepreneurship
Hui, J., Barber, N. R., Casey, W., Cleage, S., Dolley, D. C., Worthy, F., Toyama, K., & Dillahunt, T. R. (2020) · International Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems · doi:10.1145/3313831.3376363 · Cited by 62
A Practical Set of Culture Dimensions for Global User-Interface Development
Marcus, A., & Baumgartner, V.-J. (2004) · Lecture notes in computer science · doi:10.1007/978-3-540-27795-8_26 · Cited by 63
Self-citationAlexander, R., Thompson, N., & Murray, D. E. (2016) · Behaviour and Information Technology · doi:10.1080/0144929x.2016.1234646 · Cited by 62
“Based on Hofstede’s cultural factors, Marcus and Gould (2000) and Calabrese et al. (2012) developed their cross-cultural web design guidelines and strategies.”
MethodA cross-cultural comparison of Kuwaiti and British citizens' views of e-government interface quality
Aladwani, A. (2013) · Government Information Quarterly · doi:10.1016/j.giq.2012.08.003 · Cited by 67
“From a national cultural perspective, these design choices reflect that high power distance, uncertainty avoidance, and collectivism have significant influence, as per the findings reported in past research (Aladwani, 2003; Marcus & Gould, 2000) and the cultural assertions of Hofstede.”
BackgroundResultWyche, S. P., Aoki, P. M., & Grinter, R. E. (2008) · doi:10.1145/1357054.1357057 · Cited by 59
“, [23]) and more broadly in HCI and CSCW discourse (e.”
BackgroundΣιγάλα, Μ., & Sakellaridis, O. (2004) · Information Technology & Tourism · doi:10.3727/1098305042781101 · Cited by 57
“Marcus and Gould (2000) claimed that shortterm customers pay more attention to Web site design , symbols, and visual cues than long-term customers.”
BackgroundInfluentialGLOBAL/INTERCULTURAL USER INTERFACE DESIGN
Marcus, A. (2009) · Human-Computer Interaction · doi:10.1201/9781420088861-7 · Cited by 55
Self-citationChoi, B., Lee, I., & Kim, J. (2006) · International Journal of Human-Computer Interaction · doi:10.1207/s15327590ijhc2003_2 · Cited by 56
“For example, Marcus and Gould (2000) analyzed the relationships of intangible cultural dimensions postulated by Hofstede (1980) to Web site design.”
BackgroundCross-Cultural User-Experience Design
Marcus, A. (2006) · Lecture notes in computer science · doi:10.1007/11783183_4 · Cited by 55
Self-citationAssumptions Considered Harmful
Winschiers‐Theophilus, H., & Fendler, J. (2007) · Lecture notes in computer science · doi:10.1007/978-3-540-73287-7_54 · Cited by 54
Internet gambling: an overview of psychosocial impacts
Kalé, S. H. (2006) · UNLV Gaming Research & Review Journal · Cited by 54
Culture and HCI: a review of recent cultural studies in HCI and social networks
Kyriakoullis, L., & Zaphiris, P. (2015) · Universal Access in the Information Society · doi:10.1007/s10209-015-0445-9 · Cited by 53
“Additionally, instructions on how to use a web page are essential to prevent user error [50].”
BackgroundPlocher, T., Rau, P. P., & Choong, Y. (2012) · doi:10.1002/9781118131350.ch6 · Cited by 56
Marcus, A. (2004) · interactions · doi:10.1145/962342.962358 · Cited by 53
Self-citationPrivacy, Patriarchy, and Participation on Social Media
Karusala, N., Bhalla, A., & Kumar, N. (2019) · Designing Interactive Systems Conference · doi:10.1145/3322276.3322355 · Cited by 52
“, [38, 58, 78, 94, 98]), how culture affects and is shaped through technology use (e.”
BackgroundReturn Visits: A Review of how Web Site Design Can Engender Visitor Loyalty
Cyr, D. (2014) · Journal of Information Technology · doi:10.1057/jit.2013.25 · Cited by 54
“Germans who are moderately high on uncertainty avoidance ‘ feel anxiety about uncertain or unknown matters ’ (Marcus and Gould, 2000: 39), and therefore prefer ‘ navigation schemes intended to prevent users from becoming lost ’ ( ibid : 41).”
BackgroundColor and Store Choice in Electronic Commerce: The Explanatory Role of Trust
Lee, S. J. C., & Rao, V. S. (2010) · Journal of electronic commerce research · Cited by 49
AN EXPLORATORY STUDY ON WEB USABILITY AND THE INTERNATIONALIZATION OF US E-BUSINESSES
Becker, S. A. (2002) · Journal of electronic commerce research · Cited by 51
CULTURAL CONSIDERATIONS IN COMPUTER SUPPORTED COLLABORATIVE LEARNING
Vatrapu, R. (2008) · Research and Practice in Technology Enhanced Learning · doi:10.1142/s1793206808000501 · Cited by 52
Rehm, M., Bee, N., Endraß, B., et al. (2007) · doi:10.1145/1290128.1290142 · Cited by 47
“[16] A. Marcus and E. W. Gould.”
InfluentialA Comparison of American and Indian Consumers' Perceptions of Electronic Commerce
Slyke, C. V., Bélanger, F., & Sridhar, V. (2005) · Information Resources Management Journal · doi:10.4018/irmj.2005040102 · Cited by 47
Cross-cultural user-interface design: what? so what? now what?
Marcus, A., Aykin, N., Chavan, A. L., Day, D. L., Gould, E. W., Honold, P., & Kurosu, M. (2000) · CHI '00 extended abstracts on Human factors in computer systems - CHI '00 · doi:10.1145/633465.633468 · Cited by 2
Self-citationThe Impact of National Culture on E‐commerce Acceptance: the Italian Case
Capece, G., Calabrese, A., Pillo, F. D., Costa, R. M. D. S., & Crisciotti, V. (2013) · Knowledge and Process Management · doi:10.1002/kpm.1413 · Cited by 46
Game design strategies for collectivist persuasion
Khaled, R., Barr, P., Biddle, R., et al. (2009) · doi:10.1145/1581073.1581078 · Cited by 46
AN INCLUSIVE APPROACH TO ONLINE LEARNING ENVIRONMENTS: Models and Resources
Germain‐Rutherford, A., & Kerr, B. (2008) · doi:10.17718/tojde.99789 · Cited by 46
Cultural determinants of media choice for deception
Furner, C. P., & George, J. F. (2012) · Computers in Human Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.chb.2012.03.005 · Cited by 45
Design and e-loyalty across cultures in electronic commerce
Cyr, D., Bonanni, C., & ilsever, J. (2004) · Proceedings of the 6th international conference on Electronic commerce - ICEC '04 · doi:10.1145/1052220.1052265 · Cited by 45
Information Architecture: The Design and Integration of Information Spaces
Ding, W., & Lin, X. (2009) · Synthesis lectures on information concepts, retrieval, and services · doi:10.2200/s00214ed1v01y200910icr008 · Cited by 44
Cultural divide and the Internet
Recabarren, M., Nussbaum, M., & Leiva, C. (2008) · Computers in Human Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.chb.2008.04.013 · Cited by 44
Culture: The Software of e‐Customer Relationship Management
Σιγάλα, Μ. (2006) · Journal of Marketing Communications · doi:10.1080/13527260600811787 · Cited by 44
“Marcus and Gould (2000) claimed that short-term customers pay more attention to website design, symbols, and visual cues than long-term customers do.”
BackgroundKi, E., & Shin, S. (2015) · Computers in Human Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.chb.2015.01.029 · Cited by 42
Kotzé, P., Marsden, G., & van Biljon, J. A. (2006) · Unisa Institutional Repository (University of South Africa) · Cited by 42
Sarsam, S. M., & Al‐Samarraie, H. (2018) · SAGE Open · doi:10.1177/2158244018769125 · Cited by 41
“This can be formed clearly in interface design elements such as the color element, and previous studies such as Marcus and Gould (2000); Brazier, Deakin, Cooke, Russell, and Jones (2001); and Reinecke and Bernstein (2013) highlighted the significant role of the color in the interface.”
BackgroundThe Impact of Culture on the Design of Arabic Websites
(2009) · doi:10.1007/978-3-642-02767-3_43 · Cited by 41
“We follow the assumptions about culture markers that Marcus introduced in previous studies [4, 5 ].”
MethodSelf-citationSocial Interaction Design in Cultural Context: A Case Study of a Traditional Social Activity
Huang, K.-H., & Deng, Y.-S. (2008) · International journal of design · Cited by 41
‘Soft’ supplier management related issues: An empirical investigation
Polychronakis, Y. E., & Syntetos, A. A. (2006) · International Journal of Production Economics · doi:10.1016/j.ijpe.2006.07.008 · Cited by 40
Kwak, K. T., Oh, C. J., & Lee, S. W. (2021) · Telecommunications Policy · doi:10.1016/j.telpol.2021.102168 · Cited by 39
Clemmensen, T. (2011) · International Journal of Human-Computer Interaction · doi:10.1080/10447318.2011.555303 · Cited by 39
“The cultural differences imply the need for localization of the software design (Marcus & Gould, 2000) and for localization and cultural adaptation of established user experience and usability evaluation methods (Clemmensen, Hertzum, Hornbaek, Shi, & Yammiyavar, 2009; Hall, De Jong, & Steehouder,…”
BackgroundMethodUser interface (UI) design issues for multilingual users: a case study
Miraz, M. H., Excell, P. S., & Ali, M. (2014) · Universal Access in the Information Society · doi:10.1007/s10209-014-0397-5 · Cited by 46
Cross-Cultural Understanding of Content and Interface in the Context of E-Learning Systems
Mushtaha, A., & Troyer, O. D. (2007) · Lecture notes in computer science · doi:10.1007/978-3-540-73287-7_21 · Cited by 38
“For example, Evers & Day, 1997 [5]; Marcus & Gould, 2000 [13]; Mahemoff & Johnston, 1998 [11]; Dormann & Chisalita, 2002 [4] have applied cultural dimensions to global interface design, tested users behavior, variations in understanding colors, icons, pictures, symbols, phrases etc.”
BackgroundUser-interface design, culture, and the future
Marcus, A. (2002) · Working Conference on Advanced Visual Interfaces (AVI) · doi:10.1145/1556262.1556264 · Cited by 39
Self-citation(2018) · doi:10.1145/3173574.3174147 · Cited by 39
On the Importance of National Culture for the Design of Information Systems
Kummer, T., Leimeister, J. M., & Bick, M. (2012) · Business & Information Systems Engineering · doi:10.1007/s12599-012-0236-2 · Cited by 36
Lee, I., Choi, G. W., Kim, J., et al. (2008) · Electronic workshops in computing · doi:10.14236/ewic/hci2008.1 · Cited by 37
Troyer, O. D., & Casteleyn, S. (2004) · Lecture notes in computer science · doi:10.1007/978-3-540-30480-7_57 · Cited by 37
“been investigated from an anthropological perspective, looking at the intangible nuances of a culture's social hierarchy, individualism, gender roles, attitude towards uncertainty and time-orientation ([18], [10]).”
BackgroundIntercultural User Interface Design
Heimgärtner, R. (2019) · Human-computer interaction series · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-17427-9 · Cited by 38
Lee, I., Kim, J., Choi, B., & Hong, S. (2010) · Computers in Human Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.chb.2010.04.009 · Cited by 36
Oshlyansky, L., Thimbleby, H., & Cairns, P. A. (2004) · doi:10.1145/1028014.1028025 · Cited by 36
Giannopoulos, A. A., & Mavragani, E. P. (2011) · Journal of Hospitality Marketing & Management · doi:10.1080/19368623.2011.577706 · Cited by 34
“DMO incorporate this characteristic in the destinations’ website so that the content is modified according to the selected language, considering the impact of cultural differences on website characteristics (Marcus and Gould, 2000).”
BackgroundContextuality and computer-mediated communication: a cross cultural comparison
Pflug, J. (2010) · Computers in Human Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.chb.2009.10.008 · Cited by 35
“…promote what Giddens (1990) described as the stretching of relations across space and time, researchers have become increasingly aware of the fact that online spaces do not exist in a cultural void (Avgerou, 1996; Han, 2003; Khiabany, 2003; Ma, 1996; Marcus & Gould, 2000; Miller & Slater, 2000).”
BackgroundAbufardeh, S., & Magel, K. I. (2010) · International Conference on New Trends in Information Science and Service Science · Cited by 34
Metadata
- Authors
- Marcus, A., & Gould, E. W.
- Affiliations
- Asociates, Inc., 1144 65th Street, Suite F, Emeryville, CA
- Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute (US)
- ORCID
- Marcus, Aaron
- Venue
- Interactions
- Published
- 2000-07
- Volume
- 7
- Issue
- 4
- Pages
- 32-46
- ISSN
- 1072-5520 (ISSN-L)
- 1558-3449
- OpenAlex
- W2043687274
- Cited by
- 654
- References
- 11
- Citations by year
- 2026: 21 · 2025: 20 · 2024: 12 · 2023: 13 · 2022: 14 · 2021: 23 · 2020: 38 · 2019: 32 · 2018: 26 · 2017: 32 · 2016: 27 · 2015: 33 · 2014: 31 · 2013: 42 · 2012: 35
- FWCI
- 14.02
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- interactions (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- Universiti Utara Malaysia
- Technische Universiteit Eindhoven
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Computer Science › Human-Computer Interaction › Usability and User Interface Design
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Cultural Differences and Values
- Physical Sciences › Computer Science › Human-Computer Interaction › Innovative Human-Technology Interaction
- Keywords
- Hofstede cultural dimensions, web interface design, intercultural communication, cultural values, information visualization, color symbolism, cultural stereotypes
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
A language model drew the claims from the paper on 2026-10-11, under version 3 of the claim definition (model deepseek-v4.1-flash, prompt extract-v3).
A second model labelled each claim on 2026-10-11 (model jev-1.13-20260917, definition revision gold-guideline-v0.2).
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
