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Functions and Regulation of RNA Editing by ADAR Deaminases

Nishikura, Kazuko·2010·Annual Review of Biochemistry
DOI 10.1146/annurev-biochem-060208-105251PMC PMC2953425
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Abstract

One type of RNA editing converts adenosines to inosines (A→I editing) in double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) substrates. A→I RNA editing is mediated by adenosine deaminase acting on RNA (ADAR) enzymes. A→I RNA editing of protein-coding sequences of a limited number of mammalian genes results in recoding and subsequent alterations of their functions. However, A→I RNA editing most frequently targets repetitive RNA sequences located within introns and 5′ and 3′ untranslated regions (UTRs). Although the biological significance of noncoding RNA editing remains largely unknown, several possibilities, including its role in the control of endogenous short interfering RNAs (esiRNAs), have been proposed. Furthermore, recent studies have revealed that the biogenesis and functions of certain microRNAs (miRNAs) are regulated by the editing of their precursors. Here, I review the recent findings that indicate new functions for A→I editing in the regulation of noncoding RNAs and for interactions between RNA editing and RNA interference mechanisms.

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  • High-throughput sequencing permits detection of dominant mature miRNA species and sequence variations such as 5′ nucleotide additions and RNA editing.

    “In contrast to microarrays and RT-PCR arrays, high-throughput sequencing permits the detection of not only the dominant mature miRNA species (i.e. 5p versus 3p) but also potentially important sequence variations that may occur, such as 5′ nucleotide additions, which affect seed-based targeting, and RNA editing, which alters the targeting capacity of the mature miRNA [24]–[27].”

    From Reduced Expression of Brain-Enriched microRNAs in Glioblastomas Permits Targeted Regulation of a Cell Death Gene (2011) · cites this paper as [24]

  • A to I conversions can influence loading of miRNAs into RISC and alter targeting capacity, especially if editing occurs within the miRNA seed region.

    “A to I conversions can influence loading of miRNAs into RISC [34] and also alter the targeting capacity of a miRNA, especially if the editing occurs within the miRNA seed region [24], [25].”

    From Reduced Expression of Brain-Enriched microRNAs in Glioblastomas Permits Targeted Regulation of a Cell Death Gene (2011) · cites this paper as [24]

  • ADAR editing of dsRNA primary miRNA transcript converts adenosine to inosine.

    “One post-transcriptional miRNA modification is enzymatic editing of the dsRNA primary miRNA transcript by ADAR (adenosine deaminase acting on RNA) which results in the conversion of an adenosine (A) to an inosine (I) [24].”

    From Reduced Expression of Brain-Enriched microRNAs in Glioblastomas Permits Targeted Regulation of a Cell Death Gene (2011) · cites this paper as [24]

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Metadata

Authors
Nishikura, K.
Affiliations
Department of Gene Expression and Regulation, The Wistar Institute, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104-4268;
Venue
Annual Review of Biochemistry
Publisher
Annual Reviews
Published
2010-06-07
Volume
79
Issue
1
Pages
321-349
ISSN
  • 0066-4154
  • 1545-4509
DOI
10.1146/annurev-biochem-060208-105251
PMC
PMC2953425
Cited by
1,242
References
2
Language
en

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