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Transport of Sugars
Open accessAbstract
Soluble sugars serve five main purposes in multicellular organisms: as sources of carbon skeletons, osmolytes, signals, and transient energy storage and as transport molecules. Most sugars are derived from photosynthetic organisms, particularly plants. In multicellular organisms, some cells specialize in providing sugars to other cells (e.g., intestinal and liver cells in animals, photosynthetic cells in plants), whereas others depend completely on an external supply (e.g., brain cells, roots and seeds). This cellular exchange of sugars requires transport proteins to mediate uptake or release from cells or subcellular compartments. Thus, not surprisingly, sugar transport is critical for plants, animals, and humans. At present, three classes of eukaryotic sugar transporters have been characterized, namely the glucose transporters (GLUTs), sodium-glucose symporters (SGLTs), and SWEETs. This review presents the history and state of the art of sugar transporter research, covering genetics, biochemistry, and physiology—from their identification and characterization to their structure, function, and physiology. In humans, understanding sugar transport has therapeutic importance (e.g., addressing diabetes or limiting access of cancer cells to sugars), and in plants, these transporters are critical for crop yield and pathogen susceptibility.
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“researchers asserted that besides its role in glucose reabsorption, SGLT may exhibit other distinct functions in CNS.13–15”
From Dapagliflozin Activates Neurons in the Central Nervous System and Regulates Cardiovascular Activity by Inhibiting SGLT-2 in Mice (2020) · cites this paper as [15]
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“The clade III member of SWEET family in Arabidopsis AtSWEET9-15 and one member of clade V AtSWEET16 have been identified to have sucrose transport activity [3, 42].”
BackgroundLiu, Y., Li, X., Zhang, X., Duan, S.-D., Su, X., Fan, Z., Hao, L.-H., Xiang, D., Chen, D., & Niu, S.-C. (2024) · Industrial Crops and Products · doi:10.1016/j.indcrop.2024.118391 · Cited by 11
Pan-cancer analysis of SLC2A family genes as prognostic biomarkers and therapeutic targets
Liu, Y., Li, X., Yang, J., Chen, S., Zhu, C., Shi, Y., Dang, S., Zhang, W., & Li, W. (2024) · Heliyon · doi:10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e29655 · Cited by 11
Wilhelmsen, I., Combriat, T. M. D., Dalmao‐Fernández, A., Stokowiec, J., Wang, C., Olsen, P. A., Wik, J. A., Boichuk, Y., Aizenshtadt, A., & Krauss, S. J. K. (2024) · Stem Cell Research & Therapy · doi:10.1186/s13287-024-03852-8 · Cited by 13
“Notably, this was the case for glucose transporters 1 and 2 ( GLUT1/ SLCA2A1 and GLUT2/ SLCA2A2 ), which are transmembrane proteins responsible for glucose transportation into the cell [66].”
BackgroundA New Target for Hepatic Fibrosis Prevention and Treatment: The Warburg Effect
Pan, M., Li, H. Z., & Shi, X. (2024) · Frontiers in Bioscience-Landmark · doi:10.31083/j.fbl2909321 · Cited by 13
Wu, K., Duan, X., Zhu, Z., Sang, Z., Duan, J., Jia, Z., & Ma, L. (2021) · BMC Plant Biology · doi:10.1186/s12870-021-03181-5 · Cited by 11
Pouris, J., Levizou, E., Karatassiou, M., Meletiou-Christou, M.-S., & Rhizopoulou, S. (2022) · Plants · doi:10.3390/plants11091254 · Cited by 11
“Subsequently, after leaf shedding, total sugars and starch accumulate in below-ground plant parts to sustain metabolism and serve as transient energy storage during the oncoming above-ground vegetative stage [16].”
BackgroundLi, B., Ali, M. M., Guo, T., Alam, S. M., Gull, S., Iftikhar, J., Yousef, A. F., Mosa, W. F. A., & Chen, F. (2022) · Agriculture · doi:10.3390/agriculture12091312 · Cited by 11
Lu, C., Ye, J., Chang, Y., Mi, Z., Liu, S., Wang, D., Wang, Z., & Niu, J. (2022) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms231710057 · Cited by 11
“, sucrose, glucose, and fructose) cannot be transported to sedimentary tissues through plant biofilm systems they require the assistance of corresponding sugar transporters, which are key to their distribution [13,14].”
Knockout of OsSWEET15 Impairs Rice Embryo Formation and Seed-Setting
Hu, Z., Tang, Z., Yang, J., Bao, S., Zhang, Y., Ma, L., Zheng, Q., Yang, F., Zhang, D., Sun, S., et al. (2022) · Plant and Cell Physiology · doi:10.1093/pcp/pcac173 · Cited by 11
Li, K., Ji, L., Xing, Y., Zuo, Z., & Zhang, L. (2023) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms24065103 · Cited by 11
Song, X., Kou, Y., Duan, M., Feng, B., Yu, X., Jia, R., Zhao, X., Ge, H., & Yang, S. (2023) · Plants · doi:10.3390/plants12071474 · Cited by 11
“Comparing with monosaccharide transporters (MST) and sucrose transporters (SUT), SWEET proteins are capable of transporting sugar bidirectionally without energy dependence, and the types of substrates for sugar transport are more extensive [2].”
BackgroundFilyushin, M. A., Anisimova, O. K., Shchennikova, A. V., & Kochieva, E. Z. (2023) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms24087533 · Cited by 11
“To date, three families of sugar transporters have been characterized: monosaccharide transporters (MSTs), sucrose transporters (SUTs), and Sugar Will Eventually be Exported Transporters (SWEETs) [6,8].”
BackgroundA previously unidentified sugar transporter for engineering of high-yield Streptomyces
Dong, Z., Li, L., Du, G., Zhang, Y., Wang, X., Li, S., & Xiang, W. (2024) · Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology · doi:10.1007/s00253-023-12964-9 · Cited by 11
“Sugar uptake plays significant roles in living cells, with soluble sugar serving as a source of carbon, transient energy storage, osmolytes, and signaling molecules (Chen et al. 2015).”
Lin, Q., Zhong, Q., & Zhang, Z. (2021) · PeerJ · doi:10.7717/peerj.11404 · Cited by 11
“Currently, sucrose transporters (SUTs), monosaccharide transporters (MSTs), and Sugar Will Eventually be Exported Transporters (SWEETs) are commonly used for sugar translocation (Chen et al., 2015a; Eom et al., 2015).”
BackgroundWhiteheart, S. W. (2017) · Arteriosclerosis Thrombosis and Vascular Biology · doi:10.1161/atvbaha.117.309841 · Cited by 11
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“A critical step in glucose metabolism is their transport from extracellular space into the cytoplasm, regulated by the glucose transporter proteins (GLUT) [15].”
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“Cell membranes are impermeable to D - glucose, and so organisms rely on glucose transporters for uptake of this monosaccharide (48).”
Intestinal transporters and oral absorption enhancing strategies based on these transporters
Ju, W., Sun, Y., Meng, L., Feng, J., Cheng, M., & Tu, L. (2024) · Chinese Chemical Letters · doi:10.1016/j.cclet.2024.110529 · Cited by 10
CitSAR-mediated coordination of sucrose and citrate metabolism in citrus fruits
Liu, S., Li, Y., Fan, Y., Xu, M., Huang, Z., Wang, D., Sun, C., & Li, S. (2025) · PLANT PHYSIOLOGY · doi:10.1093/plphys/kiaf228 · Cited by 10
Evolutionary trajectory and functional diversity of SWEET sugar transporters in plants
Li, X., Ren, Z., Zhang, Z., Liu, Y., He, K., Zhang, F., Guo, J., Wei, S., Yang, D., & Li, W. (2025) · The Plant Journal · doi:10.1111/tpj.70334 · Cited by 12
Guo, Q., Mei, S., Xie, C., Mi, H., Jiang, Y., Zhang, S., Tan, T., & Fan, L. (2020) · Biotechnology and Bioengineering · doi:10.1002/bit.27306 · Cited by 10
Comprehensive analysis of SWEET family genes in Eucalyptus (Eucalyptus grandis)
Yin, Q., Zhu, L., Du, P., Fan, C., Wang, J., Zhang, B., & Li, H. (2020) · Biotechnology & Biotechnological Equipment · doi:10.1080/13102818.2020.1790417 · Cited by 10
Song, M., Zhang, X., Yang, J., Gao, C., Wei, Y., Chen, S., & Liesche, J. (2022) · Biotechnology Journal · doi:10.1002/biot.202100638 · Cited by 10
Fox, H., Ben‐Dor, S., Doron‐Faigenboim, A., Goldsmith, M., Klein, T., & David‐Schwartz, R. (2023) · Physiologia Plantarum · doi:10.1111/ppl.14001 · Cited by 10
Alternative carbon sources for the production of plant cellular agriculture: a case study on acetate
Hann, E. C., Harland‐Dunaway, M., Garcia, A. J., Meuser, J. E., & Jinkerson, R. E. (2023) · Frontiers in Plant Science · doi:10.3389/fpls.2023.1104751 · Cited by 10
Systemic analysis of gene expression profiles in porcine granulosa cells during aging
Li, H., Shuangshuang, G., Jianning, Y., & Zhendan, S. (2017) · Oncotarget · doi:10.18632/oncotarget.21731 · Cited by 10
“It is well-documented that glucose is a major source of metabolic energy for all mammalian cells [56] and is primarily transported across the plasma membrane through glucose transporters (GLUTs), also known as solute carrier family 2 (SLC2) [57, 58].”
BackgroundOgawa, T., Sasaki, A., Ono, K., Ohshika, S., Ishibashi, Y., & Yamada, K. (2021) · Human Cell · doi:10.1007/s13577-020-00483-y · Cited by 10
Characterization and Functional Analysis of ZmSWEET15a in Maize
Liu, M., Liu, T., Lu, J., Zhou, Y., Liu, S., Jiao, P., Liu, S., Qu, J., Guan, S., & Ma, Y. (2022) · DNA and Cell Biology · doi:10.1089/dna.2021.1144 · Cited by 10
Seeing is better than believing: visualization of membrane transport in plants
Geisler, M. M. (2018) · Current Opinion in Plant Biology · doi:10.1016/j.pbi.2018.09.005 · Cited by 9
“Beside a quantification of intracellular concentrations, these sensors also permitted the kinetic characterization of individual sugar transporters [1] and the identification of novel transporters [55].”
Background
Metadata
- Authors
- Chen, L.-Q., Cheung, L. S., Feng, L., Tanner, W., & Frommer, W. B.
- Affiliations
- Carnegie Institution for Science (US)
- Stanford Medicine (US)
- University of Regensburg (DE)
- Venue
- Annual Review of Biochemistry
- Publisher
- Annual Reviews
- Published
- 2015-06-02
- Volume
- 84
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 865-894
- ISSN
- 0066-4154 (ISSN-L)
- 1545-4509
- OpenAlex
- W2116269912
- Cited by
- 507
- References
- 195
- Citations by year
- 2026: 33 · 2025: 64 · 2024: 64 · 2023: 56 · 2022: 68 · 2021: 51 · 2020: 36 · 2019: 37 · 2018: 30 · 2017: 39 · 2016: 19 · 2015: 10
- FWCI
- 3.39
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- Annual Review of Biochemistry (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- University of Regensburg Publication Server (University of Regensburg) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- National Science Foundation (1401855, 1258018)
- U.S. Department of Energy (DE‐FG02‐, FG02-04ER15542, DEFG0204ER15542)
- Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation (OPP1068450)
- Alfred P. Sloan Foundation
- Office of Science
- Basic Energy Sciences (DE-FG02-04ER15542, DE-FG02)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Plant Science › Plant nutrient uptake and metabolism
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Ion Transport and Channel Regulation
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Metabolism, Diabetes, and Cancer
- Keywords
- sugar transport, sugar transporters, glucose transporters, sodium-glucose cotransporter, sweets, sucrose transport, osmolytes, energy storage, diabetes mellitus, crop yield, pathogen susceptibility
- MeSH terms
- Animals, Biological Transport, Carbohydrates, Humans, Plants, Membrane Transport Proteins, Excitatory Amino Acid Transporter 2, Carbohydrate Metabolism, Plant Cells
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