Cited by 516Plant nutrient uptake and metabolismIon Transport and Channel RegulationMetabolism, Diabetes, and Cancer

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Transport of Sugars

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Chen, Li-Qing, Cheung, Lily S., Feng, Liang, Tanner, Widmar, Frommer, Wolf B.·2015·Annual Review of Biochemistry

DOI 10.1146/annurev-biochem-060614-033904

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Abstract

Soluble sugars serve five main purposes in multicellular organisms: as sources of carbon skeletons, osmolytes, signals, and transient energy storage and as transport molecules. Most sugars are derived from photosynthetic organisms, particularly plants. In multicellular organisms, some cells specialize in providing sugars to other cells (e.g., intestinal and liver cells in animals, photosynthetic cells in plants), whereas others depend completely on an external supply (e.g., brain cells, roots and seeds). This cellular exchange of sugars requires transport proteins to mediate uptake or release from cells or subcellular compartments. Thus, not surprisingly, sugar transport is critical for plants, animals, and humans. At present, three classes of eukaryotic sugar transporters have been characterized, namely the glucose transporters (GLUTs), sodium-glucose symporters (SGLTs), and SWEETs. This review presents the history and state of the art of sugar transporter research, covering genetics, biochemistry, and physiology—from their identification and characterization to their structure, function, and physiology. In humans, understanding sugar transport has therapeutic importance (e.g., addressing diabetes or limiting access of cancer cells to sugars), and in plants, these transporters are critical for crop yield and pathogen susceptibility.

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Background
Dwarfing Rootstock ‘Yunnan’ Quince Promoted Fruit Sugar Accumulation by Influencing Assimilate Flow and PbSWEET6 in Pear Scion
Wang, X., Cong, L., Pang, J., Chen, Y., Wang, Z., Zhai, R., Yang, C., & Xu, L. (2022) · Horticulturae · doi:10.3390/horticulturae8070649 · Cited by 4
Sequence-controlled glycooligomers for tumor targeting
Chen, J., Zhang, Y., Gao, Q., Wang, W. J., Zhu, L., Khedr, G. E., Xing, Q., Shi, W., & Geng, J. (2023) · Cell Reports Physical Science · doi:10.1016/j.xcrp.2023.101749 · Cited by 4
SlSWEET10a negatively regulates sucrose transport in tomato fruit
Zhang, X., Sun, J., Liu, X., & Jiang, J. (2024) · Vegetable Research · doi:10.48130/vegres-0024-0018 · Cited by 4
Transcriptomic and Physiological Analyses for the Role of Hormones and Sugar in Axillary Bud Development of Wild Strawberry Stolon
Lan, G., Wu, M., Zhang, Q., Yuan, B., Shi, G., Zhu, N., Zheng, Y., Cao, Q., Qiao, Q., & Zhang, T. (2024) · Plants · doi:10.3390/plants13162241 · Cited by 4
“Sugar acquisition relies on transporters, with different transporters dedicated to different sugars [52].”
Background
The Role of PLATZ6 in Raffinose Family Oligosaccharides Loading of Leaves via PLATZ Family Characterization in Cucumber
Wang, P., Teng, H., Qiao, D., Liang, F., Zhu, K., Miao, M., & Hua, B. (2024) · Plants · doi:10.3390/plants13192825 · Cited by 4
“Sucrose (Suc) is the predominant assimilation product transported in the vascular bundle of leaves in most plants [1,2].”
Background
Multi-omic analysis of glycolytic signatures: exploring the predictive significance of heterogeneity and stemness in immunotherapy response and outcomes in hepatocellular carcinoma
Zhang, S., Pei, Y., & Zhu, F. (2023) · Frontiers in Molecular Biosciences · doi:10.3389/fmolb.2023.1210111 · Cited by 4
“The Warburg effect, a phenomenon in which tumor cells rely on aerobic glycolysis to evade apoptosis, plays a crucial role in maintaining cellular function, particularly in malignancy (Chen et al., 2015; Porporato et al., 2018; Guo et al., 2022).”
Background
Genome-Wide Bioinformatics Analysis of SWEET Gene Family and Expression Verification of Candidate PaSWEET Genes in Potentilla anserina
Iqbal, J., Zhang, W., Fan, Y., Dong, J., Xie, Y., Li, R., Yang, T., Zhang, J., & Che, D. (2024) · Plants · doi:10.3390/plants13030406 · Cited by 4
“SWEETs proteins are more proficient of transporting sugar in two-way directions without energy requirements than those by sucrose transporters (SUT) and monosaccharide transporters (MST) [15].”
Background
SWEET Uniporter Gene Family Expression Profile in the Pitcher Development in the Carnivorous Plant Nepenthes sp.
Filyushin, M. A., Kochieva, E. Z., Shchennikova, A. V., Beletsky, A. V., Mardanov, A. V., Ravin, N. V., & Георгиевич, С. К. (2019) · Russian Journal of Genetics · doi:10.1134/s1022795419050089 · Cited by 4
AtSWEET13 transporter discriminates sugars by selective facial and positional substrate recognitionPreprint
Weigle, A. T., & Shukla, D. (2022) · bioRxiv · doi:10.1101/2022.10.12.511964 · Cited by 6
Molecular Determinants for Photodynamic Therapy Resistance and Improved Photosensitizer Delivery in Glioma
Aebisher, D., Woźnicki, P., Czarnecka–Czapczyńska, M., Dynarowicz, K., Szliszka, E., Kawczyk‐Krupka, A., & Bartusik‐Aebisher, D. (2024) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms25168708 · Cited by 3
“The expression of GLUT and SGLT is tissue-dependent and depends on its role in carbohydrate metabolism [217,218].”
Background
Genome-wide identification of PavSWEET family genes and functional analysis of PavSWEET1, PavSWEET9b, and PavSWEET10 in regulating sweet cherry fruit sweetness
Chu, L., Wang, Z., Xiao, M., Qi, R., Cui, Q., Zhang, L., Xin, C., Han, X., Wang, X., Li, Q., et al. (2025) · International Journal of Biological Macromolecules · doi:10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2025.149739 · Cited by 3
Sugar transporters and their essential roles in plant male reproductive development
Liu, S., Zhang, F., Li, W., Wang, Y., Suowei, W., & Wan, X. (2025) · Plant Physiology and Biochemistry · doi:10.1016/j.plaphy.2025.110993 · Cited by 3
Integration of light, carbon, and nitrogen pathways in regulating rice yield
Wu, X., Wu, K., Li, J., & Lin, R. (2026) · Journal of genetics and genomics/Journal of Genetics and Genomics · doi:10.1016/j.jgg.2026.01.009 · Cited by 3
Diverse regulation of functional dimerization of a sugar transporter by different interfacial lipids
Zhang, Y., Zhao, W., Duan, M., Shen, Y., Li, J., Xie, H., Tong, Q., Zhao, Y., & Yang, J. (2026) · Nature Communications · doi:10.1038/s41467-026-69804-3 · Cited by 3
“Lipid – proteinspeci ﬁ c interactions playa critical rolein regulating the sugar transport activity of SemiSWEETs, which function as transporters by assembling into dimers and cycling through outward-open, occluded, and inward-open conformations 54 .”
Evaluation and development of a novel pre-treatment method for mulberry leaves to enhance their bioactivity via enzymatic degradation of GAL-DNJ to DNJ
Takasu, S., Parida, I. S., Kojima, Y., Kimura, T., & Nakagawa, K. (2021) · Food & Function · doi:10.1039/d1fo02307a · Cited by 3
SWEET transporters of Medicago lupulina in the arbuscular-mycorrhizal system in the presence of medium level of available phosphorus
Kryukov, A. A., Gorbunova, A. O., Kudriashova, T. R., Ivanchenko, O. B., Shishova, M. F., & Yurkov, A. P. (2023) · Vavilov Journal of Genetics and Breeding · doi:10.18699/vjgb-23-25 · Cited by 3
“The functions of MlSWEET12 ortholog products are sucrose outflow from leaves for phloem loading (Chen et al., 2012, 2015) and resistance to pathogens (Cohn et al., 2014; Zhao et al., 2018; Gautam et al., 2019).”
Background
PagSWEET17a Mediates Sugar Transport in Root and Affects Drought Tolerance in Populus alba × P. glandulosa
Li, J., Hao, X., Wang, Z., & Wang, L. (2023) · Forests · doi:10.3390/f14071445 · Cited by 3
“Transport of sugar between subcellular organelles and among cells lacking plasmodesmata is mediated by transporters [5,6].”
Background
Evolution and seed development responses of Nelumbo SWEET genes
Chen, L., Xin, J., Song, H., Cheng, W., Yang, M., Yang, D. F., & Sun, H. (2024) · Scientia Horticulturae · doi:10.1016/j.scienta.2024.113281 · Cited by 3
Self-citation
The skeleton: an overlooked regulator of systemic glucose metabolism in cancer?
Ronghe, R., & Tavares, A. (2024) · Frontiers in Oncology · doi:10.3389/fonc.2024.1481241 · Cited by 4
Isolation, structure analysis and expression characterization of the Hexokinase gene family in Sorghum bicolor
Li, S., Liu, Y., Qin, X., He, X., Han, S., Lv, Y., Deng, Z., Zeng, G., Gao, X., Hu, Y., et al. (2024) · 3 Biotech · doi:10.1007/s13205-024-04190-5 · Cited by 3
Comprehensive in silico, characterization and expression profiling of MST genes in soybean (Glycine max) reveal their roles in development and metal ion responses
Alam, I., Ge, H., Manghwar, H., Rehman, N. U., Wang, H., & Qiao, F. (2025) · Discover Plants. · doi:10.1007/s44372-025-00096-5 · Cited by 3
Integration of metabolite and transcriptome profiles of cultivated and wild rice to unveil gene regulatory networks and key genes determining rice source and sink strength
Singh, A., Mathan, J., Dwivedi, A., Rani, R., & Ranjan, A. (2025) · Functional & Integrative Genomics · doi:10.1007/s10142-025-01606-0 · Cited by 3
“SWEETs facilitate the efflux of sucrose into the phloem apoplasm, and then SUTs import sucrose from the apoplasm into the sieve-tube symplasm (Chen et al. 2015; Wu et al. 2021; Braun 2022; Singh et al. 2023).”
Potassium application alleviated Zhebeimu (Thunberg Fritillary) yield loss under shading by promoting leaf source capacity
Zhu, H., Jin, H., Wang, S., Wang, L., Weng, W., Zhu, Z., Liang, B., Liu, J., Qiang, Y., Wang, H., et al. (2025) · Industrial Crops and Products · doi:10.1016/j.indcrop.2025.121128 · Cited by 3
Hookworm genes encoding intestinal excreted-secreted proteins are transcriptionally upregulated in response to the host’s immune system
Schwarz, E. M., Noon, J., Chicca, J., Garceau, C., Li, H., Antoshechkin, I. A., Ilík, V., Pafčo, B., Weeks, A. M., Homan, E. J., et al. (2026) · PLoS neglected tropical diseases · doi:10.1371/journal.pntd.0014106 · Cited by 3
A critical role for the small GTPase Rac1 in insulin signaling that regulates glucose uptake in skeletal muscle
Satoh, T., & Takenaka, N. (2019) · Research on Chemical Intermediates · doi:10.1007/s11164-019-03976-0 · Cited by 3
Insights into soybean with high photosynthetic efficiency
Xu, Q., Liu, X., Zhang, C., Weiguang, D., Guan, Y., & Yang, W. (2022) · Advances in botanical research · doi:10.1016/bs.abr.2022.02.019 · Cited by 3
Cold‐stored mulberry leaves affect antioxidant system and silk proteins of silkworm ( Bombyx mori ) larva
Peng, M., Wang, G., & Zhu, S. (2023) · Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture · doi:10.1002/jsfa.12849 · Cited by 3
Hemibiotrophic Phytophthora infestans Modulates the Expression of SWEET Genes in Potato (Solanum tuberosum L.)
Kardile, H. B., Karkute, S. G., Challam, C., Sharma, N. K., Shelake, R. M., Kawar, P. G., Patil, V. U., Deshmukh, R. K., Bhardwaj, V., Chourasia, K. N., et al. (2023) · Plants · doi:10.3390/plants12193433 · Cited by 3
“Many species have been studied for the atomic structure of Semi-SWEETs, as reviewed by Chen et al. [21].”
Background
Functional Characterization of JcSWEET12 and JcSWEET17a from Physic Nut
Wu, P., Wu, Y., Yu, Z., Jiang, H., Wu, G., & Chen, Y. (2024) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms25158183 · Cited by 3
Role of BraSWEET12 in Regulating Flowering through Sucrose Transport in Flowering Chinese Cabbage
He, Q., He, L.-M., Feng, Z., Liu, Y., Xiao, Y., Liu, J., Han, H., & Huang, X. (2024) · Horticulturae · doi:10.3390/horticulturae10101037 · Cited by 3
GRAIN SIZE ON CHROMOSOME 2 orchestrates phytohormone, sugar signaling and energy metabolism to confer thermal resistance in rice
Li, G., Wang, H., Li, H., Feng, B., Fu, W., Ma, J., Li, J., Wu, Z., Rezaul, I. M., Chen, T., et al. (2025) · Physiologia Plantarum · doi:10.1111/ppl.70113 · Cited by 3
“Previous studies have reported the key roles of carbohydrates, NAD(H), and NADP(H) in energy production (Sturm and Tang, 1999; Gakière et al., 2018; Chen et al., 2015; Xiao et al., 2018).”
Faster and greater wheat production governed by LED light in controlled environment agriculture
Guo, X., Wang, Z., Li, M., Zhang, Z., Xue, X., Zhang, Y., & Gu, L. (2025) · Journal of Integrative Agriculture · doi:10.1016/j.jia.2025.03.019 · Cited by 3
Unraveling the Mechanism of 1-Deoxynojirimycin (DNJ) Accumulation: The Role of SWEET3 in Mulberry Chloroplasts
Yang, Z., Zhao, S., Li, Y., Wei, Y., Wang, Z., Xia, X., Li, D., & He, N. (2025) · Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry · doi:10.1021/acs.jafc.5c09189 · Cited by 3
Molecular genetic mechanisms of sugar transport in plants in the absence and during arbuscular mycoryza development
Yurkov, A. P., Kryukov, A. A., Gorbunova, A. O., Afonin, A. М., Kirpichnikova, A. A., Dobryakova, K. S., Модрисович, М. Э., & Shishova, M. F. (2019) · Ecological genetics · doi:10.17816/ecogen17181-99 · Cited by 3
Genome-wide identification and expression profiling of sugar transporter genes in tobacco
Xu, X., Zeng, W., Li, Z., Wang, Z., Luo, Z., Li, J., Li, X., & Yang, J. (2022) · Gene · doi:10.1016/j.gene.2022.146652 · Cited by 3
ESCRT-Independent Surface Receptor And Transporter Protein Degradation By The ILF PathwayPreprint
McNally, E. K., & Brett, C. L. (2017) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.1101/167411 · Cited by 3
“…process may regulate surface glucose (Hxt/GLUT gene family) or myo-inositol (Itr/HMIT) transporters levels important for cellular metabolism or nutrient (re-) absorption in human epithelial cells within the ileum or kidney for example (Smith et al., 2013; Chen et al., 2015; Schneider, 2015).”
Background
Altered Arabidopsis thaliana sugar metabolism affects exudation, immune responses, and plant-microbe interactionsPreprint
Siffert, A., & Sasse, J. (2024) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.1101/2024.09.07.611788 · Cited by 3
Solid-state NMR 13C and 15 N resonance assignments of Vibrio sp. SemiSWEET transporter in lipid bilayers
Zhang, Y., Zhao, Y., Zhang, X., Chen, Y., Tong, Q., & Yang, J. (2022) · Biomolecular NMR Assignments · doi:10.1007/s12104-022-10098-z · Cited by 2
“Sugar is a key energy source used in numerous living organisms, from bacteria to higher eukaryotes (including plants and animals) (Chen et al. 2015).”
Background
Sugar Transporter GmSWEET20 Contributes to the Resistance of Soybean to Cyst Nematode
Wu, B., Zhou, Y., Jia, X., Wang, C., Chen, L., Fan, H., Wang, Y., Liu, X., Yang, N., Yuxi, D., et al. (2025) · Phytopathology · doi:10.1094/phyto-02-25-0059-r · Cited by 2
Self-citation
The sugar transporter GmSWEET48 impacts seed yield and composition of soybean
Zhu, L., Lin, F., Zhang, G., Yuan, J., Shen, L., Zhang, W., & Zhang, W. (2025) · Journal of Plant Physiology · doi:10.1016/j.jplph.2025.154576 · Cited by 2
Genome-wide analysis of SWEET and TST sugar transporters in sugarbeet: Structural characterization and expression during development and postharvest storage
Fugate, K. K., Finger, F. L., & Bolton, M. D. (2025) · Plant Gene · doi:10.1016/j.plgene.2025.100549 · Cited by 2

Authors: Chen, L.-Q., Cheung, L. S., Feng, L., Tanner, W., & Frommer, W. B.
Affiliations: Carnegie Institution for Science (US)
Stanford Medicine (US)
University of Regensburg (DE)
ORCID: Chen, Li-Qing
Cheung, Lily S.
Feng, Liang
Frommer, Wolf B.
Venue: Annual Review of Biochemistry
Publisher: Annual Reviews
Published: 2015-06-02
Volume: 84
Issue: 1
Pages: 865-894
ISSN: 0066-4154 (ISSN-L)
1545-4509
DOI: 10.1146/annurev-biochem-060614-033904
OpenAlex: W2116269912
Cited by: 507
References: 195
Citations by year: 2026: 33 · 2025: 64 · 2024: 64 · 2023: 56 · 2022: 68 · 2021: 51 · 2020: 36 · 2019: 37 · 2018: 30 · 2017: 39 · 2016: 19 · 2015: 10
FWCI: 3.39
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: bronze
doi.org
Locations: Annual Review of Biochemistry (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
University of Regensburg Publication Server (University of Regensburg) (submittedVersion)
Funders: National Science Foundation (1401855, 1258018)
U.S. Department of Energy (DE‐FG02‐, FG02-04ER15542, DEFG0204ER15542)
Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation (OPP1068450)
Alfred P. Sloan Foundation
Office of Science
Basic Energy Sciences (DE-FG02-04ER15542, DE-FG02)
Topics: Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Plant Science › Plant nutrient uptake and metabolism
Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Ion Transport and Channel Regulation
Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Metabolism, Diabetes, and Cancer
Keywords: sugar transport, sugar transporters, glucose transporters, sodium-glucose cotransporter, sweets, sucrose transport, osmolytes, energy storage, diabetes mellitus, crop yield, pathogen susceptibility
MeSH terms: Animals, Biological Transport, Carbohydrates, Humans, Plants, Membrane Transport Proteins, Excitatory Amino Acid Transporter 2, Carbohydrate Metabolism, Plant Cells

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