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Transport of Sugars
Open accessAbstract
Soluble sugars serve five main purposes in multicellular organisms: as sources of carbon skeletons, osmolytes, signals, and transient energy storage and as transport molecules. Most sugars are derived from photosynthetic organisms, particularly plants. In multicellular organisms, some cells specialize in providing sugars to other cells (e.g., intestinal and liver cells in animals, photosynthetic cells in plants), whereas others depend completely on an external supply (e.g., brain cells, roots and seeds). This cellular exchange of sugars requires transport proteins to mediate uptake or release from cells or subcellular compartments. Thus, not surprisingly, sugar transport is critical for plants, animals, and humans. At present, three classes of eukaryotic sugar transporters have been characterized, namely the glucose transporters (GLUTs), sodium-glucose symporters (SGLTs), and SWEETs. This review presents the history and state of the art of sugar transporter research, covering genetics, biochemistry, and physiology—from their identification and characterization to their structure, function, and physiology. In humans, understanding sugar transport has therapeutic importance (e.g., addressing diabetes or limiting access of cancer cells to sugars), and in plants, these transporters are critical for crop yield and pathogen susceptibility.
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“researchers asserted that besides its role in glucose reabsorption, SGLT may exhibit other distinct functions in CNS.13–15”
From Dapagliflozin Activates Neurons in the Central Nervous System and Regulates Cardiovascular Activity by Inhibiting SGLT-2 in Mice (2020) · cites this paper as [15]
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“…knock-out mutants in Arabidopsis (also in potato, tobacco, tomato and maize) (Riesmeier et al., 1994; B€urkle et al., 1998; Srivastava et al., 2009; Chen et al., 2015a), atsweet11,12 and atsuc2 (sut1) mutants were able to produce viable seeds and only showed a slight reduction in plant growth…”
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Self-citationABA-Induced Sugar Transporter TaSTP6 Promotes Wheat Susceptibility to Stripe Rust
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“…govern fruit quality and organ architecture, and contribute to biotic and abiotic stress tolerance (Hoekstra et al., 2001; Hanson and Smeekens, 2009;Weichert et al., 2010; Bolouri Moghaddam and Van den Ende, 2013; Sun et al., 2014; Chen et al., 2015b; Naseem et al., 2017; Pommerrenig et al., 2018).”
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“In general, sucrose (Suc) is the predominant carbohydrate transported from leaves to various plant tissues for long-distance translocation by Suc transporters and Sugars Will Eventually be Exported Transporter (SWEET) efflux proteins [5,6].”
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Rice SUT and SWEET Transporters
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“Unlike the plant-specific SUT, SWEETs are present in both plants and animals [17].”
BackgroundWhat determines transfer of carbon from plants to mycorrhizal fungi?
Bunn, R. A., Corrêa, A., Joshi, J., Kaiser, C., Lekberg, Y., Prescott, C. E., Sala, A., & Karst, J. (2024) · New Phytologist · doi:10.1111/nph.20145 · Cited by 86
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Self-citationGlucose Transport and Transporters in the Endomembranes
Lizák, B., Szarka, A., Kim, Y., Choi, K.-S., Németh, C. E., Marcolongo, P., Benedetti, A., Bánhegyi, G., & Margittai, É. (2019) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms20235898 · Cited by 92
“The plasma membrane localization of the SGLT family (Table 2) is in concordance with their known experimental localization and physiological function [72].”
BackgroundShi, J., Xu, Q., Sun, Q.-K., Meng, Q.-W., Mu, L.-L., Guo, W., & Li, G. (2016) · Insect Biochemistry and Molecular Biology · doi:10.1016/j.ibmb.2016.07.012 · Cited by 85
“…for sugar homeostasis (Kikuta et al., 2010; Price and Gatehouse, 2014; Price et al., 2010), although two pathways are known in the mammalian: the passive, paracellular absorption and the active transport mediating by Naþ/or Kþ/glucose cotransporters (Chen et al., 2015; Deng and Yan, 2016).”
BackgroundBiochemistry and Molecular Basis of Intracellular Flavonoid Transport in Plants
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“, pyrrolizidine alkaloids are transferred from the roots into the shoots [187], cyanogenic glucosides are allocated from seeds into developing young leaves [188], and glucosinolates are transported from the leaves into the seeds [68].”
BackgroundZhang, W., Wang, S., Yu, F., Tang, J., Shan, X., Bao, K., Li, Y., Wang, H., Fei, Z., & Li, J. (2019) · BMC Genomics · doi:10.1186/s12864-019-5454-2 · Cited by 82
“Biochemical and functional analyses have shown that SWEET genes play significant roles in various physiological processes, such as nectar secretion [21, 22], seed and pollen development [23, 24], leaf senescence [25], and responses to abiotic [12, 26–28] and biotic stresses [3, 17, 29–31].”
BackgroundSlSWEET1a is involved in glucose import to young leaves in tomato plants
Ho, L., Klemens, P. A. W., Neuhaus, H. E., Ko, H., Hsieh, S.-Y., & Guo, W. (2019) · Journal of Experimental Botany · doi:10.1093/jxb/erz154 · Cited by 79
“parenchyma cells of minor veins, promoting mass flow in the phloem for continuous sugar allocation (Sauer, 2007; Chen et al., 2015a; Julius et al., 2017).”
Yu, Y., Guan, J., Xu, Y., Ren, F., Zhang, Z.-Q., Yan, J., Fu, J., Guo, J.-Y., Shen, Z.-J., Zhao, J.-B., et al. (2021) · Nature Communications · doi:10.1038/s41467-021-23879-2 · Cited by 70
Kebrom, T. H., & Mullet, J. E. (2016) · PLANT PHYSIOLOGY · doi:10.1104/pp.16.00014 · Cited by 80
Wang, L., & Ruan, Y. (2015) · Functional Plant Biology · doi:10.1071/fp15249 · Cited by 78
Integrative View of the Diversity and Evolution of SWEET and SemiSWEET Sugar Transporters
Jia, B., Zhu, X. F., Pu, Z. J., Duan, Y., Hao, L., Zhang, J., Chen, L., Jeon, C. O., & Xuan, Y. (2017) · Frontiers in Plant Science · doi:10.3389/fpls.2017.02178 · Cited by 78
Self-citationBrain metabolism in Alzheimer’s disease: biological mechanisms of exercise
Xu, L., Liu, R., Qin, Y., & Wang, T. (2023) · Translational Neurodegeneration · doi:10.1186/s40035-023-00364-y · Cited by 78
“GLUTs are essential for the maintenance of cerebral energy metabolism homeostasis [36].”
BackgroundAndrianifahanana, M., Hernandez, D. M., Yin, X., Kang, J. H., Jung, M., Wang, Y., Yi, E. S., Roden, A. C., LIMPER, A. H., & Leof, E. B. (2016) · The FASEB Journal · doi:10.1096/fj.201600428r · Cited by 76
Glycan-based biomarkers for diagnosis of cancers and other diseases: Past, present, and future
Hu, M., Lan, Y., Lu, A., Ma, X., & Zhang, L. (2019) · Progress in molecular biology and translational science · doi:10.1016/bs.pmbts.2018.12.002 · Cited by 74
Energy metabolism: A newly emerging target of BMP signaling in bone homeostasis
Yang, J., Ueharu, H., & Mishina, Y. M. (2020) · Bone · doi:10.1016/j.bone.2020.115467 · Cited by 76
“Glucose is processed to generate ATP through glycolysis in the cytoplasm and oxidative phosphorylation in the mitochondria [19].”
BackgroundTemporal and spatial transcriptomic and micro RNA dynamics of CAM photosynthesis in pineapple
Wai, C. M., VanBuren, R., Zhang, J., Huang, L., Miao, W., Edger, P. P., Yim, W. C., Priest, H. D., Meyers, B. C., Mockler, T. C., et al. (2017) · The Plant Journal · doi:10.1111/tpj.13630 · Cited by 71
MOTHER‐OF‐FT‐AND‐TFL1 regulates the seed oil and protein content in soybean
Cai, Z., Xian, P., Cheng, Y., Zhong, Y., Yang, Y., Zhou, Q., Lian, T., Ma, Q., Nian, H., & Ge, L. (2023) · New Phytologist · doi:10.1111/nph.18792 · Cited by 71
Yao, L., Ding, C., Hao, X., Zeng, J., Yang, Y., Wang, X., & Wang, L. (2020) · Plant and Cell Physiology · doi:10.1093/pcp/pcaa091 · Cited by 68
The glucose transporter GLUT1 is required for ErbB2-induced mammary tumorigenesis
Wellberg, E. A., Johnson, S. J., Finlay-Schultz, J., Lewis, A. S., Terrell, K. L., Sartorius, C. A., Abel, E. D., Muller, W. J., & Anderson, S. M. (2016) · Breast Cancer Research · doi:10.1186/s13058-016-0795-0 · Cited by 65
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SWEET11b transports both sugar and cytokinin in developing barley grains
Radchuk, V. V., Belew, Z. M., Gündel, A., Mayer, S., Hilo, A., Hensel, G., Sharma, R. K., Neumann, K., Ortleb, S., Wagner, S., et al. (2023) · The Plant Cell · doi:10.1093/plcell/koad055 · Cited by 59
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“In vascular plants, sucrose is synthesized in leaves and then transported and loaded into phloem via symplastic or apoplastic pathways by sugar transporters (Chen et al., 2015; Khadilkar et al., 2016; Nieberl et al., 2017).”
BackgroundCellular export of sugars and amino acids: role in feeding other cells and organisms
Kim, J.-Y., Loo, E. P. I., Pang, T. Y., Lercher, M. J., Frommer, W. B., & Wudick, M. M. (2021) · PLANT PHYSIOLOGY · doi:10.1093/plphys/kiab228 · Cited by 55
Self-citationMolecular Characterization of LjSWEET3, a Sugar Transporter in Nodules ofLotus japonicus
Sugiyama, A., Saida, Y., Yoshimizu, M., Takanashi, K., Sosso, D., Frommer, W. B., & Yazaki, K. (2016) · Plant and Cell Physiology · doi:10.1093/pcp/pcw190 · Cited by 55
Self-citationRaffinose family oligosaccharides (RFOs): role in seed vigor and longevity
Salvi, P., Varshney, V., & Majee, M. (2022) · Bioscience Reports · doi:10.1042/bsr20220198 · Cited by 55
Progress in rice sheath blight resistance research
Chen, J., Xuan, Y., Yi, J., Xiao, G., Yuan, D. P., & Li, D. (2023) · Frontiers in Plant Science · doi:10.3389/fpls.2023.1141697 · Cited by 57
“Sugar Will Eventually be Exported Transporter (SWEET) proteins transport hexose and sucrose across the cell membrane (Chen et al., 2015).”
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D-Allose Inhibits Cancer Cell Growth by Reducing GLUT1 Expression
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Shao, C., Zhang, C., Lv, Z., & Shen, C. (2021) · Scientia Horticulturae · doi:10.1016/j.scienta.2021.109984 · Cited by 52
Nucleotide-sugar metabolism in plants: the legacy of Luis F. Leloir
Figueroa, C. M., Lunn, J. E., & Iglesias, A. Á. (2021) · Journal of Experimental Botany · doi:10.1093/jxb/erab109 · Cited by 51
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“In this state they take up, at a low rate, glucose—dependent on the cell type—by one of several glucose transporters (GLUTs) (Chen et al., 2015).”
Background
Metadata
- Authors
- Chen, L.-Q., Cheung, L. S., Feng, L., Tanner, W., & Frommer, W. B.
- Affiliations
- Carnegie Institution for Science (US)
- Stanford Medicine (US)
- University of Regensburg (DE)
- Venue
- Annual Review of Biochemistry
- Publisher
- Annual Reviews
- Published
- 2015-06-02
- Volume
- 84
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 865-894
- ISSN
- 0066-4154 (ISSN-L)
- 1545-4509
- OpenAlex
- W2116269912
- Cited by
- 507
- References
- 195
- Citations by year
- 2026: 33 · 2025: 64 · 2024: 64 · 2023: 56 · 2022: 68 · 2021: 51 · 2020: 36 · 2019: 37 · 2018: 30 · 2017: 39 · 2016: 19 · 2015: 10
- FWCI
- 3.39
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- Annual Review of Biochemistry (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- University of Regensburg Publication Server (University of Regensburg) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- National Science Foundation (1401855, 1258018)
- U.S. Department of Energy (DE‐FG02‐, FG02-04ER15542, DEFG0204ER15542)
- Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation (OPP1068450)
- Alfred P. Sloan Foundation
- Office of Science
- Basic Energy Sciences (DE-FG02-04ER15542, DE-FG02)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Plant Science › Plant nutrient uptake and metabolism
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Ion Transport and Channel Regulation
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Metabolism, Diabetes, and Cancer
- Keywords
- sugar transport, sugar transporters, glucose transporters, sodium-glucose cotransporter, sweets, sucrose transport, osmolytes, energy storage, diabetes mellitus, crop yield, pathogen susceptibility
- MeSH terms
- Animals, Biological Transport, Carbohydrates, Humans, Plants, Membrane Transport Proteins, Excitatory Amino Acid Transporter 2, Carbohydrate Metabolism, Plant Cells
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