Beyond Homeostasis: A Predictive-Dynamic Framework for Understanding Cellular Behavior
Abstract
Microbial regulatory strategies have long been understood in terms of the homeostatic framework, in which a response is interpreted as a restoring force counteracting the immediate intracellular consequences of a change in the environment. In this review, we summarize the breadth of recent discoveries of cellular behavior extending beyond the homeostatic framework. We argue that the nonrandom structure of native habitats makes environmental fluctuations inherently multidimensional. Beyond its utility for accurate perception of immediate events, the temporal regularity of this multidimensional correlation structure allows microbes to make predictions about the trajectory of their sensory environment. We describe recently discovered examples of such predictive behavior, their physiological benefits, and the underlying evolutionary forces shaping them. These observations compel us to go beyond homeostasis and consider a predictive-dynamic framework in which cellular behavior is orchestrated in response to the meaning of an environmental perturbation, not only its direct and immediate fitness consequences.
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Even single-celled organisms that lack a brain learn, remember, make predictions, and forage in service to allostasis.
“Even single-celled organisms that lack a brain learn, remember, make predictions, and forage in service to allostasis”
From The theory of constructed emotion: an active inference account of interoception and categorization (2016) · cites this paper as Freddolino and Tavazoie, 2012
All animals run an internal model of their world for the purpose of allostasis.
“All animals run an internal model of their world for the purpose of allostasis”
From The theory of constructed emotion: an active inference account of interoception and categorization (2016) · cites this paper as Freddolino and Tavazoie, 2012
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Recent Transcription-induced Histone H3 Lysine 4 (H3K4) Methylation Inhibits Gene Reactivation
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Global discovery of adaptive mutations
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Self-citationTime at the end of the millennium: the Neurospora clock
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Dynamics of intracellular information decoding
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The theory of constructed emotion: an active inference account of interoception and categorization
Barrett, L. F. (2016) · Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience · doi:10.1093/scan/nsw154 · Cited by 1,426 · see citing works
“Even single-celled organisms that lack a brain learn, remember, make predictions, and forage in service to allostasis (Freddolino and Tavazoie, 2012; Sterling and Laughlin, 2015).”
The theory of constructed emotion: an active inference account of interoception and categorization
Barrett, L. F. (2017) · Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience · doi:10.1093/scan/nsx060 · Cited by 950 · see citing works
“Even single-celled organisms that lack a brain learn, remember, make predictions, and forage in service to allostasis (Freddolino and Tavazoie, 2012; Sterling and Laughlin, 2015).”
The cognitive cell: bacterial behavior reconsidered
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On Having No Head: Cognition throughout Biological Systems
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Bacterial Adaptation through Loss of Function
Hottes, A. K., Freddolino, L., Khare, A., Donnell, Z. N., Liu, J. C., & Tavazoie, S. (2013) · PLoS Genetics · doi:10.1371/journal.pgen.1003617 · Cited by 270 · see citing works
Self-citationThe power of predictions: An emerging paradigm for psychological research
Hutchinson, J. B., & Barrett, L. F. (2019) · Current Directions in Psychological Science · doi:10.1177/0963721419831992 · Cited by 216 · see citing works
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Learning action-oriented models through active inference
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Control mechanisms: Explaining the integration and versatility of biological organisms
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Biological information systems: Evolution as cognition-based information management
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Affective Value in the Predictive Mind
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Cognition, Information Fields and Hologenomic Entanglement: Evolution in Light and Shadow
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Biological evolution as defense of 'self'
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There’s Plenty of Room Right Here: Biological Systems as Evolved, Overloaded, Multi-Scale Machines
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Cellular signaling pathways as plastic, proto-cognitive systems: Implications for biomedicine
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The Theory of Constructed Emotion: More Than a Feeling
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A systematic approach to cancer: evolution beyond selection
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Craving for the future: the brain as a nutritional prediction system
Walker, S. J., Goldschmidt, D., & Ribeiro, C. (2017) · Current Opinion in Insect Science · doi:10.1016/j.cois.2017.07.013 · Cited by 31 · see citing works
Allostatic Changes in the cAMP System Drive Opioid-Induced Adaptation in Striatal Dopamine Signaling
Muntean, B. S., Dao, M. T., & Martemyanov, K. A. (2019) · Cell Reports · doi:10.1016/j.celrep.2019.09.034 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
Learning action-oriented models through active inferencePreprint
Tschantz, A., Seth, A. K., & Buckley, C. L. (2019) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.1101/764969 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
Modeling autopoiesis and cognition with reaction networks
Heylighen, F., & Busseniers, E. (2023) · Biosystems · doi:10.1016/j.biosystems.2023.104937 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
Amemiya, H. M., Goss, T. J., Nye, T. M., Hurto, R. L., Simmons, L. A., & Freddolino, P. L. (2021) · The EMBO Journal · doi:10.15252/embj.2021108708 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
Potter, H. D., & Mitchell, K. J. (2022) · Entropy · doi:10.3390/e24040472 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
Anticipation: Beyond synthetic biology and cognitive robotics
Nasuto, S. J., & Hayashi, Y. (2016) · Biosystems · doi:10.1016/j.biosystems.2016.07.011 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
Sharma, S., Gupta, R., Bhatia, R., Toor, A. P., & Setia, H. (2021) · International Journal of Cognitive Computing in Engineering · doi:10.1016/j.ijcce.2021.03.001 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
Dual role of starvation signaling in promoting growth and recovery
Gurvich, Y., Leshkowitz, D., & Barkai, N. (2017) · PLoS Biology · doi:10.1371/journal.pbio.2002039 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
Biological Prescience: The Role of Anticipation in Organismal Processes
Deans, C. (2021) · Frontiers in Physiology · doi:10.3389/fphys.2021.672457 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
Costa, F. P., Wiedenmann, B. J., Schöll, E., & Tuszyński, J. A. (2024) · Frontiers in Network Physiology · doi:10.3389/fnetp.2024.1483401 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
A self‐propagating, barcoded transposon system for the dynamic rewiring of genomic networks
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Preferences need inferences: Learning, valuation, and curiosity in aesthetic experiencePreprint
de Cruys, S. V., Bervoets, J., & Moors, A. (2021) · doi:10.31234/osf.io/zh6nt · Cited by 17 · see citing works
Tripathi, S., Singh, K. K., & Chandra, R. (2021) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-824448-7.00005-x · Cited by 14 · see citing works
Shreesha, L., & Levin, M. G. (2024) · Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications · doi:10.1016/j.bbrc.2024.150396 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
A bacterial signaling system regulates noise to enable bet hedging
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Almagro, G., Viale, A. M., Montero, M., Muñoz, F. J., Baroja‐Fernández, E., Mori, H., & Pozueta‐Romero, J. (2018) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-018-33647-w · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Categorization is ‘baked’ into the brain
Barrett, L. F., & Miller, E. K. (2026) · Nature reviews. Neuroscience · doi:10.1038/s41583-026-01036-2 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Living cognition and the nature of organisms
Just, B. B., & de Farías, S. T. (2024) · Biosystems · doi:10.1016/j.biosystems.2024.105356 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Exploiting Information and Control Theory for Directing Gene Expression in Cell Populations
Henrion, L., Delvenne, M., Kakahi, F. B., Moreno, F., & Delvigne, F. (2022) · Frontiers in Microbiology · doi:10.3389/fmicb.2022.869509 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Sims, M. (2023) · Biological Theory · doi:10.1007/s13752-022-00426-w · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Nadin, M., & Kurismaa, A. (2015) · International Journal of General Systems · doi:10.1080/03081079.2015.1032074 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Cough-Anal Reflex May Be the Expression of a Pre-Programmed Postural Action
Cavallari, P., Bolzoni, F., Esposti, R., & Bruttini, C. (2017) · Frontiers in Human Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnhum.2017.00475 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
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A case for aneural cognition: E. coli and its cognitive repertoire
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On the origins of anticipation as an evolutionary framework: functional systems perspective
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Spatio-temporal organization of the E. coli chromosome from base to cellular length scales
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Self-citationMajor transitions in the physiological machinery of cognition
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Self-citationSynapses in Digital Medium: Computational Investigations of Neural Basis of Anticipation
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Assimiliating an Associative Trait: from Eco-Physiology to Epigenetics
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Adaptation by stochastic tuning of gene expression in mammalian cellsPreprint
Momen-Roknabadi, A., Oikonomou, P., & Tavazoie, S. (2025) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.1101/2025.05.07.651953 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Self-citationCognition as a global biological process
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Self-citationThe Control Cycle Cognitive Model in Biology, Film and Culture
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Cognition without brains? Learning and memory in microorganisms
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Cognition and the Living Condition
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Biological Prescience: The Role of Anticipation in Organismal DesignPreprint
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Optical multi-physical field imaging within single cells
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- Authors
- Freddolino, L., & Tavazoie, S.
- Affiliations
- Center for Systems Biology (US)
- ORCID
- Tavazoie, Saeed
- Venue
- Annual Review of Cell and Developmental Biology
- Publisher
- Annual Reviews
- Published
- 2012-11-10
- Volume
- 28
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 363-384
- ISSN
- 1081-0706 (ISSN-L)
- 1530-8995
- OpenAlex
- W2128343378
- Cited by
- 65
- References
- 120
- Citations by year
- 2026: 4 · 2025: 6 · 2024: 7 · 2023: 5 · 2022: 6 · 2021: 6 · 2020: 4 · 2019: 4 · 2018: 5 · 2017: 6 · 2016: 4 · 2015: 5 · 2014: 2 · 2013: 1
- FWCI
- 0.10
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Annual Review of Cell and Developmental Biology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institutes of Health (5r01ai077562-14, DP1OD003787)
- National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (R01 R01AI077562)
- National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (DP1ES022578)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Genetics › Bacterial Genetics and Biotechnology
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Gene Regulatory Network Analysis
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Genetics › Evolution and Genetic Dynamics
- Keywords
- microbial homeostasis, environmental variability, temporal regularity
- MeSH terms
- Adaptation, Physiological, Animals, Bacteria, Environment, Fungi, Homeostasis, Humans, Models, Biological, Bacterial Physiological Phenomena, Gastrointestinal Tract
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