Mental Health in Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, and Transgender (LGBT) Youth

Russell, Stephen T.; Fish, Jessica N.

doi:10.1146/annurev-clinpsy-021815-093153

Cited by 1,276LGBTQ Health, Identity, and PolicyGender, Sexuality, and EducationChild and Adolescent Psychosocial and Emotional Development

Mental Health in Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, and Transgender (LGBT) Youth

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Russell, Stephen T., Fish, Jessica N.·2016·Annual Review of Clinical Psychology

DOI 10.1146/annurev-clinpsy-021815-093153PMC PMC4887282

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Abstract

Today's lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender (LGBT) youth come out at younger ages, and public support for LGBT issues has dramatically increased, so why do LGBT youth continue to be at high risk for compromised mental health? We provide an overview of the contemporary context for LGBT youth, followed by a review of current science on LGBT youth mental health. Research in the past decade has identified risk and protective factors for mental health, which point to promising directions for prevention, intervention, and treatment. Legal and policy successes have set the stage for advances in programs and practices that may foster LGBT youth mental health. Implications for clinical care are discussed, and important areas for new research and practice are identified.

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LGBTQ+ individuals report disproportionately high rates of stress-associated concerns-such as depression, anxiety, and suicidality-due to discrimination resulting from their minoritized status.
“When compared to their cisgender, heterosexual counterparts, LGBTQ+ individuals report disproportionately high rates of stress-associated concerns—such as depression, anxiety, and suicidality—due to the discrimination that results from their minoritized status in society (Meyer, 2003; Russell & Fish, 2016).”
From Demonstrating LGBTQ+ Affirmative Practice in Groups:: Developing Competence through Simulation-Based Learning (2022) · cites this paper as Russell & Fish, 2016
The Prevalence of Mental Health Problems Among LGBT Youth section (page not provided) reports higher rates of mood and anxiety symptoms and suicidality among LGBT youth than heterosexual youth. The review also links discrimination and other minority stressors to poorer mental health. The claim extends these findings to LGBTQ+ individuals of all ages and a cisgender comparison group; the review says evidence specifically identifying transgender people remains limited. (LLM, conf=0.83)
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Prejudice, discrimination, harassment, and violence from families, peers, and communities of origin impact LGBQ+ youth mental health, and they experience higher rates of depression, anxiety, self-harm, and suicidal ideation and attempts.
“Prejudice, discrimination, harassment, and violence from families, peers, and communities of origin all impact their mental health and they experience higher rates of depression, anxiety, self-harm, and suicidal ideation and attempts in response (Russell and Fish 2016).”
From Coming Out Queer: Sexual and Romantic Exploration and Identity Development of LGBQ+ College Students (2025) · cites this paper as Russell and Fish 2016

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Clinical Issues in Working With Lesbian, Gay, and Bisexual Clients.
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Relationship Trajectories and Psychological Well-Being Among Sexual Minority Youth
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Cyber and Bias-based Harassment: Associations With Academic, Substance Use, and Mental Health Problems
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Expressive writing for gay-related stress: Psychosocial benefits and mechanisms underlying improvement.
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Experiences Regarding Coming Out to Parents Among African American, Hispanic, and White Gay, Lesbian, Bisexual, Transgender, and Questioning Adolescents
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Identity, Stigma Management, and Well-Being
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Psychosocial concerns of sexual minority youth: complexity and caution in group differences
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Suicidal Ideation and Attempts in North American School-Based Surveys: Are Bisexual Youth at Increasing Risk?
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Adolescent Romance and Emotional Health in the United States: Beyond Binaries
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Envisioning an America Without Sexual Orientation Inequities in Adolescent Health
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Coping With LGBT and Racial–Ethnic‐Related Stressors: A Mixed‐Methods Study of LGBT Youth of Color
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Mental Health Disorders in Young Urban Sexual Minority Men
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GAY AND LESBIAN RIGHTS
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The School Climate for Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, and Transgender (LGBT) Students
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Gender Identity Diagnoses: History and Controversies
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Comfort and conflict in the relationships of pregnant, minority adolescents: Social support as a moderator of social strain
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The DSM-5 Diagnostic Criteria for Gender Dysphoria
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Mental Health Surveillance Among Children — United States, 2013–2019
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Safe Schools? Transgender Youth’s School Experiences and Perceptions of School Climate
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LGBTQI+ Youth and Mental Health: A Systematic Review of Qualitative Research
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Mental health of transgender and gender diverse youth
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Healthcare Experiences Among Young Adults Who Identify as Genderqueer or Nonbinary
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Frequencies and patterns of adverse childhood events in LGBTQ+ youth
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Mental Health Service Utilization Among Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, and Questioning or Queer College Students
Dunbar, M. S., Sontag-Padilla, L. M., Ramchand, R., Seelam, R., & Stein, B. D. (2017) · Journal of Adolescent Health · doi:10.1016/j.jadohealth.2017.03.008 · Cited by 158 · see citing works
General and LGBTQ-specific factors associated with mental health and suicide risk among LGBTQ students
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Adolescents with Gender Dysphoria: Reflections on Some Contemporary Clinical and Research Issues
Zucker, K. J. (2019) · Archives of Sexual Behavior · doi:10.1007/s10508-019-01518-8 · Cited by 153 · see citing works
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Reviewing evidence of LGBTQ+ discrimination and exclusion in sport
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Queering Methodologies to Understand Queer Families
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Safe and supportive schools for LGBT youth: Addressing educational inequities through inclusive policies and practices
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Mental Health Symptoms Associated with Sexualized Drug Use (Chemsex) among Men Who Have Sex with Men: A Systematic Review
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Increased Anxiety and Depression Among Belgian Sexual Minority Groups During the First COVID-19 Lockdown—Results From an Online Survey
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What Is Needed, What Is Valued: Trans Students’ Perspectives on Trans-Inclusive Policies and Practices in Higher Education
Goldberg, A. E., Beemyn, G., & Smith, J. Z. (2018) · Journal of Educational and Psychological Consultation · doi:10.1080/10474412.2018.1480376 · Cited by 138 · see citing works
For Better or for Worse? A Systematic Review of the Evidence on Social Media Use and Depression Among Lesbian, Gay, and Bisexual Minorities
Escobar-Viera, C. G., Whitfield, D. L., Wessel, C. B., Shensa, A. S., Sidani, J. E., Brown, A. L., Chandler, C. J., Hoffman, B. L., Marshal, M. P., & Primack, B. A. (2018) · JMIR Mental Health · doi:10.2196/10496 · Cited by 135 · see citing works
Health care disparities during the COVID-19 pandemic
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A Systematic Review of Family Victimization Experiences Among Sexual Minority Youth
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Cumulative minority stress and suicide risk among LGBTQ youth
Green, A. E., Price, M. N., & Dorison, S. H. (2022) · American Journal of Community Psychology · doi:10.1002/ajcp.12553 · Cited by 133 · see citing works
Disparities for LGBTQ and Gender Nonconforming Adolescents
Baams, L. (2018) · PEDIATRICS · doi:10.1542/peds.2017-3004 · Cited by 134 · see citing works
Investigating the role of social media on mental health
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Authors: Russell, S. T., & Fish, J. N.
Affiliations: Department of Human Development and Family Sciences,
The University of Texas at Austin (US)
ORCID: Russell, Stephen T.
Fish, Jessica N.
Venue: Annual Review of Clinical Psychology
Publisher: Annual Reviews
Published: 2016-03-28
Volume: 12
Issue: 1
Pages: 465-487
ISSN: 1548-5943 (ISSN-L)
1548-5951
DOI: 10.1146/annurev-clinpsy-021815-093153
PMC: PMC4887282
OpenAlex: W2119188853
Cited by: 1,276
References: 150
Citations by year: 2026: 127 · 2025: 161 · 2024: 181 · 2023: 151 · 2022: 155 · 2021: 148 · 2020: 151 · 2019: 95 · 2018: 66 · 2017: 33 · 2016: 6
FWCI: 10.37
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: bronze
doi.org
Locations: Annual Review of Clinical Psychology (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
Funders: National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism (F32AA023138)
Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (R24HD042849, P2CHD042849)
Topics: Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › LGBTQ Health, Identity, and Policy
Social Sciences › Gender Studies › Gender, Sexuality, and Education
Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Child and Adolescent Psychosocial and Emotional Development
Keywords: LGBTQ youth, mental health, sexual minority youth, coming out, risk factors, protective factors, prevention, intervention, treatment, LGBT policy, clinical care, mental health disparities
MeSH terms: Sexual and Gender Minorities, Adolescent, Mental Disorders, Humans

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Mental Health in Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, and Transgender (LGBT) Youth

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