Self-compassion enhances the efficacy of explicit cognitive reappraisal as an emotion regulation strategy in individuals with major depressive disorder
Open accessAbstract
Cognitive reappraisal has been shown to be an effective strategy to regulate depressed mood in healthy and remitted depressed individuals. However, individuals currently suffering from a clinical depression often experience difficulties in utilizing this strategy. Therefore, the goal of this study was to examine whether the efficacy of explicit cognitive reappraisal in major depressive disorder can be enhanced through the use of self-compassion and emotion-focused acceptance as preparatory strategies. Thereby, explicit cognitive reappraisal refers to purposefully identifying, challenging, and modifying depressiogenic cognitions to reduce depressed mood. To test our hypotheses, we induced depressed mood at four points in time in 54 participants (64.8% female; age M = 35.59, SD = 11.49 years) meeting criteria for major depressive disorder. After each mood induction, participants were instructed to either wait, or employ self-compassion, acceptance, or reappraisal to regulate their depressed mood. Depressed mood was assessed before and after each mood induction and regulation period on a visual analog scale. Results indicated that participants who had utilized self-compassion as a preparatory strategy experienced a significantly greater reduction of depressed mood during reappraisal than did those who had been instructed to wait prior to reappraisal. Participants who had used acceptance as a preparatory strategy did not experience a significantly greater reduction of depressed m…
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The therapeutic benefits of the self-compassion intervention have been evident in several studies.
“the therapeutic benefits of the selfcompassion intervention, which has been evident in several studies (Albertson, Neff, & Dill-Shackleford, 2015;Diedrich, Hofmann, Cuijpers, & Berking, 2016;Johnson & O'Brien, 2013;Mosewich, Crocker, Kowalski, & DeLongis, 2013;Neff, 2016a;Odou & Brinker, 2014).”
From When ‘negativity’ becomes obstructive: a novel exploration of the two-factor model of the Self-Compassion Scale and a comparison of self-compassion and self-criticism interventions (2020) · cites this paper as Diedrich et al., 2016
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“This is supported by the findings that the participants allocated to Cluster 2 were higher on both personal resilience and self-compassion resources and is in line with previous findings that individuals who use cognitive appraisal as a coping style at times of adversity have higher levels of various personal resource…”
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“…improves social emotion regulation (Engen and Singer 2015; Klimecki et al. 2013), self-compassion can increase the efficacy of key emotion regulation strategies (Diedrich et al 2016), and compassion training can enhance one’s capability to achieve emotion regulatory goals (Jazaieri et al. 2018).”
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“…& Wilson, 2011), videos of sexual abuse or domestic violence (Chapman et al., 2010; Daros, Williams, et al., 2018; Elices et al., 2012; Jacob et al., 2011), remembering negative memories (Sauer & Baer, 2012), music (Diedrich et al., 2016) or emotionally charged images (Sloan et al., 2010).”
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BackgroundMindfulness Training for Primary Care for Portuguese-Speaking Immigrants: A Pilot Study
Trombka, M., Creedon, T., Demarzo, M., Cuoco, L. T., Smith, L., Oxnard, A., Rozembaque, A. T., Hirayama, M. S., Moreno, N. B., Comeau, A., et al. (2021) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2021.664381 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
“Potential feasibility and acceptability were strongly endorsed by elevated satisfaction scores and by responses which underscored program curriculum that combines traditional “cool” mindfulness with “warm mindfulness” —infused with self-compassion and inner warmth—emotional regulation strategies (26, 87, 88).”
BackgroundExplaining the self‐regulatory role of affect in identity theory: The role of self‐compassion
Strachan, S., Kullman, S. M., Dobrovolskyi, M., Vega, V. Z., Yarema, A., & Patson, C. (2025) · British Journal of Health Psychology · doi:10.1111/bjhp.12783 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
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“Several empirical studies have shown that cognitive reappraisal is strongly related to the positive components of self-compassion (Bakker et al., 2019; Bates et al., 2021; Diedrich et al., 2016).”
Enhancing reappraisal of negative emotional memories with transcranial direct current stimulation
Doerig, N., Seinsche, R. J., Moisa, M., Seifritz, E., Ruff, C. C., & Kleim, B. (2021) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-021-93647-1 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
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“41,42 Ethical Approval All procedures performed in studies involving human participants followed the ethical standards of the Research Ethics Board of the Quaid-e-Azam University, Pakistan, and with the 1964 Helsinki Declaration and its later amendments or comparable ethical standards (Approval No.”
BackgroundHuang, T., & Wang, W.-B. (2024) · BMC Psychology · doi:10.1186/s40359-024-01629-5 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
“Both positive and fear of negative evaluations are negatively correlated with self-compassion [35].”
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“Indeed, experimental evidence suggests that engaging in self-compassion improves the effectiveness of cognitive reappraisal strategies for reducing depressed mood (Diedrich et al., 2016).”
Int-Veen, I., Volz, M., Kroczek, A., Fallgatter, A. J., Ehlis, A., Rubel, J., & Rosenbaum, D. (2024) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2024.1400223 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
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“1 3 disorder who often find cognitive reappraisal challenging (Diedrich et al., 2016).”
BackgroundDragan, N., Kamptner, L., & Riggs, M. L. (2021) · Mindfulness · doi:10.1007/s12671-021-01634-4 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
“Emotion regulation and one’s perception of self (as positive or negative) appear to be common threads underlying the three components of selfcompassion (e.g., Diedrich et al. 2016; Neff and Vonk 2009; Vettese et al. 2011).”
BackgroundJavidi, Z., Prior, K. N., Sloan, T. L., & Bond, M. J. (2021) · Current Psychology · doi:10.1007/s12144-021-01490-4 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Wittkamp, M. F., Krkovic, K., & Lincoln, T. (2020) · Cognitive Therapy and Research · doi:10.1007/s10608-020-10173-6 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
“2012) and an experimental study showed a moderating effect of self-support on the effect of cognitive reappraisal on depressive symptoms (Diedrich et al. 2016).”
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Development and validation of a State-Reappraisal Inventory (SRI).
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Handbuch Emotionsregulation: Zwischen psychischer Gesundheit und Psychopathologie
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Does self-compassion explain variance in sleep quality in women experiencing hot flushes?
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“As expected, downward CFT reactions to avoiding worse alternative outcome was associated with feelings of positive affect such as mood elation, and excitement (Diedrich et al., 2016; Catellani & Bertolotti, 2014; Smallman, 2013).”
BackgroundThe influence of emotion regulation on posttraumatic stress symptoms among Japanese people.
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“These benefits include improved coping, mood regulation, reduced guilt and shame, and decreased fear of evaluation (Arch et al., 2014; Diedrich et al., 2016; Ehret et al., 2018; Ewert et al., 2021; Leary et al., 2007) — processes central to perfectionism and social anxiety.”
Wang, Y., Zhang, Y., Li, X., Yi, L., & Zhang, J. (2025) · Anxiety Stress & Coping · doi:10.1080/10615806.2025.2548254 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
“This compassionate mindset facilitates the adoption of objective and effective emotional processing strategies and enhances empathy towards others (Diedrich et al., 2016; Goetz et al., 2010).”
The Predictive and Mediating Role of Self-Compassion in Substance Use Disorders
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Bauer, J. F., Schindler‐Gmelch, L., Gerczuk, M., Schuller, B. W., & Berking, M. (2024) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.brat.2024.104667 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
“” ; see Velten, 1968; Diedrich et al., 2014; Diedrich et al., 2016 for more details on rationale and efficacy of this procedure).”
InfluentialSelf-citationShi, X.-L., Na, Y., & Zhu, Y. (2024) · Current Psychology · doi:10.1007/s12144-024-06331-8 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
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“…psychology, the usefulness of such strategies is debated with different views concerning the usefulness of reappraisal to control emotion versus acceptance/non-controlling attitude toward emotions (Hofmann et al., 2009; Wolgast et al., 2011; Diedrich et al., 2016; Frederickson et al., 2018).”
BackgroundRanjouri, S., Meyer, D., & Bates, G. W. (2025) · Behavioral Sciences · doi:10.3390/bs15111576 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
“Hofmann et al. (2016) identified interpersonal strategies such as perspective taking and social modelling (i.e., seeking others’ evaluations of the situation and hearing how they have handled similar situations) and soothing (receiving emotional support from others) as important sources of emotion…”
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“[10] This is important to note, as practice of self- compassion has been found to increase the efficacy of cognitive reappraisal among depressed clients.[54] Finally, as psychological distress is generally considered to be related to the transitional experience of young adulthood and university studies, further studie…”
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“Asimismo, diversos estudios han demostrado como el rol de la autocompasión y de la aceptación (como mecanismo inverso a la autocrítica) reducen eficazmente la intensidad de los estados depresivos (Diedrich et al., 2016).”
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Translation and Validation Study of the Korean Self-Compassion Scale
Chae, S. W., Cheon, J. E., Latner, J. D., & Kim, Y.-H. (2024) · Mindfulness · doi:10.1007/s12671-024-02453-z · Cited by 1 · see citing works
“Self-compassion is not only associated with positive psychological variables, but also negatively associated with psychopathology (e.g., Diedrich et al., 2016; Gilbert & Procter, 2006), suggesting self-compassion as a predictive correlate of mental health.”
Ryynanen, J., MacLennan, K., Witten, E., Tipp, C., Wisdom, S., & Chan, S. W. Y. (2023) · Wellcome Open Research · doi:10.12688/wellcomeopenres.19584.1 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
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“045), which confirms recent findings on how self-compassion increases the ability of cognitive reappraisal as self-compassion helps us to look at ourselves and situations we are in with more kindness (47, 113, 114).”
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“More-over, they are more inclined to adopt cognitive reappraisal strategies, viewing negative events as potential opportunities for growth rather than threats or failures (Diedrich et al. 2016).”
State Self-Compassion and Response to Failure: The Mediating Role of Causal Attributions
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“It also helps to explain previous research that found a short self-compassion meditation, but not an acceptance-based meditation, enhanced the effect of subsequent cognitive reappraisal on negative mood in participants diagnosed with depression (Diedrich et al., 2016).”
- Authors
- Diedrich, A., Hofmann, S. G., Cuijpers, P., & Berking, M.
- Affiliations
- Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München (DE)
- Boston University (US)
- Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam (NL)
- Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (DE)
- Corresponding author
- Diedrich, Alice
- Venue
- Behaviour Research and Therapy
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2016-07
- Volume
- 82
- Pages
- 1-10
- ISSN
- 0005-7967 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2343094209
- Cited by
- 164
- References
- 91
- Citations by year
- 2026: 8 · 2025: 13 · 2024: 20 · 2023: 19 · 2022: 14 · 2021: 41 · 2020: 14 · 2019: 6 · 2018: 15 · 2017: 12 · 2016: 2
- FWCI
- 15.60
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- hdl.handle.net
- Licence
- Locations
- Behaviour Research and Therapy (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- VU Research Portal (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- Data Archiving and Networked Services (DANS) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- Funders
- German Research Foundation (BE 4510/3-1/HI 456/6-1, BE 4510/3-2/HI 456/6-2)
- NIH (R01AT007257)
- University of Mainz
- University of Marburg, Germany
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Mindfulness and Compassion Interventions
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Anxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive Processes
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Personality Disorders and Psychopathology
- Keywords
- self-compassion, cognitive reappraisal, emotion regulation, major depressive disorder, mood induction, depressive mood, emotion regulation strategies
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Cognition, Major Depressive Disorder, Emotions, Empathy, Female, Humans, Male, Self Concept, Young Adult
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