Management of Insect Pests with Bt Crops in the United States

Gassmann, Aaron J.; Reisig, Dominic D.

doi:10.1146/annurev-ento-120220-105502

Cited by 131Insect Resistance and GeneticsGenetically Modified Organisms ResearchInsect-Plant Interactions and Control

Management of Insect Pests with Bt Crops in the United States

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Gassmann, Aaron J., Reisig, Dominic D.·2023·Annual Review of Entomology

DOI 10.1146/annurev-ento-120220-105502

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Abstract

Genetically engineered corn and cotton that produce insecticidal toxins derived from the bacterium Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) have been used to manage insect pests in the United States and elsewhere. In some cases, this has led to regional suppression of pest populations and pest eradication within the United States, and these outcomes were associated with reductions in conventional insecticides and increased profits for farmers. In other instances, pests evolved resistance to multiple Bt traits, compromising the capacity of Bt crops to manage pests and leading to increased feeding injury to crops in the field. Several aspects of pest biology and pest–crop interactions were associated with cases where pests remained susceptible versus instances where pests evolved resistance. The viability of future transgenic traits can be improved by learning from these past outcomes. In particular, efforts should be made to delay resistance by increasing the prevalence of refuges and using integrated pest management.

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Following the adoption of Bt crops, reductions in insecticide use have generally led to positive environmental and human health outcomes for farmers, farm workers, and consumers.
“Following the adoption of Bt crops, reductions in insecticide use have generally led to positive environmental and human health outcomes for farmers, farm workers, and consumers ( 57 , 70 ).”
From Environmental impacts of genetically modified crops (2024) · cites this paper as [57]
The paper’s introductory overview (indexed under “acknowledgments”; page unavailable) lists reduced foliar insecticide use and increased biodiversity among benefits of Bt crops. It does not report human-health outcomes for farmers, farm workers, or consumers, or establish that reduced insecticide use caused those outcomes. (LLM, conf=0.86)
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Eichenseer, H., Strohbehn, R., & Burks, J. “. (2008) · Journal of Economic Entomology · doi:10.1093/jee/101.2.555 · Cited by 63 · see citing works
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Fourteen Years ofBtCotton Advances IPM in Arizona
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First transgenic trait for control of plant bugs and thrips in cotton
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Evidence for Field-Evolved Resistance of Striacosta albicosta (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) to Cry1F Bacillus thuringiensis Protein and Transgenic Corn Hybrids in Ontario, Canada
Smith, J. L., Lepping, M. D., Rule, D. M., Farhan, Y., & Schaafsma, A. W. (2017) · Journal of Economic Entomology · doi:10.1093/jee/tox228 · Cited by 58 · see citing works
Inhibition ofHelicoverpa zea(Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) Growth by Transgenic Corn Expressing Bt Toxins and Development of Resistance to Cry1Ab
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Impact of Corn Earworm Injury on Yield of Transgenic Corn Producing Bt Toxins in the Carolinas
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Inheritance and Fitness Costs of Resistance to Cry3Bb1 Corn by Western Corn Rootworm (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae)
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The Pattern of Movements of Adults of the Northern Corn Rootworm Inside and Outside of Corn Fields1
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Effect of Bt Maize and Soil Insecticides on Yield, Injury, and Rootworm Survival: Implications for Resistance Management
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Erratum: Reply to Field-evolved resistance to Bt toxins
Tabashnik, B. E., Gassmann, A. J., Crowder, D. W., & Carrière, Y. (2008) · Nature Biotechnology · doi:10.1038/nbt1208-1383b · Cited by 45 · see citing works
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Impact of Corn Earworm (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) on Field Corn (Poales: Poaceae) Yield and Grain Quality
Bibb, J., Cook, D. R., Catchot, A. L., Musser, F. R., Stewart, S. D., Leonard, B. R., Buntin, G. D., Kerns, D. L., Allen, T. W., & Gore, J. (2018) · Journal of Economic Entomology · doi:10.1093/jee/toy082 · Cited by 44 · see citing works
Western Bean Cutworm,Striacosta albicosta(Smith) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae), as a Potential Pest of Transgenic Cry1AbBacillus thuringiensisCorn Hybrids in South Dakota
Catangui, M. A., & Berg, R. K. (2006) · Environmental Entomology · doi:10.1093/ee/35.5.1439 · Cited by 44 · see citing works
Adult dispersal of Ostrinia nubilalis Hübner (Lepidoptera: Crambidae) and its implications for resistance management in Bt‐maize
Qureshi, J. A., Buschman, L. L., Throne, J. E., & Ramaswamy, S. (2005) · Journal of Applied Entomology · doi:10.1111/j.1439-0418.2005.00966.x · Cited by 43 · see citing works
Monitoring Susceptibility of Western Bean Cutworm (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) Field Populations toBacillus thuringiensisCry1F Protein
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Fitness Costs of Cry1Ab Resistance in a Field-Derived Strain of Ostrinia nubilalis (Lepidoptera: Crambidae)
Crespo, A. L. B., Spencer, T. A., Tan, S. Y., & Siegfried, B. D. (2010) · Journal of Economic Entomology · doi:10.1603/ec09158 · Cited by 41 · see citing works
Bacillus thuringiensis Cry1Ac Resistance Frequency in Tobacco Budworm (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae)
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Resistance to Bt maize by western corn rootworm: insights from the laboratory and the field
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Spatial variation in western corn rootworm (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) susceptibility to Cry3 toxins in Nebraska
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Evaluation of adult emergence and larval root injury for Cry3Bb1‐resistant populations of the western corn rootworm
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Interactions Among Bt Maize, Entomopathogens, and Rootworm Species (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) in the Field: Effects on Survival, Yield, and Root Injury
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Genetic basis of resistance to the Vip3Aa Bt protein in Helicoverpa zea
Yang, F., González, J. C. S., Sword, G. A., & Kerns, D. L. (2020) · Pest Management Science · doi:10.1002/ps.6176 · Cited by 37 · see citing works
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Heliothis virescens and Bt cotton in the United States
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Best Management Practices to Delay the Evolution of Bt Resistance in Lepidopteran Pests Without High Susceptibility to Bt Toxins in North America
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Ecology and Management of the Western Bean Cutworm (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) in Corn and Dry Beans—Revision With Focus on the Great Lakes Region
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Emergence and Abundance of Western Corn Rootworm (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) in Bt Cornfields With Structured and Seed Blend Refuges
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Assessment of Inheritance and Fitness Costs Associated with Field-Evolved Resistance to Cry3Bb1 Maize by Western Corn Rootworm
Paolino, A. R., & Gassmann, A. J. (2017) · Toxins · doi:10.3390/toxins9050159 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
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Identification and Evaluations of Novel Insecticidal Proteins from Plants of the Class Polypodiopsida for Crop Protection against Key Lepidopteran Pests
Liu, L., Schepers, E., Lum, A., Rice, J., Yalpani, N., Gerber, R., Jiménez-Juárez, N., Haile, F. J., Pascual, A., Barry, J. K., et al. (2019) · Toxins · doi:10.3390/toxins11070383 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
Effects of Field History on Corn Root Injury and Adult Abundance of Northern and Western Corn Rootworm (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae)
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Susceptibility of Different Instars of Striacosta albicosta (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) to Vip3A, a Bacillus thuringiensis (Bacillaceae: Bacillales) Protein
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Western corn rootworm abundance, injury to corn, and resistance to Cry3Bb1 in the local landscape of previous problem fields
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Geographic Distribution of Bacillus thuringiensis Cry1F Toxin Resistance in Western Bean Cutworm (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) Populations in the United States
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Inheritance and Fitness Costs of Cry3Bb1 Resistance in Diapausing Field Strains of Western Corn Rootworm (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae)
Shrestha, R. B., & Gassmann, A. J. (2020) · Journal of Economic Entomology · doi:10.1093/jee/toaa213 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
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iJAZ-based approach to engineer lepidopteran pest resistance in multiple crop species
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Assessment of insecticide risk quantification methods: Introducing the Pesticide Risk Tool and its improvements over the Environmental Impact Quotient
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Molecular Mechanisms Underlying Resistance to Bacillus thuringiensis Cry Toxins in Lepidopteran Pests: An Updated Research Perspective
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Inheritance and fitness cost of laboratory-selected resistance to Vip3Aa in Helicoverpa zea (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae)
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Hemocyte response to treatment of susceptible and resistant Asian corn borer (Ostrinia furnacalis) larvae with Cry1F toxin from Bacillus thuringiensis
Prabu, S., Jing, D., Jurat‐Fuentes, J. L., Wang, Z., & He, K. (2022) · Frontiers in Immunology · doi:10.3389/fimmu.2022.1022445 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
Identifying sustainability assessment parameters for genetically engineered agrifoods
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Impact of seed blend and structured maize refuge on Helicoverpa zea ( Lepidoptera: Noctuidae ) potential phenological resistance development parameters in pupae and adults
Pezzini, D. T., Reisig, D. D., Buntin, G. D., Pozo‐Valdivia, A. I. D., Gould, F. L., de Paula-Moraes, S. V., & Reay‐Jones, F. P. F. (2023) · Pest Management Science · doi:10.1002/ps.7529 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
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Cross‐resistance and redundant killing of Vip3Aa resistant populations of Helicoverpa zea on purified Bt proteins and pyramided Bt crops
Kennedy, H., Kerns, D. L., Head, G., & Yang, F. (2023) · Pest Management Science · doi:10.1002/ps.7720 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Insecticide resistance in social insects: assumptions, realities, and possibilities
Scharf, M. E., & Lee, C. (2024) · Current Opinion in Insect Science · doi:10.1016/j.cois.2024.101161 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Chitosan-based Pickering double emulsion microcapsules improve the UV stability and the persistence of Bacillus thuringiensis on mosquito control
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Sequential evolution of resistance by western corn rootworm to multiple Bacillus thuringiensis traits in transgenic maize
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Resistance to Vip3Aa: A Growing Threat with Unclear Mechanisms and Management Implications
Roy, R., Kerns, D. D., & Jurat‐Fuentes, J. L. (2025) · Insects · doi:10.3390/insects16080820 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Inheritance and Fitness Costs of Laboratory-Selected Resistance to Gpp34/Tpp35Ab1 Corn in Western Corn Rootworm (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae)
Smith, E. M., Shrestha, R. B., & Gassmann, A. J. (2023) · Journal of Economic Entomology · doi:10.1093/jee/toad022 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
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Negative association between host plant suitability and the fitness cost of resistance to Bacillus thuringiensis (Bacillales: Bacillaceae)
Carrière, Y., & Tabashnik, B. E. (2024) · Journal of Economic Entomology · doi:10.1093/jee/toae077 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Control Efficacy of the Bt Maize Event DBN3601T Expressing Cry1Ab and Vip3Aa Proteins against Beet Armyworm, Spodoptera exigua (Hübner), in China
Song, C., Yang, X., He, L., Wang, W., & Wu, K. (2024) · Plants · doi:10.3390/plants13141933 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Polygenic response to selection by transgenic Bt-expressing crops in wild Helicoverpa zea and characterization of a major effect locus
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Reduced processing and toxin binding associated with resistance to Vip3Aa in a strain of fall armyworm ( Spodoptera frugiperda ) from Louisiana
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The Gene Editing Business: Rent Extraction in the Biotech Industry
Borg, E., & Policante, A. (2024) · Review of Political Economy · doi:10.1080/09538259.2024.2401480 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Tracking sustainability in crop pest management in the United States using an eco-efficiency index
Love, M., Magarey, R. D., Holderman, B. L., Carley, D. S., Maggi, F., & Singer, N. (2025) · Frontiers in Insect Science · doi:10.3389/finsc.2025.1582496 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Identification of SfABCC2 as the critical receptor for Cry1Fa and Cry1Ab in Spodoptera frugiperda via CRISPR-mediated gene knockouts
Zhang, Z., Wu, S., Long, Y., Huang, W., Bramlett, M., Yang, Y., & Wu, Y. (2025) · Pesticide Biochemistry and Physiology · doi:10.1016/j.pestbp.2025.106526 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Truncated Higiant enhances the bioconversion ability of Hermetia illucens
Wang, S., Kou, Z., Jiang, Y., Tomberlin, J. K., Zhang, W., Wang, S., & Huang, Y. (2025) · Communications Biology · doi:10.1038/s42003-025-08571-1 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Contribution of the transcription factor SfGATAe to Bt Cry toxin resistance in Spodoptera frugiperda through reduction of ABCC2 expression
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Downregulation of APN1 and ABCC2 mutation in Bt Cry1Ac-resistant Trichoplusia ni are genetically independent
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Factors Affecting Population Dynamics of Helicoverpa zea (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) in a Mixed Landscape with Bt Cotton and Peanut
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Western Corn Rootworm Resistance to Bt Maize within the Midwestern Agricultural Landscape
Gassmann, A. J., & Meinke, L. J. (2024) · CABI eBooks · doi:10.1079/9781800622777.0009 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
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Cry1Ba1-mediated toxicity of transgenic Bergera koenigii and Citrus sinensis to the Asian citrus psyllid Diaphorina citri
Orbović, V., Ravanfar, S. A., Achor, D., Shilts, T., Ibanez-Carrasco, F., Banerjee, R., El-Mohtar, C. A., Stelinski, L. L., & Bonning, B. C. (2023) · Frontiers in Insect Science · doi:10.3389/finsc.2023.1125987 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Bacillus thuringiensis-derived pesticidal proteins toxic to the whitefly, Bemisia tabaci
Tavares, C. S., Wang, X., Ghosh, S., Mishra, R., & Bonning, B. C. (2025) · Journal of Invertebrate Pathology · doi:10.1016/j.jip.2025.108291 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Larval density‐dependent mortality of western corn rootworm (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) in Bt and non‐Bt maize and implications on dose calculations †
McCulloch, J. B., & Gassmann, A. J. (2024) · Pest Management Science · doi:10.1002/ps.8110 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
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Development of resistance monitoring for Helicoverpa armigera (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) resistance to pyramided Bt cotton in China
Ruan, J., Yang, Y., Carrière, Y., & Wu, Y. (2024) · Journal of Economic Entomology · doi:10.1093/jee/toae194 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
How can policymakers and researchers develop effective insect resistance management guidelines? A quantitative and qualitative study of Brazilian farmers' perspectives and attitudes
Pezzini, D. T., Delborne, J., & Reisig, D. D. (2023) · Plants People Planet · doi:10.1002/ppp3.10352 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
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The Parasporal Body of Bacillus thuringiensis subsp. israelensis: A Unique Phage Capsid-Associated Prokaryotic Insecticidal Organelle
Rudd, S. R., Miranda, L. S., Curtis, H. R., Bigot, Y., Díaz‐Mendoza, M., Hice, R. H., Nizet, V., Park, H.-W., Blaha, G. M., Federici, B. A., et al. (2023) · Biology · doi:10.3390/biology12111421 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
The beta pore-forming bacterial pesticidal protein Tpp78Aa1 is toxic to the Asian citrus psyllid vector of the citrus greening bacterium
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Relative activity of 15 bacterial strains against the larvae of Helicoverpa armigera, Spodoptera exigua, and Spodoptera litura (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae)
Cao, S., Du, X.-X., Chen, G., Zeng, A.-P., & Yu, H. (2023) · Journal of Economic Entomology · doi:10.1093/jee/toad147 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Field-Evolved Resistance to Bt Cry Toxins in Lepidopteran Pests: Insights into Multilayered Regulatory Mechanisms and Next-Generation Management Strategies
Xie, J., He, W., Qiu, M., Lin, J., Shu, H., Wang, J., & Liu, L. (2026) · Toxins · doi:10.3390/toxins18020060 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Linking Corn Earworm Populations and Management to Landscapes Across North America
Huseth, A. S., Reisig, D. D., & Hutchison, W. D. (2024) · CABI eBooks · doi:10.1079/9781800622777.0010 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
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Selection of stable reference genes for accurate reverse-transcription quantitative PCR in cotton-herbivore studies using virus-induced gene silencing
Clark, M. K., Behmer, S. T., & Sword, G. A. (2025) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-025-08940-0 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Bacterial Pesticidal Protein Mpp51Aa1 Delivered via Transgenic Citrus Severely Impacts the Fecundity of Asian Citrus Psyllid, Diaphorina citri
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Influence of ‘Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus’ infection on the susceptibility of Asian citrus psyllid, Diaphorina citri to Bacillus thuringiensis pesticidal proteins, Mpp51Aa1 and Cry1Ba1
Kishk, A., Carneiro, C. D. S., Mishra, R., Bonning, B. C., & Killiny, N. (2023) · Journal of Invertebrate Pathology · doi:10.1016/j.jip.2023.107972 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Susceptibility of northern corn rootworm (Diabrotica barberi) populations to Cry3Bb1 and Gpp34/Tpp35Ab1 proteins in seedling and diet overlay toxicity assays
Pereira, A. E., Huynh, M. P., Paddock, K. J., Geisert, R. W., Torrez, V. C., Knodel, J. J., Moellenbeck, D. J., Reinders, J. D., Meinke, L. J., Schneider, S. K., et al. (2023) · Journal of Economic Entomology · doi:10.1093/jee/toad221 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Comparative Analysis of Mechanical In-Field Corn Residue Shredding Methods: Evaluating Particle Size Distribution and Rating of Structural Integrity of Corn Stalk Segments
Ramm, S., Voßhenrich, H. H., Hasler, M., Reckleben, Y., & Hartung, E. (2024) · Agriculture · doi:10.3390/agriculture14020263 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Effects of combining soil-applied insecticide and Bt corn for integrated pest management and resistance management of western corn rootworm (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae)
McCulloch, J. B., & Gassmann, A. J. (2024) · Journal of Economic Entomology · doi:10.1093/jee/toae149 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
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The sandwich feeding assay for use with first instar nymphs of the Asian citrus psyllid, Diaphorina citri confirms the high susceptibility of this life stage to bacterial pesticidal proteins
Tavares, C. S., Stelinski, L. L., & Bonning, B. C. (2024) · Journal of Invertebrate Pathology · doi:10.1016/j.jip.2024.108208 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Evaluation of the Control Efficacy of Bt Maize Expressing Cry1Ab and Vip3Aa Proteins Against Agrotis ypsilon (Rottemberg)
Wang, W., He, Y., Yu, H., Yang, X., & Wu, K. (2025) · Insects · doi:10.3390/insects16020119 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Assessing market failures driving pesticide resistance
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Selection Behavior of the Beet Armyworm, Spodoptera exigua (Hübner) Between Bt Maize and Conventional Maize Plants
Song, C., Yang, X., Kang, G., He, L., Wang, W., Han, X., Xie, Y., & Wu, K. (2025) · Insects · doi:10.3390/insects16101059 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Evaluation of the Ecological Environment Affected by Cry1Ah1 in Poplar
Movahedi, A., Wei, H., Alhassan, A. R., Dzinyela, R., Wang, P., Sun, W., Zhuge, Q., & Xu, C. (2022) · Life · doi:10.3390/life12111830 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Exposure to Cry1 Toxins Increases Long Flight Tendency in Susceptible but Not in Cry1F-Resistant Female Spodoptera frugiperda (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae)
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Susceptibility and diagnostic concentration for Bacillus thuringiensis toxins and newer chemical insecticides in Spodoptera frugiperda (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) from China
Guan, F., Zhang, Z., Lin, Y., Liu, X., Wang, X., Yang, Y., Carrière, Y., & Wu, Y. (2023) · Journal of Economic Entomology · doi:10.1093/jee/toad176 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Genetic Transformation of Torenia fournieri L. with the Bacillus thuringiensis Cry1Ab Gene Confers Resistance to Mythimna separata (Walker)
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Evaluation of GS ‐omega/kappa‐Hxtx‐Hv1a and Bt toxins against Bt‐resistant and ‐susceptible strains of Helicoverpa zea (Boddie) and Spodoptera frugiperda (J.E. Smith)
Ross, S., Yang, F., Santiago‐González, J. C., Abdelgaffar, H., Kerns, D. D., Jurat‐Fuentes, J. L., Sun, X., Collett, D., & Kerns, D. L. (2025) · Pest Management Science · doi:10.1002/ps.8725 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Role of microbial pesticides in pest control for lepidopteran: research status and prospect
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Gut plasma membrane proteomes of adults and larvae of the European honey bee, Apis mellifera
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Applying a computer model to evaluate the evolution of resistance by western corn rootworm to multiple Bt traits in transgenic maize
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Preventative insecticides reduce seedling injury, but do not increase yield in Bt and non‐Bt corn grown in the mid‐Atlantic
Cramer, M. E., & Hamby, K. A. (2025) · Pest Management Science · doi:10.1002/ps.8694 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Species Identification of Caterpillar Eggs by Machine Learning Using a Convolutional Neural Network and Massively Parallelized Microscope
Efromson, J. P., Lawrie, R. D., Doman, J., Bertone, M. A., Bègue, A., Harfouche, M., Reisig, D. D., & Roe, R. M. (2022) · Agriculture · doi:10.3390/agriculture12091440 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
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Honey Beekeeping in Agricultural Landscapes: Addressing the Stresses of Pesticide Exposure and Limited Forage
O’Neal, M. E., & Hall, M. J. (2024) · CABI eBooks · doi:10.1079/9781800622777.0012 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Establishing best practices for insect resistance management: a new paradigm for genetically engineered toxins in cotton expressing Mpp51Aa2
Reisig, D. D., & Huseth, A. S. (2024) · Journal of Economic Entomology · doi:10.1093/jee/toae312 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
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Next-Gen Strategies in Host Plant Resistance to Insects: Breakthroughs and Future Horizons
Jasrotia, P., Kumari, P., & Kashyap, P. L. (2025) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-981-96-2508-6_11 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Genome-wide association study and candidate gene identification for fall armyworm resistance in maize (Zea mays L.)
Wang, T., Wang, C., Guan, M., Zheng, Y., Sun, L., Yu, H., Chen, L., Wang, Y., Wu, D., & Du, J. (2025) · Gene · doi:10.1016/j.gene.2025.149598 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Bt in the Spotlight: Defending Its Relevance in an RNAi-Driven Future
Ayra‐Pardo, C., & Wright, D. J. (2025) · Insects · doi:10.3390/insects16080837 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Pyramiding of cry genes in high-dose transgenic eucalyptus provides control of Thyrinteina arnobia (Lepidoptera: Geometridae) and reduces the risk of resistance
Bortoli, C. P. D., Kanno, R. H., Candelaria, M. C., Ferreira, É. A. S., Rocha, L. D. S., Gomes, L. M. F., dos Santos, A. A., Rocha, C., Avisar, D., Jurat‐Fuentes, J. L., et al. (2025) · GM crops & food · doi:10.1080/21645698.2025.2604373 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Precision pest management: Genome editing tools, specifically CRISPR/Cas9 and future prospects
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Commercial planting of genetically modified maize lowers pest damage, yield loss and pesticide usage in Northeast China
Quan, Y., Wang, L., Li, X. H., Huang, L., Qu, X., Li, G., Xu, X., Wang, X., & Wu, K. (2026) · Pest Management Science · doi:10.1002/ps.70796 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Moving beyond grower compliance: why Bt corn resistance management depends on system-level coordination
Reisig, D. D., & Dentzman, K. E. (2026) · Journal of Economic Entomology · doi:10.1093/jee/toag104 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
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Cross-Regional Pollination Behavior of Trichoplusia ni between China and the Indo-China Peninsula
Zhou, X., Jia, H., Zhang, H., & Wu, K. (2023) · Plants · doi:10.3390/plants12213778 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Transgenes in Mexican Maize: Evidence of Increased Productivity, Lower Environmental Impacts, and No Impact on Maize Diversity
Blanco, C. A., & Hernández, G. (2024) · Southwestern Entomologist · doi:10.3958/059.049.0136 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Synergistic effect of Bt (Cry1Ab + Vip3Aa) maize with emamectin benzoate and chlorantraniliprole against the fall armyworm, Spodoptera frugiperda
Wang, W., Kang, G., Chen, S., Zhang, D., Zhao, S., Li, H., Yang, X., Xiao, Y., Liang, G., & Wu, K. (2025) · Journal of Pest Science · doi:10.1007/s10340-025-01897-z · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Influence of Heliothinae (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) pests on cotton yield components across a range of planting dates in the southeastern USA
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Use of gut binding peptides as artificial anchors for bacterial pesticidal proteins
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Western Corn Rootworm Resistance to Bt Maize within the Midwestern Agricultural Landscape
Gassmann, A. J., & Meinke, L. J. (2024) · CABI eBooks · doi:10.1079/97818006227777.0009 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
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Individual transmembrane domains of SfABCC2 from Spodoptera frugiperda do not serve as functional Cry1F receptors
Zhong, J., dos Santos, R. F., Abdelgaffar, H., Bortoli, C. P. D., Raza, A., & Jurat‐Fuentes, J. L. (2024) · Pesticide Biochemistry and Physiology · doi:10.1016/j.pestbp.2024.105777 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Linking Corn Earworm Populations and Management to Landscapes Across North America
Huseth, A. S., Reisig, D. D., & Hutchison, W. D. (2024) · CABI eBooks · doi:10.1079/97818006227777.0010 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
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Genetic evidence of bimodal dispersal distances among adult western corn rootworm (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae)
Kim, K. S., Coates, B. S., Nason, J. D., Caprio, M. A., Spencer, J. L., Friedenberg, N. A., & Sappington, T. W. (2025) · Environmental Entomology · doi:10.1093/ee/nvaf046 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Docking and Simulation Study of Fusion Protein (Cry1Ac-Vip3aa) with Aminopeptidase N Receptor of Helicoverpa armigera (Hubner)
Singh, A., Iyyappan, Y., Rakesh, V., Gupta, M., & Kaur, S. (2025) · Indian Journal of Entomology · doi:10.55446/ije.2025.3053 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Helicoverpa zea selected on Bt corn have wing shapes better suited to long distance flight
Mikac, K. M., Davila, J. H. D., Powley, M., Barclay, S., Pezzini, D. T., & Reisig, D. D. (2025) · Environmental Entomology · doi:10.1093/ee/nvaf117 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
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Why just fly?
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Indole synergizes the striped cucumber beetle (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) response to aggregation pheromone without attracting pollinators
Kaplan, I., Grettenberger, I. M., Haber, A. I., Jean, S., Kuhar, T. P., Nunez, D. A., Weber, D. C., & Youngblood, R. M. (2026) · Journal of Economic Entomology · doi:10.1093/jee/toaf349 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Caenorhabditis elegans: A Model System for Accelerating Studies on Bacillus thuringiensis Infection in Insects
Sun, M., Shi, J., & Bravo, A. (2026) · Annual Review of Entomology · doi:10.1146/annurev-ento-121423-013612 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
The long and short of it: Distinct natural crystal packing strategies of Cry toxins from Bacillus thuringiensis
Best, H. L., Williamson, L. J., Cutts, A., Galchenkova, M., Yefanov, O. M., Bryce-Sharron, N., Heath, E. A., de Wijn, R., Schubert, R., Munke, A., et al. (2026) · Structure · doi:10.1016/j.str.2026.01.014 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Quantifying yield losses from Bt resilience among maize cultivars in South Africa
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Bt agave: why it is time to explore a new biotechnological frontier
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Beneficial bacteria, Bacillus thuringiensis: Mini review on mechanisms, applications, and future prospects
Haque, S. I., Seo, J.-H., & Park, Y. (2026) · Journal of Natural Pesticide Research · doi:10.1016/j.napere.2026.100214 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
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Authors: Gassmann, A. J., & Reisig, D. D.
Affiliations: Iowa State University (US)
North Carolina State University (US)
ORCID: Gassmann, Aaron J.
Reisig, Dominic D.
Venue: Annual Review of Entomology
Publisher: Annual Reviews
Published: 2023-01-23
Volume: 68
Issue: 1
Pages: 31-49
ISSN: 0066-4170 (ISSN-L)
1545-4487
DOI: 10.1146/annurev-ento-120220-105502
OpenAlex: W4297516574
Cited by: 130
References: 135
Citations by year: 2026: 29 · 2025: 38 · 2024: 35 · 2023: 25 · 2022: 3
FWCI: 2.63
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: hybrid
doi.org
Licence: cc-by
creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ (unspecified)
Locations: Annual Review of Entomology (publishedVersion, cc-by)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Iowa State University Digital Repository (Iowa State University) (submittedVersion)
Topics: Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Insect Resistance and Genetics
Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Plant Science › Genetically Modified Organisms Research
Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Insect Science › Insect-Plant Interactions and Control
Keywords: Bt crops, insect pest management, insecticide resistance, resistance management, refuge, integrated pest management, genetically modified crops, pest eradication, feeding injury, pest biology, United States
MeSH terms: Animals, Bacillus thuringiensis, Bacterial Proteins, Endotoxins, Hemolysin Proteins, Insecticide Resistance, Insecta, Moths, Pest Control, Biological, United States, Crops, Agricultural, Plants, Genetically Modified

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Management of Insect Pests with Bt Crops in the United States

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