The DOI matches its Crossref record; 232 of the 232 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Germinal Centers
Abstract
Germinal centers (GCs) were described more than 125 years ago as compartments within secondary lymphoid organs that contained mitotic cells. Since then, it has become clear that this structure is the site of B cell clonal expansion, somatic hypermutation, and affinity-based selection, the combination of which results in the production of high-affinity antibodies. Decades of anatomical and functional studies have led to an overall model of how the GC reaction and affinity-based selection operate. More recently, the introduction of intravital imaging into the GC field has opened the door to direct investigation of certain key dynamic features of this microanatomic structure, sparking renewed interest in the relationship between cell movement and affinity maturation. We review these and other recent advances in our understanding of GCs, focusing on cellular dynamics and on the mechanism of selection of high-affinity B cells.
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“The persistent clones expand without accumulating large numbers of additional mutations, indicating that clonal expansion of human memory B cells does not require re-entry into germinal centres and occurs in the activated B cell compartment17,27–31.”
From Naturally enhanced neutralizing breadth against SARS-CoV-2 one year after infection (2021) · cites this paper as [29]
In the citing paper
“Continued antibody evolution in germinal centres requires antigen, which can be retained in these structures over long periods of time29.”
From Naturally enhanced neutralizing breadth against SARS-CoV-2 one year after infection (2021) · cites this paper as [29]
Citations
Cites
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Follicular Helper CD4 T Cells (T FH )
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Self-citationAutoimmune Dilated Cardiomyopathy in PD-1 Receptor-Deficient Mice
Nishimura, H., Okazaki, T., Tanaka, Y., Nakatani, K., Hara, M., Matsumori, A., Sasayama, S., Mizoguchi, A., Hiai, H., Minato, N., et al. (2001) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.291.5502.319 · Cited by 1,868
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Clonal selection and learning in the antibody system
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Bcl6 mediates the development of T follicular helper cells
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Griffith, J. W., Sokol, C. L., & Luster, A. D. (2014) · Annual Review of Immunology · doi:10.1146/annurev-immunol-032713-120145 · Cited by 2,119
T follicular helper cell differentiation, function, and roles in disease
Crotty, S. (2014) · Immunity · doi:10.1016/j.immuni.2014.10.004 · Cited by 1,847
Evolution of antibody immunity to SARS-CoV-2
Gaebler, C., Wang, Z., Lorenzi, J. C. C., Muecksch, F., Finkin, S., Tokuyama, M., Cho, A., Jankovic, M., Schaefer-Babajew, D., Oliveira, T. Y., et al. (2021) · Nature · doi:10.1038/s41586-021-03207-w · Cited by 1,674
Self-citationT follicular helper cell biology: a decade of discovery and diseases
Crotty, S. (2019) · Immunity · doi:10.1016/j.immuni.2019.04.011 · Cited by 1,591
The generation of antibody-secreting plasma cells
Nutt, S. L., Hodgkin, P. D., Tarlinton, D. M., & Corcoran, L. M. (2015) · Nature reviews. Immunology · doi:10.1038/nri3795 · Cited by 1,565
Metadata
- Authors
- Victora, G. D., & Nussenzweig, M. C.
- Affiliations
- Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research (US)
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute (US)
- Venue
- Annual Review of Immunology
- Publisher
- Annual Reviews
- Published
- 2012-04-23
- Volume
- 30
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 429-457
- ISSN
- 0732-0582 (ISSN-L)
- 1545-3278
- OpenAlex
- W4246504300
- Cited by
- 1,878
- References
- 232
- Citations by year
- 2026: 107 · 2025: 81 · 2024: 89 · 2023: 110 · 2022: 178 · 2021: 207 · 2020: 183 · 2019: 155 · 2018: 142 · 2017: 150 · 2016: 141 · 2015: 139 · 2014: 106 · 2013: 69 · 2012: 20
- FWCI
- 9.85
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Annual Review of Immunology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Immunology and Microbiology › Immunology › T-cell and B-cell Immunology
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Pathology and Forensic Medicine › Lymphoma Diagnosis and Treatment
- Life Sciences › Immunology and Microbiology › Immunology › Immune Response and Inflammation
- Keywords
- germinal center, B cell clonal expansion, somatic hypermutation, affinity maturation, high-affinity antibodies, intravital imaging, secondary lymphoid organs, B cell microenvironment
- MeSH terms
- Animals, B-Lymphocytes, Humans, Self Tolerance, Germinal Center
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