Complement and Its Receptors: New Insights into Human Disease
Open accessAbstract
Although new activation and regulatory mechanisms are still being identified, the basic architecture of the complement system has been known for decades. Two major roles of complement are to control certain bacterial infections and to promote clearance of apoptotic cells. In addition, although inappropriate complement activation has long been proposed to cause tissue damage in human inflammatory and autoimmune diseases, whether this is indeed true has been uncertain. However, recent studies in humans, especially those using newly available biological therapeutics, have now clearly demonstrated the pathophysiologic importance of the complement system in several rare diseases. Beyond these conditions, recent genetic studies have strongly supported an injurious role for complement in a wide array of human inflammatory, degenerative, and autoimmune diseases. This review includes an overview of complement activation, regulatory, and effector mechanisms. It then focuses on new understandings gained from genetic studies, ex vivo analyses, therapeutic trials, and animal models as well as on new research opportunities.
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Additional inducers of low-grade inflammation are nutrients and metabolites acting as DAMPs and commensal bacteria representing a source of PAMPs/MAMPs.
“Additional inducers of low-grade inflammation are nutrients and metabolites acting as DAMPs (e.g., free fatty acids, oxidized lipoproteins) and commensal bacteria representing a source of PAMPs [sometimes also described with the more global term microbe-associated molecular patterns (MAMPs), as they are not necessarily pathogenic] (189, 240, 244, 295, 329, 347).”
From The Sleep-Immune Crosstalk in Health and Disease (2019) · cites this paper as [240]
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The Sleep-Immune Crosstalk in Health and Disease
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Immune complement and coagulation dysfunction in adverse outcomes of SARS-CoV-2 infection
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Immunomodulatory Biomaterials for Tissue Repair
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Sialylation of IgG Fc domain impairs complement-dependent cytotoxicity
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Humoral Responses and Serological Assays in SARS-CoV-2 Infections
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Neutrophils and neutrophil extracellular traps in the liver and gastrointestinal system
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Therapeutic Targeting of the Complement System: From Rare Diseases to Pandemics
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Phagocytosis of Necrotic Debris at Sites of Injury and Inflammation
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The gut-liver axis in sepsis: interaction mechanisms and therapeutic potential
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Neutrophil-Mediated Phagocytosis of Staphylococcus aureus
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Complement receptors and their role in leukocyte recruitment and phagocytosis
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Receptor-Mediated NETosis on Neutrophils
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Compendium of current complement therapeutics
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The “ins and outs” of complement‐driven immune responses
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Complement activation and endothelial perturbation parallel COVID-19 severity and activity
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Why do we study animal toxins?
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Complement in the Initiation and Evolution of Rheumatoid Arthritis
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Self-citationMyasthenia gravis: the changing treatment landscape in the era of molecular therapies
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Role of the complement system in the tumor microenvironment
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Complement in therapy and disease
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Complement Inhibitors in Clinical Trials for Glomerular Diseases
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Challenges Posed by Immune Responses to AAV Vectors: Addressing Root Causes
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Immunogenicity assessment of AAV-based gene therapies: An IQ consortium industry white paper
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- Authors
- Holers, V. M.
- Affiliations
- University of Colorado Anschutz (US)
- Corresponding author
- Holers, V. Michael
- ORCID
- Holers, V. Michael
- Venue
- Annual Review of Immunology
- Publisher
- Annual Reviews
- Published
- 2014-03-21
- Volume
- 32
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 433-459
- ISSN
- 0732-0582 (ISSN-L)
- 1545-3278
- OpenAlex
- W2163243965
- Cited by
- 430
- References
- 152
- Citations by year
- 2026: 21 · 2025: 25 · 2024: 33 · 2023: 27 · 2022: 39 · 2021: 48 · 2020: 46 · 2019: 42 · 2018: 34 · 2017: 40 · 2016: 36 · 2015: 27 · 2014: 10 · 2013: 1
- FWCI
- 3.68
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- Annual Review of Immunology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- Lupus Research Alliance
- National Institutes of Health
- National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (R21AI105717)
- National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases (R01AR051749)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Immunology and Microbiology › Immunology › Complement system in diseases
- Life Sciences › Immunology and Microbiology › Immunology › Biomarkers in Disease Mechanisms
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Genetics › Coagulation, Bradykinin, Polyphosphates, and Angioedema
- Keywords
- complement system, complement receptors, complement activation, complement regulation, efferocytosis, bacterial infection, inflammatory diseases, autoimmune disease, degenerative diseases, rare diseases, genetic research, complement therapeutics, tissue damage
- MeSH terms
- Animals, Carrier Proteins, Complement System Proteins, Complement Activation, Disease Models, Animal, Disease Susceptibility, Humans, Protein Binding, Receptors, Complement, Signal Transduction, Genetic Predisposition to Disease
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