Astrocytes as secretory cells of the central nervous system: idiosyncrasies of vesicular secretion
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Astrocytes are housekeepers of the central nervous system (CNS) and are important for CNS development, homeostasis and defence. They communicate with neurones and other glial cells through the release of signalling molecules. Astrocytes secrete a wide array of classic neurotransmitters, neuromodulators and hormones, as well as metabolic, trophic and plastic factors, all of which contribute to the gliocrine system. The release of neuroactive substances from astrocytes occurs through several distinct pathways that include diffusion through plasmalemmal channels, translocation by multiple transporters and regulated exocytosis. As in other eukaryotic cells, exocytotic secretion from astrocytes involves divergent secretory organelles (synaptic-like microvesicles, dense-core vesicles, lysosomes, exosomes and ectosomes), which differ in size, origin, cargo, membrane composition, dynamics and functions. In this review, we summarize the features and functions of secretory organelles in astrocytes. We focus on the biogenesis and trafficking of secretory organelles and on the regulation of the exocytotic secretory system in the context of healthy and diseased astrocytes.
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Astrocytes are one of the major secretory cells in the CNS, responsible for secretion of neurotransmitters, growth factors, inflammatory mediators, and toxic proteins.
“An accumulating body of evidence emphasizes astrocytes as one of the major secretory cells in the CNS, responsible for secretion of neurotransmitters, growth factors, inflammatory mediators, and toxic proteins [33].”
From Crosstalk between astrocytes and microglia results in increased degradation of α-synuclein and amyloid-β aggregates (2021) · cites this paper as [33]
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“of neurotransmitters, growth factors, inflammatory mediators, and toxic proteins [33].”
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Astrocytes in mouse models of tauopathies acquire early deficits and lose neurosupportive functions
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Reactive Astrocytes in Brain Metastasis
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The homeostatic astroglia emerges from evolutionary specialization of neural cells
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Self-citationAstroglia in Sepsis Associated Encephalopathy
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Self-citationAmyloid-β oligomers in cellular models of Alzheimer’s disease
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Astrocytic signaling supports hippocampal–prefrontal theta synchronization and cognitive function
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Self-citationAstroglia-Derived ATP Modulates CNS Neuronal Circuits
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Crosslink between calcium and sodium signalling
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Self-citationSatellite Glial Cells and Astrocytes, a Comparative Review
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The gliotransmitter ACBP controls feeding and energy homeostasis via the melanocortin system
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Astrocyte-derived TNF and glutamate critically modulate microglia activation by methamphetamine
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l ‐DOPA‐induced dyskinesia and neuroinflammation: do microglia and astrocytes play a role?
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Mutations in GFAP Disrupt the Distribution and Function of Organelles in Human Astrocytes
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Rising Stars: Astrocytes as a Therapeutic Target for ALS Disease
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Astrocytes and major depression: The purinergic avenue
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Astrocytes: The Housekeepers and Guardians of the CNS
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Self-citationMemory Formation Shaped by Astroglia
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Self-citationEnteric glia regulate gut motility in health and disease
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Self-citationAstrocytes control synaptic strength by two distinct v-SNARE-dependent release pathways
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Self-citationRole of Extracellular Vesicles in Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis
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Dominant negative SNARE peptides stabilize the fusion pore in a narrow, release-unproductive state
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Inseparable tandem: evolution chooses ATP and Ca 2+ to control life, death and cellular signalling
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Self-citationDon't forget astrocytes when targeting Alzheimer's disease
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GnRH neurons recruit astrocytes in infancy to facilitate network integration and sexual maturation
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Intercellular Communication in the Brain through Tunneling Nanotubes
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Signal transduction in astrocytes: Localization and release of inorganic polyphosphate
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He, B., Chen, W., Zeng, J., Tong, W., & Zheng, P. (2021) · Aging · doi:10.18632/aging.202618 · Cited by 52 · see citing works
Sun, J., Wu, J., Hua, F., Chen, Y., Zhan, F., & Xu, G. (2020) · Frontiers in Neurology · doi:10.3389/fneur.2020.563916 · Cited by 52 · see citing works
CREB Regulates Distinct Adaptive Transcriptional Programs in Astrocytes and Neurons
Pardo, L., Valor, L. M., Eraso‐Pichot, A., Barco, Á., Golbano, A., Hardingham, G. E., Masgrau, R., & Galea, E. (2017) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-017-06231-x · Cited by 50 · see citing works
Ca2+-Dependent and Ca2+-Independent ATP Release in Astrocytes
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Calcium and ATP control multiple vital functions
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Self-citationEditing the Central Nervous System Through CRISPR/Cas9 Systems
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Astrogliopathology in the infectious insults of the brain
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Self-citationRole of astrocyte purinergic signaling in epilepsy
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- Authors
- Verkhratsky, A., Matteoli, M., Parpura, V., Mothet, J., & Zorec, R.
- Affiliations
- Ikerbasque (ES)
- IRCCS Humanitas Research Hospital (IT)
- Civitan International (US)
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (FR)
- University of Ljubljana (SI)
- Corresponding author
- Verkhratsky, Alexei
- Matteoli, Michela
- Parpura, Vladimir
- Mothet, Jean‐Pierre
- Zorec, Robert
- Venue
- The EMBO Journal
- Published
- 2016-01-12
- Volume
- 35
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 239-257
- ISSN
- 0261-4189 (ISSN-L)
- 1460-2075
- PMC
- PMC4741299
- OpenAlex
- W2237126879
- Cited by
- 397
- References
- 253
- Citations by year
- 2026: 19 · 2025: 35 · 2024: 34 · 2023: 35 · 2022: 27 · 2021: 67 · 2020: 46 · 2019: 41 · 2018: 36 · 2017: 38 · 2016: 18 · 2015: 1
- FWCI
- 4.77
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- The EMBO Journal (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- HAL AMU (submittedVersion)
- Research Explorer (The University of Manchester) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- Alzheimer's Research Trust (02.B.49.21.0003)
- The Ministry of Education and Science of the Russian Federation and Lobachevsky State University of Nizhny Novgorod
- Russian Scientific Foundation (14‐15‐00633)
- Italian Ministry of Health (GR‐2011‐02347377)
- Cariplo (2014‐0655)
- Progetto CNR Invecchiamento‐ CUP (B44G13000080005)
- National Institutes of Health (HD078678)
- CNRS
- University Aix Marseille
- Fondation pour la Recherche Medicale
- The Research Agency of Slovenia (P3 310, J3 3236, J3 4051, J3‐4146, J3 6790, J3 6789)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Cell Biology › Cellular transport and secretion
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience › Neuroscience and Neuropharmacology Research
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Extracellular vesicles in disease
- Keywords
- astrocytes, vesicular secretion, exocytosis, secretory organelles, synaptic-like microvesicles, dense core vesicles, exosomes, ectosome, lysosomes, astrocyte dysfunction
- MeSH terms
- Animals, Astrocytes, Cell Communication, Central Nervous System, Humans, Protein Transport, Secretory Vesicles, Intercellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins, Secretory Pathway
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