Secure and defensive high self-esteem.
Abstract
Long-standing theories have suggested high self-esteem (SE) can assume qualitatively different forms that are related to defensiveness. The authors explored whether some high-SE individuals are particularly defensive because they harbor negative self-feelings at less conscious levels, indicated by low implicit SE. In Study 1, participants high in explicit SE but low in implicit SE showed the highest levels of narcissism--an indicator of defensiveness. In Studies 2 and 3, the correspondence between implicit and explicit SE predicted defensive behavior (in-group bias in Study 2 and dissonance reduction in Study 3), such that for high explicit-SE participants, those with relatively low implicit SE behaved more defensively. These results are consistent with the idea that high SE can be relatively secure or defensive.
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These opposing tendencies will presumably lead to experiences of cognitive and affective dissonance, which parallels previous findings showing that high narcissism goes along with discrepancies such as high explicit but low implicit self-esteem.
“These opposing tendencies will presumably lead to experiences of cognitive and affective dissonance, which parallels previous findings showing that high narcissism goes along with discrepancies such as high explicit but low implicit self-esteem (Jordan et al., 2003).”
From The Relationship between Grandiose and Vulnerable (Hypersensitive) Narcissism (2017) · cites this paper as Jordan et al., 2003
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- Authors
- Jordan, C. H., Spencer, S. J., Zanna, M. P., Hoshino-Browne, E., & Correll, J.
- Affiliations
- University of Waterloo (CA)
- Venue
- Journal of Personality and Social Psychology
- Published
- 2003
- Volume
- 85
- Issue
- 5
- Pages
- 969-978
- ISSN
- 0022-3514 (ISSN-L)
- 1939-1315
- OpenAlex
- W2064776065
- Cited by
- 597
- References
- 70
- Citations by year
- 2026: 4 · 2025: 8 · 2024: 6 · 2023: 12 · 2022: 16 · 2021: 28 · 2020: 58 · 2019: 19 · 2018: 25 · 2017: 19 · 2016: 43 · 2015: 26 · 2014: 42 · 2013: 29 · 2012: 40
- FWCI
- 18.19
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Journal of Personality and Social Psychology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Personality Traits and Psychology
- Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Social and Intergroup Psychology
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Death Anxiety and Social Exclusion
- Keywords
- self-esteem, implicit self-esteem, explicit self-esteem, narcissism, defensiveness, in-group favoritism, dissonance reduction, implicit attitudes, self-concept
- MeSH terms
- Adolescent, Adult, Awareness, Cognitive Dissonance, Defense Mechanisms, Female, Humans, Internal-External Control, Male, Narcissism, Personality Inventory, Reaction Time, Self Concept, Word Association Tests, Bias
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