CoChat
Sign Up
Cited by 385Gender Diversity and InequalityManagement and Organizational StudiesNames, Identity, and Discrimination Research

Rage against the Iron Cage: The Varied Effects of Bureaucratic Personnel Reforms on Diversity

Open access
Dobbin, Frank, Schrage, Daniel, Kalev, Alexandra·2015·American Sociological Review
DOI 10.1177/0003122415596416
Open this paper in CoChat — free accountOpen PDF

Abstract

Organization scholars since Max Weber have argued that formal personnel systems can prevent discrimination. We draw on sociological and psychological literatures to develop a theory of the varied effects of bureaucratic reforms on managerial motivation. Drawing on self-perception and cognitive-dissonance theories, we contend that initiatives that engage managers in promoting diversity—special recruitment and training programs—will increase diversity. Drawing on job-autonomy and self-determination theories, we contend that initiatives that limit managerial discretion in hiring and promotion—job tests, performance evaluations, and grievance procedures—will elicit resistance and produce adverse effects. Drawing on transparency and accountability theories, we contend that bureaucratic reforms that increase transparency for job-seekers and hiring managers—job postings and job ladders—will have positive effects. Finally, drawing on accountability theory, we contend that monitoring by diversity managers and federal regulators will improve the effects of bureaucratic reforms. We examine the effects of personnel innovations on managerial diversity in 816 U.S. workplaces over 30 years. Our findings help explain the nation’s slow progress in reducing job segregation and inequality. Some popular bureaucratic reforms thought to quell discrimination instead activate it. Some of the most effective reforms remain rare.

The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.

Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.

A few free checks a day · papers already verified open instantly · results are public

Integrity signals

Registry

Crossref · 10.1177/0003122415596416

Cites

10 of 10 references verified0 citation errors · 0 not checkable

Statistics

Claims the paper makes

The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.

Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.

A few free checks a day · papers already verified open instantly · results are public

Claims other papers make about this one

Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?

Self-check

Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.

The self-check needs the paper’s full text.

Cites

Flagged first, then by citations

Research works printed but not linked: 111

  1. Acker, Joan. 1990. "Hierarchies, Jobs, Bodies: A The- ory of Gendered Organizations." Gender & Society 4(2):139-58.
  2. Anderson, Bernard E. 1996. "The Ebb and Flow of Enforcing Executive Order 11246." American Eco- nomic Review 86(2):298-301.
  3. Auster, Ellen R., and Robert Drazin. 1988. "Sex Inequal- ity at Higher Levels in the Hierarchy: An Intraor- ganizational Perspective." Sociological Inquiry 58(2):216-27.
  4. Barbulescu, Roxana, and Matthew Bidwell. 2013. "Do Women Choose Different Jobs from Men? Mecha- nisms of Application Segregation in the Market for Managerial Workers." Organization Science 24(3):737-56.
  5. Baron, James N., and William T. Bielby. 1980. "Bringing the Firms Back In: Stratification, Segmentation, and the Organization of Work." American Sociological Review 45(5):737-65.
  6. Baron, James N., Frank Dobbin, and P. Devereaux Jen- nings. 1986. "War and Peace: The Evolution of Modern Personnel Administration in U.S. Industry." American Journal of Sociology 92(2):350-83.
  7. Baron, James N., Brian S. Mittman, and Andrew E. New- man. 1991. "Targets of Opportunity: Organizational and Environmental Determinants of Gender Integra- tion within the California Civil Services, 1976-1985." American Journal of Sociology 96(6):1362-1401.
  8. Bartol, Kathryn M. 1999. "Gender Influences on Per- formance Evaluation." Pp. 165-78 in Handbook of Gender and Work, edited by G. N. Powell. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
  9. Bayroff, A. G. 1966. "Test Technology and Equal Employment Opportunity." Personnel Psychology 19(1):35-39.
  10. Benabou, Roland, and Jean Tirole. 2003. "Intrinsic and Extrinsic Motivation." Review of Economic Studies 70(3):489-520.
  11. Berry, Christopher M., Malissa A. Clark, and Tara K. McClure. 2011. "Racial/Ethnic Differences in the Criterion-Related Validity of Cognitive Ability Tests: A Qualitative and Quantitative Review." Journal of Applied Psychology 96(5):881-906.
  12. Bielby, William T. 2000. "Minimizing Workplace Gen- der and Racial Bias." Contemporary Sociology 29(1):120-29.
  13. Bielby, William T. 2012. "Minority Vulnerability in Privileged Occupations: Why Do African American Financial Advisers Earn Less than Whites in a Large Financial Services Firm?" ANNALS of the American Academy of Political and Social Science 639(1):13- 32.
  14. Bobo, Lawrence, James R. Kluegel, and Ryan A. Smith. 1997. "Laissez Faire Racism: The Crystallization of a 'Kinder, Gentler' Anti-Black Ideology." Pp. 15-42 in Racial Attitudes in the 1990s: Continuity and Change, edited by S. A. Tuch and J. K. Martin. West- port, CT: Praeger.
  15. Boyle, Barbara M. 1973. "Equal Opportunity for Women Is Smart Business." Harvard Business Review 51(3):85-95.
  16. Brehm, Sharon S., and Jack W. Brehm. 1981. Psycholog- ical Reactance: A Theory of Freedom and Control. New York: Academic Press.
  17. Castilla, Emilio J. 2008. "Gender, Race, and Meritoc- racy in Organizational Careers." American Journal of Sociology 113(6):1479-1526.
  18. Castilla, Emilio J. 2011. "Bringing Managers Back In: Managerial Influences on Workplace Inequality." American Sociological Review 76(5):667-94.
  19. Castilla, Emilio J. 2015. "Accounting for the Gap: A Firm Study Manipulating Organizational Accountability in Pay Decisions." Organization Science 26(2):311-33.
  20. Cohen, Lisa E., Joseph P. Broschak, and Heather A. Haveman. 1998. "And Then There Were More? The Effect of Organizational Sex Composition on the Hir- ing and Promoting of Managers." American Socio- logical Review 63(5):711-27.
  21. Cooper, Joel, and Russell H. Fazio. 1984. "A New Look at Dissonance Theory." Pp. 229-66 in Advances in Experimental Social Psychology, Vol. 17, edited by L. Berkowitz. Academic Press. Retrieved February 11, 2014 (http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/ pii/S0065260108601215).
  22. Cottrell, Nicholas. 1972. "Social Facilitation." Pp. 185- 236 in Experimental Social Psychology, edited by C. McClintock. New York: Holt, Rinehart & Winston.
  23. Cuddy, Amy J. C., Susan T. Fiske, Virginia S. Y. Kwan, Peter Glick, Stéphanie Demoulin, Jacques-Philippe Leyens, Michael Harris Bond, Jean-Claude Croizet, Naomi Ellemers, Ed Sleebos, Tin Tin Htun, Hyun- Jeong Kim, Greg Maio, Judi Perry, Kristina Pet- kova, Valery Todorov, Rosa Rodríguez-Bailón, Elena Morales, Miguel Moya1, Marisol Palacios, Vanessa Smith, Rolando Perez, Jorge Vala, and Rene Ziegler. 2009. "Stereotype Content Model across Cultures: Towards Universal Similarities and Some Differences." British Journal of Social Psychology 48(1):1-33.
  24. Dobbin, Frank. 2009. Inventing Equal Opportunity. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
  25. Dobbin, Frank, and Terry Boychuk. 1999. "National Employment Systems and Job Autonomy: Why Autonomy Is High in the Nordic Countries and Low in the United States, Canada and Australia." Organi- zation Studies 20(2):257-91.
  26. Dobbin, Frank, and Alexandra Kalev. 2015. "Why Firms Need Diversity Managers and Task Forces." Pp. 170- 98 in How Global Migration Changes the Workforce Diversity Equation, edited by M. Pilati, H. Sheikh, F. Sperotti, and C. Tilly. Newcastle upon Tyne, UK: Cambridge Scholars.
  27. Dobbin, Frank, Alexandra Kalev, and Erin Kelly. 2007. "Diversity Management in Corporate America." Con- texts 6(4):21-28.
  28. Dobbin, Frank, John R. Sutton, John W. Meyer, and W. Richard Scott. 1993. "Equal Opportunity Law and the Construction of Internal Labor Markets." American Journal of Sociology 99(2):396-427.
  29. Edelman, Lauren B. 1990. "Legal Environments and Organizational Governance: The Expansion of Due Process in the American Workplace." American Jour- nal of Sociology 95(6):1401-40.
  30. Edelman, Lauren B. 1992. "Legal Ambiguity and Symbolic Structures: Organizational Mediation of Civil Rights Law." American Journal of Sociology 97(6):1531-76.
  31. Edelman, Lauren B., Linda H. Krieger, Scott Eliason, Catherine R. Albiston, and Virginia Mellema. 2011. "When Organizations Rule: Judicial Deference to Institutionalized Employment Structures." American Journal of Sociology 117(3):888-954.
  32. Edelman, Lauren B., and Stephen M. Petterson. 1999. "Symbols and Substance in Organizational Response to Civil Rights Law." Research in Social Stratifica- tion and Mobility 17(1):107-135.
  33. Edelman, Lauren B., Christopher Uggen, and Howard S. Erlanger. 1999. "The Endogeneity of Legal Regula- tion: Grievance Procedures as Rational Myth." Amer- ican Journal of Sociology 105(5):406-454.
  34. Elvira, Marta M., and Robert Town. 2001. "The Effects of Race and Worker Productivity on Performance Evaluations." Industrial Relations: A Journal of Economy and Society 40(4):571-90.
  35. Elvira, Marta M., and Christopher D. Zatzick. 2002. "Who's Displaced First? The Role of Race in Layoff Decisions." Industrial Relations 41(2):329-61.
  36. Ferguson, Kathy E. 1984. The Feminist Case against Bureaucracy. Philadelphia: Temple University Press.
  37. Festinger, Leon, and James M. Carlsmith. 1959. "Cogni- tive Consequences of Forced Compliance." Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology 58(2):203-210.
  38. Fiske, Susan T. 1993. "Controlling Other People: The Impact of Power on Stereotyping." American Psy- chologist 48(6):621-28.
  39. Froehlich, Herbert, and Dennis Hawver. 1974. "Compli- ance Spinoff: Better Personnel Systems." Personnel 51(1):62-69.
  40. Giblin, Edward, and Oscar Ornati. 1974. "A Total Approach to EEO Compliance." Personnel 51(5):32- 43.
  41. Gouldner, Alvin W. 1954. Patterns of Industrial Democ- racy: A Case Study of Modern Factory Administra- tion. New York: Free Press.
  42. Greenwald, Anthony G., T. Andrew Poehlman, Eric Luis Uhlmann, and Mahzarin R. Banaji. 2009. "Under- standing and Using the Implicit Association Test: III. Meta-Analysis of Predictive Validity." Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 97(1):17-41.
  43. Hamner, W. Clay, Jay S. Kim, Lloyd Baird, and William J. Bigoness. 1974. "Race and Sex as Determinants of Ratings by Potential Employers in a Simulated Work-Sampling Task." Journal of Applied Psychol- ogy 59(6):705-712.
  44. Heckman, James J., and V. Joseph Hotz. 1989. "Choos- ing among Alternative Nonexperimental Methods for Estimating the Impact of Social Programs: The Case of Manpower Training." Journal of the American Sta- tistical Association 84(408):862-74.
  45. Heilman, Madeline E. 1995. "Sex Stereotypes and Their Effects in the Workplace: What We Know and What We Don't Know." Journal of Social Behavior and Personality 10(6):3-26.
  46. Hirsh, Elizabeth, and Julie A. Kmec. 2009. "Human Resource Structures: Reducing Discrimination or Raising Rights Awareness?" Industrial Relations: A Journal of Economy and Society 48(3):512-32.
  47. Hodson, Randy. 1991a. "The Active Worker: Compliance and Autonomy at the Workplace." Journal of Con- temporary Ethnography 20(1):47-78.
  48. Hodson, Randy. 1991b. "Workplace Behaviors: Good Soldiers, Smooth Operators, and Saboteurs." Work and Occupations 18(3):271-90.
  49. Hodson, Randy. 1996. "Dignity in the Workplace under Participative Management: Alienation and Free- dom Revisited." American Sociological Review 61(5):719-38.
  50. Hodson, Randy, and Robert L. Kaufman. 1982. "Eco- nomic Dualism: A Critical Review." American Socio- logical Review 47(6):727-39.
  51. Holzer, Harry J., and David Neumark. 2000. "Assessing Affirmative Action." Journal of Economic Literature 38(3):483-568.
  52. Huffman, Matt L. 2013. "Organizations, Managers, and Wage Inequality." Sex Roles 68(3-4):216-22.
  53. Ito, Tiffany A., Krystal W. Chiao, Patricia G. Devine, Tyler S. Lorig, and John T. Cacioppo. 2006. "The Influence of Facial Feedback on Race Bias." Psycho- logical Science 17(3):256-61.
  54. Jacoby, Sanford. 1984. "The Development of Internal Labor Markets in American Manufacturing Firms." Pp. 23-69 in Internal Labor Markets, edited by P. Osterman. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
  55. Kaiser, Cheryl R., Brenda Major, Ines Jurcevic, Tessa L. Dover, Laura M. Brady, and Jenessa R. Shapiro. 2013. "Presumed Fair: Ironic Effects of Organiza- tional Diversity Structures." Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 104(3):504-519.
  56. Kalev, Alexandra. 2014. "How You Downsize Is Who You Downsize: Biased Formalization, Accountabil- ity, and Managerial Diversity." American Sociologi- cal Review 79(1):109-135.
  57. Kalev, Alexandra, and Frank Dobbin. 2006. "Enforce- ment of Civil Rights Law in Private Workplaces: The Effects of Compliance Reviews and Lawsuits over Time." Law and Social Inquiry 31(4):855-79.
  58. Kalleberg, Arne L., David Knoke, Peter V. Marsden, and Joe L. Spaeth. 1996. Organizations in America: Ana- lyzing Their Structures and Human Resource Prac- tices. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications.
  59. Kelly, Erin. 2000. "Corporate Family Policies in U.S. Organizations, 1965-1997." PhD dissertation, Princ- eton University, Princeton, NJ.
  60. Kelly, Erin A. 2003. "The Strange History of Employer- Sponsored Childcare: Interested Actors, Uncertainty, and the Transformation of Law in Organizational Fields." American Journal of Sociology 109(3):606-649.
  61. Kidder, Tracy. 1981. The Soul of a New Machine. New York: Atlantic Monthly Press.
  62. Kmec, Julie A. 2005. "Setting Occupational Sex Segre- gation in Motion: Demand-Side Explanations of Sex Traditional Employment." Work and Occupations 32(3):322-54.
  63. Knoke, David, and Yoshito Ishio. 1998. "The Gender Gap in Company Job Training." Work and Occupations 25(2):141-67.
  64. Kochan, Thomas A., Harry C. Katz, and Robert B. McK- ersie. 1994. The Transformation of American Indus- trial Relations. Ithaca, NY: ILR Press.
  65. Konrad, Alison M., and Frank Linnehan. 1995. "Formalized HRM Structures: Coordinating Equal-Employment Opportunity or Concealing Orga- nizational Practices." Academy of Management Jour- nal 38(3):787-820.
  66. Kraiger, Kurt, and J. Kevin Ford. 1985. "A Meta-Anal- ysis of Ratee Race Effects in Performance Ratings." Journal of Applied Psychology 70(1):56-65.
  67. Kruglanski, Arie W., and Tallie Freund. 1983. "The Freezing and Unfreezing of Lay-Inferences: Effects on Impressional Primacy, Ethnic Stereotyping, and Numerical Anchoring." Journal of Experimental Social Psychology 19(5):448-68.
  68. Kunda, Gideon. 1992. Engineering Culture: Control and Commitment in a High-Tech Corporation. Philadel- phia: Temple University Press.
  69. Lamont, Michèle. 2000. The Dignity of Working Men: Morality and the Boundaries of Race, Class, and Immigration. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
  70. Legault, Lisa, Jennifer N. Gutsell, and Michael Inzlicht. 2011. "Ironic Effects of Antiprejudice Messages: How Motivational Interventions Can Reduce (but Also Increase) Prejudice." Psychological Science 22(12):1472-77.
  71. Leonard, Jonathan S. 1989. "Women and Affirmative Action." Journal of Economic Perspectives 3(1):61- 75.
  72. Leonard, Jonathan S. 1990. "The Impact of Affirmative Action Regulation and Equal Employment Oppor- tunity Law on Black Employment." Journal of Eco- nomic Perspectives 4(4):47-63.
  73. Marino, Kenneth. 1980. "Conducting an Internal Com- pliance Review of Affirmative Action." Personnel 57(2):24-34.
  74. McKay, Patrick F., and Michael A. McDaniel. 2006. "A Reexamination of Black-White Mean Differences in Work Performance: More Data, More Moderators." Journal of Applied Psychology 91(3):538-54.
  75. McTague, Tricia, Kevin Stainback, and Donald Tomas- kovic-Devey. 2009. "An Organizational Approach to Understanding Sex and Race Segregation in U.S. Workplaces." Social Forces 87(3):1499-1527.
  76. Meyer, John W., and Brian Rowan. 1977. "Institution- alized Organizations: Formal Structure as Myth and Ceremony." American Journal of Sociology 83(2):340-63.
  77. Mong, Sherry, and Vincent J. Roscigno. 2010. "African American Men and the Experience of Employment Discrimination." Qualitative Sociology 33(1):1-21.
  78. Mori, Hideko, and Kazuo Mori. 2013. "An Implicit Assessment of the Effect of Artificial Cheek Raising: When Your Face Smiles, the World Looks Nicer." Perceptual and Motor Skills 116(2):466-71.
  79. Oppler, Scott H., John P. Campbell, Elaine D. Pulakos, and Walter C. Borman. 1992. "Three Approaches to the Investigation of Subgroup Bias in Performance Measurement: Review, Results, and Conclusions." Journal of Applied Psychology 77(2):201-217.
  80. Osterman, Paul S. 1994. "Internal Labor Markets: The- ory and Change." Pp. 303-339 in Labor Economics and Industrial Relations, edited by C. Kerr and P. D. Staudohar. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
  81. Osterman, Paul S. 2000. "Work Reorganization in an Era of Restructuring: Trends in Diffusion and Effects on Employee Welfare." Industrial & Labor Relations Review 53(2):179-96.
  82. Peskin, Dean B. 1969. "Building Groundwork for Affir- mative Action EEO Program." Dean B Peskin Per- sonnel Journal (pre-1986) ABI/INFORM Global 48(2):130-49.
  83. Petersen, Trond. 1985. "A Comment on Presenting Results from Logit and Probit Models." American Sociological Review 50(1):130-31.
  84. Phillips, Katherine W., Katie Liljenquist, and Margaret A. Neale. 2009. "Is the Pain Worth the Gain? The Advantages and Liabilities of Agreeing with Socially Distinct Newcomers." Personality and Social Psy- chology Bulletin 35(3):336-50.
  85. Plant, E. Ashby, and Patricia G. Devine. 2001. "Responses to Other-Imposed Pro-Black Pressure: Acceptance or Backlash?" Journal of Experimental Social Psychol- ogy 37(6):486-501.
  86. Plaut, Victoria C., Kecia M. Thomas, and Matt J. Goren. 2009. "Is Multiculturalism or Color Blindness Better for Minorities?" Psychological Science 20(4):444-46.
  87. Pulakos, Elaine D., Leonard A. White, Scott H. Oppler, and Walter C. Borman. 1989. "Examination of Race and Sex Effects on Performance Ratings." Journal of Applied Psychology 74(5):770-80.
  88. Puma, John J. 1966. "Improving Negro Employment in Boston." Industrial Management Review 8(1):37-45.
  89. Purcell, Theodore V. 1953. The Worker Speaks His Mind on Union and Company. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
  90. Reskin, Barbara F. 2000. "The Proximate Causes of Employment Discrimination." Contemporary Sociol- ogy: A Journal of Reviews 29(2):319-28.
  91. Reskin, Barbara F., and Debra B. McBrier. 2000. "Why Not Ascription? Organizations' Employment of Male and Female Managers." American Sociological Review 65(2):210-33.
  92. Rissing, Ben A., and Emilio J. Castilla. 2014. "House of Green Cards: Statistical or Preference-Based Inequal- ity in the Employment of Foreign Nationals." Ameri- can Sociological Review 79(6):1226-55.
  93. Rodriguez, Robert. 2007. Latino Talent: Effective Strate- gies to Recruit, Retain and Develop Hispanic Profes- sionals. New York: Wiley.
  94. Roth, Philip L., Allen I. Huffcutt, and Philip Bobko. 2003. "Ethnic Group Differences in Measures of Job Performance: A New Meta-Analysis." Journal of Applied Psychology 88(4):694-706.
  95. Roy, Donald. 1952. "Quota Restriction and Goldbricking in a Machine Shop." American Journal of Sociology 57(5):427-42.
  96. Schlanger, Margo, and Pauline Kim. 2014. "The Equal Employment Opportunity Commission and Structural Reform of the American Workplace." Washington University Law Review 91(6):1519-90.
  97. Shenhav, Yehouda A., and Yitchak Haberfeld. 1992. "Organizational Demography and Inequality." Social Forces 71(1):123-43.
  98. Shwed, Uri, and Alexandra Kalev. 2014. "Are Referrals More Productive or More Likeable? Social Networks and the Evaluation of Merit." American Behavioral Scientist 58(2):288-308.
  99. Silvia, Paul J. 2005. "Deflecting Reactance: The Role of Similarity in Increasing Compliance and Reducing Resistance." Basic and Applied Social Psychology 27(3):277-84.
  100. Skaggs, Sheryl L. 2001. "Discrimination Litigation: Implications for Women and Minorities in Retail Supermarket Management." PhD dissertation, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC.
  101. Skaggs, Sheryl L. 2008. "Producing Change or Bagging Opportunity? The Effects of Discrimination Litiga- tion on Women in Supermarket Management." Amer- ican Journal of Sociology 113(3):1148-82.
  102. Smith-Doerr, Laurel. 2004. "Flexibility and Fairness: Effects of the Network Form of Organization on Gender Equity in Life Science Careers." Sociological Perspectives 47(1):25-54.
  103. Steeh, Charlotte, and Maria Krysan. 1996. "The Polls- Trends: Affirmative Action and the Public 1970- 1995." Public Opinion Quarterly 60(1):128-58.
  104. Stryker, Robin, Danielle Docka-Filipek, and Pamela Wald. 2012. "Employment Discrimination Law and Industrial Psychology: Social Science as Social Authority and the Co-Production of Law and Sci- ence." Law & Social Inquiry 37(4):777-814.
  105. Tetlock, Philip E. 1992. "The Impact of Accountability on Judgment and Choice: Toward a Social Contin- gency Model." Pp. 331-76 in Advances in Experi- mental Social Psychology, Vol. 25, edited by M. P. Zanna. New York: Academic Press.
  106. Tetlock, Philip E., and Jennifer S. Lerner. 1999. "The Social Contingency Model: Identifying Empirical and Normative Boundary Conditions on the Error and Bias Portrait of Human Nature." Pp. 571-85 in Dual Process Theories in Social Psychology, edited by S. Chaiken and Y. Trope. New York: Guilford Press.
  107. Tsui, Anne S., and Barbara A. Gutek. 1984. "A Role Set Analysis of Gender Differences in Performance, Affective Relationships, and Career Success of Industrial Middle Managers." Academy of Manage- ment Journal 27(3):619-35.
  108. Vaisey, Stephen, and Andrew Miles. Forthcoming. "What You Can-and Can't-Do with Three-Wave Panel Data." Sociological Methods and Research. doi:10.1177/0049124114547769. · DOI
  109. Weber, Max. 1978. "Basic Sociological Terms." Pp. 3-62 in Economy and Society, Vol. 1, edited by G. Roth and C. Wittich. Berkeley: University of California Press.
  110. Williams, Joan. 2000. Unbending Gender: Why Fam- ily and Work Conflict and What to Do about It. New York: Oxford University Press.
  111. Zellner, Alfred. 1962. "An Efficient Method of Estimat- ing Seemingly Unrelated Regressions and Tests for Aggregation Bias." Journal of the American Statisti- cal Association 57(298):348-68.

Cited by

Sorted by citations

Authors
Dobbin, F., Schrage, D., & Kalev, A.
Affiliations
  • Harvard University (US)
  • Tel Aviv University (IL)
Corresponding author
Dobbin, Frank
ORCID
Kalev, Alexandra
Venue
American Sociological Review
Publisher
SAGE Publications
Published
2015-09-01
Volume
80
Issue
5
Pages
1014-1044
ISSN
  • 0003-1224 (ISSN-L)
  • 1939-8271
DOI
10.1177/0003122415596416
OpenAlex
W2223652573
Cited by
385
References
10
Citations by year
2026: 45 · 2025: 44 · 2024: 45 · 2023: 43 · 2022: 41 · 2021: 41 · 2020: 27 · 2019: 37 · 2018: 24 · 2017: 22 · 2016: 14 · 2015: 2
FWCI
44.14
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
Licence
journals.sagepub.com/page/policies/text-and-data-mining-license (tdm)
Locations
American Sociological Review (publishedVersion)
Funders
  • National Science Foundation (0336642, 02-03)
  • Sage Foundation
Topics
  • Social Sciences › Gender Studies › Gender Diversity and Inequality
  • Social Sciences › Business, Management and Accounting › Organizational Behavior and Human Resource Management › Management and Organizational Studies
  • Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Names, Identity, and Discrimination Research
Keywords
personnel systems, bureaucratic reform, employment discrimination, diversity management, managerial motivation, cognitive dissonance, self-determination theory, employee autonomy, transparency, accountability, occupational segregation, hiring and promotion, diversity training, job ladder

About these checks

Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.

Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.

Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.

What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›

Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review