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Prediabetes and What It Means: The Epidemiological Evidence
Open accessAbstract
Prediabetes is an intermediate stage between normal glycemia and diabetes and is highly prevalent, especially in older age groups and obese individuals. Five different definitions of prediabetes are used in current practice, which are based on different cut points of HbA 1C , fasting glucose, and 2-h glucose. A major challenge for the field is a lack of guidance on when one definition might be preferred over another. Risks of major complications in persons with prediabetes, including diabetes, cardiovascular disease, kidney disease, and death, also vary depending on the prediabetes definition used. Randomized clinical trials have demonstrated that lifestyle and pharmacologic interventions can be cost-effective, prevent diabetes, and improve cardiovascular risk factors in adults with prediabetes. However, the practical implementation of lifestyle modification or the use of metformin for treating prediabetes is inadequate and complicated by a lack of agreement on how to define the condition. Establishing consensus definitions for prediabetes should be a priority and will help inform expansion of insurance coverage for lifestyle modification and improve current screening and diagnostic practices.
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“Moreover, the ef fi cacy of interventions for primary prevention of type 2 diabetes has mainly been demonstrated among individuals who have impaired glucose tolerance (IGT) with or without elevated fasting glucose, not for individuals with isolated impaired fasting glucose (IFG) or for those with prediabetes de fi ned by A1C criteria (5 -8).”
From 2. Diagnosis and Classification of Diabetes: Standards of Care in Diabetes—2024 (2024) · cites this paper as [8]
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“Most of the major diabetes prevention trials enrolled individuals with IGT [except the US DPP, which also included IFG individuals (93)] and did not include individuals identified using HbA1C (56, 81, 86, 108) because major diabetes prevention studies were initiated at a time when the definitions of prediabetes did no…”
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Cited by
Sorted by citations
2. Diagnosis and Classification of Diabetes: Standards of Care in Diabetes—2024
American Diabetes Association Professional Practice Committee, ElSayed, N. A., Aleppo, G., Bannuru, R. R., Bruemmer, D., Collins, B. S., Ekhlaspour, L., Gaglia, J. L., Hilliard, M. E., Johnson, E. L., et al. (2024) · Diabetes Care · doi:10.2337/dc24-s002 · Cited by 2,086
Self-citation2. Diagnosis and classification of diabetes: standards of care in diabetes-2025
American Diabetes Association Professional Practice Committee, ElSayed, N. A., McCoy, R. G., Aleppo, G., Balapattabi, K., Beverly, E. A., Briggs Early, K., Bruemmer, D., Ebekozien, O., Echouffo-Tcheugui, J. B., et al. (2025) · Diabetes Care · doi:10.2337/dc25-s002 · Cited by 1,393
Self-citation2. Diagnosis and Classification of Diabetes: Standards of Care in Diabetes—2026
American Diabetes Association Professional Practice Committee for Diabetes*, Bajaj, M., McCoy, R. G., Balapattabi, K., Bannuru, R. R., Bellini, N. J., Bennett, A. K., Beverly, E. A., Briggs Early, K., ChallaSivaKanaka, S., et al. (2026) · Diabetes Care · doi:10.2337/dc26-s002 · Cited by 473
Self-citationTirzepatide for Obesity Treatment and Diabetes Prevention
Jastreboff, A. M., le Roux, C. W., Stefanski, A., Aronne, L. J., Halpern, B., Wharton, S., Wilding, J. P. H., Perreault, L., Zhang, S., Battula, R., et al. (2025) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejmoa2410819 · Cited by 462
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Is the Current Lifestyle Modification Approach to Diabetes Prevention in the U.S. a Success?
Echouffo-Tcheugui, J. B., Chakkalakal, R. J., & Ali, M. K. (2025) · Diabetes Care · doi:10.2337/dci24-0040 · Cited by 11
Self-citation
Metadata
- Authors
- Echouffo-Tcheugui, J. B., & Selvin, E.
- Affiliations
- Johns Hopkins University (US)
- Venue
- Annual Review of Public Health
- Publisher
- Annual Reviews
- Published
- 2021-04-01
- Volume
- 42
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 59-77
- ISSN
- 0163-7525 (ISSN-L)
- 1545-2093
- PMC
- PMC8026645
- OpenAlex
- W3116592557
- Cited by
- 406
- References
- 31
- Citations by year
- 2026: 80 · 2025: 114 · 2024: 103 · 2023: 62 · 2022: 43 · 2021: 4
- FWCI
- 4.18
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- hybrid
- doi.org
- Locations
- Annual Review of Public Health (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Funders
- National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (K24HL152440, K23HL153774)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism › Diabetes, Cardiovascular Risks, and Lipoproteins
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism › Diabetes Management and Research
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism › Diabetes Treatment and Management
- Keywords
- prediabetes, fasting blood glucose, 2-hour oral glucose tolerance test, diabetes prevention, cardiovascular risk, kidney disease, metformin, lifestyle modification, cost-effectiveness, prediabetes screening, insurance coverage, consensus definition
- MeSH terms
- Humans, Prediabetic State, Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic
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