Cited by 836NF-κB Signaling PathwaysInvertebrate Immune Response MechanismsImmune Response and Inflammation

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A CONSERVED SIGNALING PATHWAY: The Drosophila Toll-Dorsal Pathway

Belvin, Marcia P., Anderson, Kathryn V.·1996·Annual Review of Cell and Developmental Biology

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Abstract

▪ Abstract The Toll-Dorsal pathway in Drosophila and the interleukin-1 receptor (IL-1R)-NF-κB pathway in mammals are homologous signal transduction pathways that mediate several different biological responses. In Drosophila, genetic analysis of dorsal-ventral patterning of the embryo has defined the series of genes that mediate the Toll-Dorsal pathway. Binding of extracellular ligand activates the transmembrane receptor Toll, which requires the novel protein Tube to activate the cytoplasmic serine/threonine kinase Pelle. Pelle activity controls the degradation of the Cactus protein, which is present in a cytoplasmic complex with the Dorsal protein. Once Cactus is degraded in response to signal, Dorsal is free to move into the nucleus where it regulates transcription of specific target genes. The Toll, tube, pelle, cactus, and dorsal genes also appear to be involved in Drosophila immune response. Because the IL-1R-NF-κB pathway plays a role in vertebrate innate immunity and because plant homologues of the Toll-Dorsal pathway are important in plant disease resistance, it is likely that this pathway arose before the divergence of plants and animals as a defense against pathogens.

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Mansell, A., Reinicke, A., Worrall, D., & O'Neill, L. (2001) · FEBS Letters · doi:10.1016/s0014-5793(01)03077-0 · Cited by 56
An arthropod defensin expressed by the hemocytes of the American dog tick, Dermacentor variabilis (Acari: Ixodidae).
Ceraul, S., Sonenshine, D., Ratzlaff, R. E., & Hynes, W. (2003) · Insect Biochemistry and Molecular Biology · doi:10.1016/s0965-1748(03)00122-x · Cited by 55
“The insect fat body, believed to be functionally analogous to the vertebrate liver, detects microbial cell wall components known as PAMP's through the Toll or imd pathways (Belvin and Anderson, 1996).”
Background
Toll-like receptor signaling in sepsis
Lakhani, S., & Bogue, C. (2003) · Current opinion in pediatrics · doi:10.1097/00008480-200306000-00009 · Cited by 55
Toll-like receptor 2 contributes to liver injury by Salmonella infection through Fas ligand expression on NKT cells in mice
Shimizu, H., Matsuguchi, T., Fukuda, Y., Nakano, I., Hayakawa, T., Takeuchi, O., Akira, S., Umemura, M., Suda, T., & Yoshikai, Y. (2002) · Gastroenterology · doi:10.1053/gast.2002.36006 · Cited by 53
Crystal Structure of TIR Domain of TLR6 Reveals Novel Dimeric Interface of TIR–TIR Interaction for Toll-Like Receptor Signaling Pathway
Jang, T.-H., & Park, H. H. (2014) · Journal of Molecular Biology · doi:10.1016/j.jmb.2014.07.024 · Cited by 61
Identification and Characterization of a DrosophilaNuclear Proteasome Regulator
Masson, P., Andersson, O., Petersen, U., & Young, P. (2001) · Journal of Biological Chemistry · doi:10.1074/jbc.m007379200 · Cited by 54
Human monocyte/neutrophil elastase inhibitor (MNEI) is regulated by PU.1/SPI-1, SP1, and NF-?B
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The Lps locus: Genetic regulation of host responses to bacterial lipopolysaccharide
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“Genetic analysis of embryonic development in Drosophila led to the initial identification of the Toll mutation, characterized by abnormal dorsoventral patterning [ 73 ].”
Method
β-Arrestins Negatively Regulate the Toll Pathway in Shrimp by Preventing Dorsal Translocation and Inhibiting Dorsal Transcriptional Activity*
Sun, J.-J., Lan, J.-F., Shi, X.-Z., Yang, M.-C., Niu, G., Ding, D., Zhao, X.-F., Yu, X.-Q., & Wang, J.-X. (2016) · Journal of Biological Chemistry · doi:10.1074/jbc.m115.698134 · Cited by 53
“After activation of the Toll pathway, Dorsal or Dif translocates into the nucleus, leading to activation of several AMP genes (2, 6, 7).”
Background
Genomic insights into the serine protease gene family and expression profile analysis in the planthopper, Nilaparvata lugens
Bao, Y., Qin, X., Yu, B., Chen, L., Wang, Z.-C., & Zhang, C. (2014) · BMC Genomics · doi:10.1186/1471-2164-15-507 · Cited by 57
Cloning and characterization of the grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idella) Toll-like receptor 22 gene, a fish-specific gene
Lv, J., Huang, R., Li, H., Luo, D., Liao, L., Zhu, Z., & Wang, Y. (2012) · Fish & Shellfish Immunology · doi:10.1016/j.fsi.2012.02.024 · Cited by 55
Toll-Like Receptor 2-Dependent NF-κB Activation Is Involved in Nontypeable Haemophilus influenzae-Induced Monocyte Chemotactic Protein 1 Up-Regulation in the Spiral Ligament Fibrocytes of the Inner Ear
Moon, S., Woo, J., Lee, H., Park, R., Shimada, J., Pan, H.-Q., Gellibolian, R., & Lim, D. (2007) · Infection and Immunity · doi:10.1128/iai.01886-06 · Cited by 53
“The Toll family of receptors is defined by homology to the Drosophila Toll receptor protein, which plays important roles in providing antifungal defenses as well as controlling the dorso-ventral polarity in developing embryos (11, 31, 66).”
Background
Four serine proteinases expressed in Manduca sexta haemocytes
Jiang, H.-B., Wang, Y., & Kanost, M. (1999) · Insect molecular biology (Print) · doi:10.1046/j.1365-2583.1999.810039.x · Cited by 53
Emerging Roles of Receptor-like Protein Kinases in Plant Response to Abiotic Stresses
Gandhi, A., & Oelmüller, R. (2023) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms241914762 · Cited by 52
“In plants, RLKs form one of the largest gene families that share structural similarity with animal receptor tyrosine kinases [13], and their closest homologs are Drosophila melanogaster Pelle [14] and mammalian interleukin receptor-associated kinases [15,16].”
Background
A Toll‐like receptor in horseshoe crabs
Inamori, K., Ariki, S., & Kawabata, S. (2004) · Immunological Reviews · doi:10.1111/j.0105-2896.2004.0131.x · Cited by 59
CD44 and TLR4 mediate hyaluronic acid regulation of Lgr5 + stem cell proliferation, crypt fission, and intestinal growth in postnatal and adult mice
Riehl, T. E., Santhanam, S., Foster, L. R., Ciorba, M. A., & Stenson, W. F. (2015) · American Journal of Physiology-Gastrointestinal and Liver Physiology · doi:10.1152/ajpgi.00123.2015 · Cited by 58
“Toll receptors play a role in growth and development in Drosophila (1), but this is the first demonstration of a TLR mediating normal growth in mammals.”
Background
Up in Arms: Immune and Nervous System Response to Sea Star Wasting Disease
Fuess, L., Eisenlord, M., Closek, C. J., Tracy, A. M., Mauntz, R. E., Gignoux-Wolfsohn, S., Moritsch, M., Yoshioka, R. M., Burge, C., Harvell, C., et al. (2015) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0133053 · Cited by 51
“The signaling cascade initiated by TLRs in mammals ultimately leads to the production of interleukins and other inflammatory cytokines through NF-kB [43, 44].”
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Biological activity of cytokines: an evolutionary perspective.
Scapigliati, G., Buonocore, F., & Mazzini, M. (2006) · Current pharmaceutical design · doi:10.2174/138161206777947489 · Cited by 51
Zebrafish genetics and its implications for understanding vertebrate development
Ingham, P. W. (1997) · Human Molecular Genetics · doi:10.1093/hmg/6.10.1755 · Cited by 55
“Examples of such phenotypic classes include the segment polarity mutations, many of which have been found to encode components of the Wingless ( 5) and Hedgehog ( 6) signal transduction pathways, as well as the Dorsal group of mutations (7), which identify genes involved in a signalling pathway that culminates in the…”
Background
Drosophila immune responses as models for human immunity.
Dushay, M., & Eldon, E. D. (1998) · American Journal of Human Genetics · doi:10.1086/301694 · Cited by 51
“The Dorsal signaling pathway recently has been reviewed by (Belvin and Anderson 1996).”
SpToll1 and SpToll2 modulate the expression of antimicrobial peptides in Scylla paramamosain
Chen, Y., Aweya, J. J., Sun, W., Wei, X., Gong, Y., Ma, H., Zhang, Y., Wen, X., & Li, S. (2018) · Developmental & Comparative Immunology · doi:10.1016/j.dci.2018.06.008 · Cited by 50
Molecular cloning and characterization of a Toll receptor gene from Macrobrachium rosenbergii.
Srisuk, C., Longyant, S., Senapin, S., Sithigorngul, P., & Chaivisuthangkura, P. (2014) · Fish and Shellfish Immunology · doi:10.1016/j.fsi.2013.12.025 · Cited by 50
“Similar to Toll from Drosophila species, TLRs have a central role in innate immunity and are also required for the development of an adaptive immune response [22].”
Background
Lipopolysaccharide from Prevotella nigrescens stimulates osteoclastogenesis in cocultures of bone marrow mononuclear cells and primary osteoblasts.
Chung, Y., Chang, E.-J., Kim, S.-J., Kim, H., Kim, H., Lee, S., & Ko, J. (2006) · Journal of Periodontal Research · doi:10.1111/j.1600-0765.2006.00876.x · Cited by 49
Soluble Branched β-(1,4)Glucans from Acetobacter Species Show Strong Activities to Induce Interleukin-12 in Vitro and Inhibit T-helper 2 Cellular Response with Immunoglobulin E Production in Vivo*
Saito, K., Yajima, T., Nishimura, H., Aiba, K., Ishimitsu, R., Matsuguchi, T., Fushimi, T., Ohshima, Y., Tsukamoto, Y., & Yoshikai, Y. (2003) · Journal of Biological Chemistry · doi:10.1074/jbc.m304948200 · Cited by 49
Drift, not selection, shapes toll‐like receptor variation among oceanic island populations
González‐Quevedo, C., Spurgin, L. G., Illera, J. C., & Richardson, D. S. (2015) · Molecular Ecology · doi:10.1111/mec.13437 · Cited by 57
“They bind pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs), thus triggering an intracellular signalling cascade that results in an inflammatory response and activation of macrophages, which attack the infection (Belvin & Anderson 1996; Akira 2003).”
Background
Potential Association Between TLR4 and Chitinase 3-Like 1 (CHI3L1/YKL-40) Signaling on Colonic Epithelial Cells in Inflammatory Bowel Disease and Colitis-Associated Cancer
Kamba, A., Lee, I., & Mizoguchi, E. (2013) · Current Molecular Medicine · doi:10.2174/1566524011313070006 · Cited by 49
The Toll pathway is required in the epidermis for muscle development in the Drosophila embryo.
Halfon, M. S., & Keshishian, H. (1998) · Developmental Biology · doi:10.1006/dbio.1998.8915 · Cited by 47
Using RNAi to catch Drosophila genes in a web of interactions: insights into cancer research
Dasgupta, R., & Perrimon, N. (2004) · Oncogene · doi:10.1038/sj.onc.1208028 · Cited by 46
“…high conservation between the Drosophila and vertebrate genomes, and organization of important signaling pathways, makes the translation of the findings from flies to vertebrates obvious (Belvin and Anderson, 1996; Bale, 2002; Pandur et al., 2002; Evans et al., 2003; Wajant and Scheurich, 2004).”
Background
Innate recognition systems in insect immunity and development: new approaches in Drosophila.
Franc, N. C., & White, K. (2000) · Microbes and infection · doi:10.1016/s1286-4579(00)00304-x · Cited by 46
Genome-wide identification and expression profiling of serine proteases and homologs in the diamondback moth, Plutella xylostella (L.)
Lin, H.-L., Xia, X.-F., Yu, L.-Y., Vasseur, L., Gurr, G., Yao, F.-L., Yang, G., & You, M. (2015) · BMC Genomics · doi:10.1186/s12864-015-2243-4 · Cited by 45
“In the Drosophila embryo, this gene functions as a key component of dorso-ventral axis establishment [48].”
BackgroundInfluential
IL-1 Receptor-Associated Kinase and Low Molecular Weight GTPase RhoA Signal Molecules Are Required for Bacterial Lipopolysaccharide-Induced Cytokine Gene Transcription1
Chen, L.-Y., Zuraw, B., Liu, F.-T., Huang, S., & Pan, Z. (2002) · Journal of Immunology · doi:10.4049/jimmunol.169.7.3934 · Cited by 45
“Activation of the Toll receptor results in the stimulation of several signaling molecules that are homologous to proteins involved in the NF- B response in mammalian cells (4).”
Background
Presence and roles of calcium gradients along the dorsal-ventral axis in Drosophila embryos.
Créton, R., Kreiling, J., & Jaffe, L. (2000) · Developmental Biology · doi:10.1006/dbio.1999.9542 · Cited by 45
Conserved and divergent elements in Torso RTK activation in Drosophila development
Grillo, M., Furriols, M., de Miguel, C., Franch‐Marro, X., & Casanova, J. (2012) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/srep00762 · Cited by 38
Defense role of the cocoon in the silk worm Bombyx mori L.
Pandiarajan, J., Cathrin, B. P., Pratheep, T., & Krishnan, M. (2011) · Rapid Communications in Mass Spectrometry · doi:10.1002/rcm.5213 · Cited by 44
Head-to-Tail Polymerization of Coagulin, a Clottable Protein of the Horseshoe Crab*
Kawasaki, H., Nose, T., Muta, T., Iwanaga, S., Shimohigashi, Y., & Kawabata, S. (2000) · Journal of Biological Chemistry · doi:10.1074/jbc.m006856200 · Cited by 44
Two attacin antibacterial genes of Drosophila melanogaster.
Dushay, M., Roethele, J. B., Chaverri, J. M., Dulek, D., Syed, S. K., Kitami, T., & Eldon, E. (2000) · Gene · doi:10.1016/s0378-1119(00)00041-x · Cited by 44
The crab Relish plays an important role in white spot syndrome virus and Vibrio alginolyticus infection
Zhu, F., Sun, B., & Wang, Z.-Y. (2019) · Fish and Shellfish Immunology · doi:10.1016/j.fsi.2019.01.028 · Cited by 43
Sepsis: State of the art
Marik, P. E., & Varón, J. (2001) · Disease-a-Month · doi:10.1067/mda.2001.119745 · Cited by 62
The Toll/IL-1 receptor binding protein MyD88 is required for Xenopus axis formation
Prothmann, C., Armstrong, N. J., & Rupp, R. A. W. (2000) · Mechanisms of Development · doi:10.1016/s0925-4773(00)00447-0 · Cited by 41
“In insects like Drosophila melanogaster, the formation of the embryonic dorsoventral axis is regulated by the Toll/Dorsal pathway (Morisato and Anderson, 1995), which is homologous to the vertebrate Toll/IL-1 receptor signaling pathway (Belvin and Anderson, 1996).”
Background
The Toll gene in Drosophila pattern formation.
Nüsslein-Volhard, C. (2021) · Trends in Genetics · doi:10.1016/j.tig.2021.09.006 · Cited by 42
“Kathryn Anderson had already argued in 1996 that the involvement of Toll-like genes in insect and vertebrate innate immunity as well as in plant disease resistance made it likely that Toll genes arose before the divergence of plants and animals, serving as an ancient defence system against pathogens in multicellular o…”
Background
Rice stripe virus affects the viability of its vector offspring by changing developmental gene expression in embryos
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Evolutionary rate patterns of genes involved in the Drosophila Toll and Imd signaling pathway
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Immunocompetent Molecules and Their Response Network in Horseshoe Crabs
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Receptors and Signaling Pathways for Recognition of Bacteria in Livestock and Crops: Prospects for Beneficial Microbes in Healthy Growth Strategies
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Signal recognition and transduction mediated by the tomato Pto kinase: a paradigm of innate immunity in plants.
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“Pto is a serine/threonine kinase that shares significant similarities in the kinase catalytic domain with the human IL-1R-associated kinase (IRAK) and the Drosophila Pelle which are downstream components of the IL-1R and Toll receptors [6] [7].”
Revisiting Catalysis by Chymotrypsin Family Serine Proteases Using Peptide Substrates and Inhibitors with Unnatural Main Chains*
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Toll-like receptors
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Authors: Belvin, M. P., & Anderson, K. V.
Affiliations: University of California, Berkeley (US)
ORCID: Belvin, Marcia P.
Anderson, Kathryn V.
Venue: Annual Review of Cell and Developmental Biology
Publisher: Annual Reviews
Published: 1996-11
Volume: 12
Issue: 1
Pages: 393-416
ISSN: 1081-0706 (ISSN-L)
1530-8995
DOI: 10.1146/annurev.cellbio.12.1.393
OpenAlex: W2098336582
Cited by: 836
References: 0
Citations by year: 2026: 7 · 2025: 14 · 2024: 24 · 2023: 18 · 2022: 23 · 2021: 22 · 2020: 12 · 2019: 21 · 2018: 23 · 2017: 17 · 2016: 17 · 2015: 24 · 2014: 24 · 2013: 25 · 2012: 19
FWCI: 5.77
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Locations: Annual Review of Cell and Developmental Biology (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Topics: Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Cancer Research › NF-κB Signaling Pathways
Life Sciences › Immunology and Microbiology › Immunology › Invertebrate Immune Response Mechanisms
Life Sciences › Immunology and Microbiology › Immunology › Immune Response and Inflammation
Keywords: Drosophila, Toll receptor, tubes, dorsoventral patterning, embryonic patterning, innate immunity, interleukin-1 receptor, NF-κB, evolution of signaling pathways, plant disease resistance, conserved signaling pathways
MeSH terms: Animals, Drosophila, Signal Transduction, Gene Expression Regulation, Developmental

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A CONSERVED SIGNALING PATHWAY: The Drosophila Toll-Dorsal Pathway

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