The DOI matches its Crossref record.
A CONSERVED SIGNALING PATHWAY: The Drosophila Toll-Dorsal Pathway
Abstract
▪ Abstract The Toll-Dorsal pathway in Drosophila and the interleukin-1 receptor (IL-1R)-NF-κB pathway in mammals are homologous signal transduction pathways that mediate several different biological responses. In Drosophila, genetic analysis of dorsal-ventral patterning of the embryo has defined the series of genes that mediate the Toll-Dorsal pathway. Binding of extracellular ligand activates the transmembrane receptor Toll, which requires the novel protein Tube to activate the cytoplasmic serine/threonine kinase Pelle. Pelle activity controls the degradation of the Cactus protein, which is present in a cytoplasmic complex with the Dorsal protein. Once Cactus is degraded in response to signal, Dorsal is free to move into the nucleus where it regulates transcription of specific target genes. The Toll, tube, pelle, cactus, and dorsal genes also appear to be involved in Drosophila immune response. Because the IL-1R-NF-κB pathway plays a role in vertebrate innate immunity and because plant homologues of the Toll-Dorsal pathway are important in plant disease resistance, it is likely that this pathway arose before the divergence of plants and animals as a defense against pathogens.
Overview
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
In the citing paper
“With the exception of Weckle, this intracellular signaling module is well conserved in vertebrates in which the homologs are involved in regulation of the immune response”
From Graded dorsal and differential gene regulation in the Drosophila embryo. (2009) · cites this paper as Belvin and Anderson 1996
Citations
Cites
No references could be resolved yet.
Research works printed but not linked: 106
- 10.1128/MCB.15.3.1294 · DOI
- 10.1016/0092-8674(85)90274-0 · DOI · Paper page
- 10.1038/311223a0 · DOI
- Anderson KV, Nüsslein-Volhard C. 1986. Dorsal-group genes of Drosophila. InGametogenesis and the Early Embryo, ed. J Gall, pp. 177–94. New York: Liss
- Åsling B, 1995, 36th Annu. Drosophila Res. Conf.
- 10.1016/0092-8674(88)90382-0 · DOI
- 10.1128/MCB.13.6.3301 · DOI
- 10.1101/gad.9.22.2736 · DOI
- 10.1038/376167a0 · DOI
- 10.1101/gad.9.7.783 · DOI · Paper page
- Betts JC, 1993, J. Biol. Chem., 268, 25624, 10.1016/S0021-9258(19)74435-4 · DOI
- 10.1126/science.7878466 · DOI · Paper page
- 10.1126/science.271.5252.1128 · DOI
- 10.1101/gad.9.13.1586 · DOI
- Ciechanover A, 1994, Biol. Chem. Hoppe-Seyler, 375, 565
- 10.1042/bj3000567 · DOI
- 10.1074/jbc.270.28.16514 · DOI
- 10.1128/MCB.15.3.1302 · DOI · Paper page
- 10.1006/jmbi.1993.1392 · DOI
- Fey GH, Gauldie J. 1990. InProgress in Liver Disease, ed. H Topper, F Schaffner, pp. 89–116. Philadelphia: Saunders
- Galindo RL, 1995, Development, 121, 2209, 10.1242/dev.121.7.2209 · DOI
- 10.1091/mbc.3.12.1339 · DOI
- 10.1016/0092-8674(92)90595-4 · DOI
- Gerttula S, 1988, Genetics, 119, 123, 10.1093/genetics/119.1.123 · DOI
- 10.1128/MCB.14.6.3559 · DOI
- 10.1016/B978-0-08-030804-3.50017-0 · DOI
- 10.1128/MCB.16.3.1103 · DOI
- 10.1038/372563a0 · DOI
- 10.1006/dbio.1995.1134 · DOI
- Hashimoto C, 1991, Development, 111, 1021, 10.1242/dev.111.4.1021 · DOI
- 10.1016/0092-8674(88)90516-8 · DOI
- 10.1016/0092-8674(91)90022-Q · DOI
- 10.1002/j.1460-2075.1993.tb05939.x · DOI
- Hecht PM, 1993, Genetics, 135, 405, 10.1093/genetics/135.2.405 · DOI · Paper page
- Heguy A, 1992, J. Biol. Chem., 267, 2605, 10.1016/S0021-9258(18)45924-8 · DOI
- 10.1038/365182a0 · DOI
- 10.1016/0092-8674(92)90083-O · DOI
- 10.1016/0952-7915(95)80022-0 · DOI
- 10.1016/0168-9525(93)90165-E · DOI
- 10.1016/0092-8674(91)90651-E · DOI
- 10.1016/0959-437X(94)90133-N · DOI
- 10.1101/gad.6.9.1728 · DOI
- 10.1101/gad.6.8.1518 · DOI
- 10.1016/0092-8674(93)90495-C · DOI
- 10.1073/pnas.91.12.5350 · DOI
- 10.1101/gad.6.4.619 · DOI
- 10.1128/MCB.15.4.2166 · DOI
- 10.1016/0092-8674(93)90402-C · DOI
- 10.1002/j.1460-2075.1992.tb05387.x · DOI · Paper page
- 10.1126/science.7973631 · DOI
- 10.1002/j.1460-2075.1993.tb05800.x · DOI
- 10.1002/j.1460-2075.1990.tb07878.x · DOI
- 10.1016/0092-8674(92)90596-5 · DOI
- Koj A. 1985. Liver response to inflammation and synthesis of acute-phase plasma proteins. InThe Acute-Phase Response to Injury and Infection. Research Monographs in Cell and Tissue Physiology, ed. AH Gordon, A Koj, pp. 139–246. Amsterdam: Elsevier
- 10.1016/S0065-2776(08)60618-5 · DOI
- 10.1073/pnas.89.17.8145 · DOI
- 10.1073/pnas.92.22.10242 · DOI
- 10.1038/371175a0 · DOI
- 10.1002/j.1460-2075.1995.tb07029.x · DOI
- 10.1073/pnas.88.3.810 · DOI
- 10.1002/j.1460-2075.1993.tb06019.x · DOI
- 10.1073/pnas.92.2.552 · DOI
- 10.1016/0012-1606(79)90065-4 · DOI
- 10.1126/science.7902614 · DOI
- 10.1105/tpc.6.11.1543 · DOI
- 10.1002/eji.1830240717 · DOI
- 10.1073/pnas.90.21.10193 · DOI · Paper page
- 10.1073/pnas.91.26.12740 · DOI
- 10.1016/S0065-230X(08)60257-2 · DOI
- 10.1016/0092-8674(94)90507-X · DOI
- 10.1146/annurev.genet.29.1.371 · DOI
- 10.1016/0014-5793(95)00541-G · DOI
- 10.1101/gad.6.9.1654 · DOI
- 10.1016/0092-8674(92)90426-D · DOI
- 10.1101/gad.5.10.1892 · DOI
- 10.1016/0968-0004(94)90115-5 · DOI
- 10.1002/j.1460-2075.1995.tb07317.x · DOI
- Rechsteiner M, 1990, Semin. Cell Biol., 1, 433
- Reichhart JM, 1993, CR Acad. Sci. III, 316, 1218
- 10.1002/j.1460-2075.1992.tb05191.x · DOI
- 10.1128/MCB.15.5.2413 · DOI
- 10.1126/science.2876518 · DOI
- Roth S, 1991, Development, 112, 371, 10.1242/dev.112.2.371 · DOI
- 10.1016/0092-8674(89)90774-5 · DOI
- 10.1016/0092-8674(89)90772-1 · DOI
- 10.1073/pnas.90.19.8842 · DOI
- 10.1073/pnas.92.24.11259 · DOI
- 10.1101/gad.5.5.797 · DOI · Paper page
- Schneider DS, 1994, Development, 120, 1243, 10.1242/dev.120.5.1243 · DOI
- 10.1128/MCB.15.7.3960 · DOI
- 10.1016/0092-8674(95)90415-8 · DOI
- 10.1016/0092-8674(93)90071-W · DOI
- 10.1146/annurev.cb.10.110194.002201 · DOI
- Sipe JD. 1985. Cellular and humoral components of the early inflammatory reaction. InThe Acute-Phase Response to Injury and Infection. Research Monographs in Cell and Tissue Physiology, ed. AH Gordon, A Koj, pp. 3–21. Amsterdam: Elsevier
- 10.1126/science.270.5243.1804 · DOI
- 10.1126/science.7732374 · DOI
- 10.1126/science.3118464 · DOI
- 10.1016/0092-8674(89)90773-3 · DOI
- Sun SC, 1991, J. Biol. Chem., 266, 6644, 10.1016/S0021-9258(18)38165-1 · DOI
- 10.1128/MCB.15.7.3627 · DOI
- 10.1016/0092-8674(91)90014-P · DOI
- 10.1002/j.1460-2075.1994.tb06878.x · DOI
- 10.1016/0092-8674(95)90416-6 · DOI
- 10.1083/jcb.123.3.523 · DOI
- 10.1016/0092-8674(94)90283-6 · DOI
- 10.1016/0092-8674(95)90208-2 · DOI
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Items 701–750 of 750
Microbial Pathogenesis and the Discovery of Toll-Like Receptor Function
Beutler, B. (2006) · Humana Press eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-1-59259-970-7_1 · Cited by 1
Hematopoietic Development in Drosophila: A Parallel with Vertebrates
Meister, M., & Govind, S. (2006) · doi:10.1007/978-0-387-33535-3_10 · Cited by 1
Viral Pathogenesis and Toll-Like Receptors
Ross, S. (2005) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/1-4020-3242-0_10 · Cited by 1
Ghiasvand, Z., Rampaul, M., & Clark, K. (2026) · Fish and Shellfish Immunology · doi:10.1016/j.fsi.2026.111725
Zang, H., Chen, X.-R., Li, X., Yang, X., Tan, Q.-W., Chen, D.-F., Guo, R., & Qiu, J.-F. (2026) · Biomolecules · doi:10.3390/biom16091223
“This pattern is consistent with the established role of the Toll–Cactus–Dorsal module in insect antifungal immunity, while also reflecting the considerable variation in Toll pathway outputs among insect lineages, pathogens, and tissues [13,15–20].”
He, Y.-J., Qi, Y.-H., Wang, C., Jiao, G.-Y., Ye, Z.-X., Lin, L., Mao, Q.-Z., Lu, G., Wang, X.-W., Zhang, C.-X., et al. (2026) · Molecular plant pathology · doi:10.1111/mpp.70259
Jia, G.-F., Zhang, C.-S., & Li, F.-H. (2025) · Journal of Oceanology and Limnology · doi:10.1007/s00343-025-5110-4
“It is also involved in the developmental process (Belvin and Anderson, 1996; Qiu et al., 1998) and immunity (Lemaitre et al., 1996; Valanne et al., 2011).”
Wijesekera, T., Stephens, N. P., Hingnekar, A., Gedamu, H., Dezso, N. R., Strange, M., Risbud, S. M., Dinh, A. D., & Atkinson, N. S. (2025) · Frontiers in Behavioral Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnbeh.2025.1689016
“In embryonic development, the output of the Toll pathway is the nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κ B) encoded by the dorsal gene (Belvin and Anderson, 1996).”
Han, C., Zhang, Z., Li, Q., Chen, Q.-H., & Huang, J.-R. (2021) · Journal of Oceanology and Limnology · doi:10.1007/s00343-021-0364-y
Alim, A. (2018) · doi:10.25903/5bda83954eaec
“They are essential for microbial recognition by macrophages and dendritic cells (Belvin and Anderson, 1996, Medzhitov et al., 1997, Visintin et al., 2001).”
Background2. Mise en place du plan d’organisation de la drosophile
Wolpert, L., Tickle, C., Arias, A. M., Lawrence, P., Lumsden, A., Robertson, E., & Smith, J. C. (2017) · Biologie du développement · doi:10.3917/dunod.wolpe.2017.01.0037
Progress of Research on Spatzle and Toll Signaling Pathway in Insects
Liu, J., & Wu, J. (2015) · American Journal of Bioscience and Bioengineering · doi:10.11648/j.bio.20150305.28
“[2]。在昆虫中,天然免疫一方面是微生物入侵后激活血 细胞并参与吞噬和包埋病原体[3],另一方面是脂肪体产 生并分泌一系列的抗菌肽应答微生物的入侵。天然免疫是 控制免疫应答的第一道防线,它也可以深刻地影响获得性 免疫应答的建立[4]。在天然免疫反应中,微生物入侵时, 一组种系编码的模式识别受体(PRR)可以识别并结合到 保守的病原体相关分子模式(PAMP)上,如细菌和真菌, 但不能结合宿主细胞本身[5]。天然免疫系统由体液免疫 和细胞免疫组成。细胞免疫应答主要包括血细胞介导的反 应,如结节形成、吞噬和黑化包埋;而体液免疫反应主要 包括抗菌肽(AMP)的合成和酚氧化酶原系统的激活。为 了应对微生物感染,宿主激活各种信号通路以诱导免疫…”
Biochemical, molecular and cellular studies on negative regulators of TLR-signalling
Carlsson, E. (2015) · doi:10.25560/38528
“Thus the system has been strongly conserved through evolution and appears to predate the split between mammals and plants (Belvin and Anderson, 1996).”
BackgroundCampbell, D., & Cowan, M. J. (2014) · doi:10.7243/2052-5958-2-6
“The TLRs are a group of 10 type I transmembrane receptors, initially described in Drosophila melanogaster, that function as PRR’s [4].”
BackgroundInfluentialWITHDRAWN: Overview of Drosophila immunity: A historical perspective.
Imler, J. (2013) · Developmental and Comparative Immunology · doi:10.1016/j.dci.2013.05.001
Allen, J. L., Trompette, A., & Karp, C. L. (2011) · Wiley eBooks · doi:10.1002/9781444346688.ch25
Garcia, A. B. (2010) · theses.fr (ABES) · doi:10.70675/219b82abz0e78z4a44za2dbz305abfd286d2
“Differential expression of FREP genes in two strains of Biomphalaria glabrata following exposure to the digenetic trematodes Schistosoma mansoni and Echinostoma paraensei.”
BackgroundInfluentialFerreira, D. S. (2010) · Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations (Universidade de São Paulo) · doi:10.11606/t.5.2010.tde-22092010-115846
Espejo, C., & Martinꝉ, R. (2007) · Wiley eBooks · doi:10.1002/9780470101001.hcn066 · Cited by 1
Synthetische LPS-bindende Peptide
Büttner, M. (2005) · doi:10.18452/15239
Disease Resistance Genes, Plant
Jones, J. D. G. (2002) · doi:10.1002/047120918x.emb0399
Pathogenerkennung durch das Immunsystem
Opitz, B. (2001) · doi:10.18452/14762
Mosquito immunity and its defense against malaria parasite
Li, M.-L., He, B., Gao, Y.-L., & Xu, W. (2026) · Decoding Infection and Transmission · doi:10.1016/j.dcit.2026.100081
Mangi, R. A., & Qadir, M. F. (2023) · Pakistan Journal of Zoology · doi:10.17582/journal.pjz/20200603180624
“Recent findings also indicated that GSTs which play a major role in biosynthesis of PGs can further affect the differentiation of chondrocyte and matrix synthesis (Chang et al., 1987; Li et al., 2004; O’Keefe et al., 1992).”
BackgroundNew Horizons in Food Science via Agricultural Immunity
Jansen, C., Toyomizu, M., & van Eden, W. (2020) · Frontiers Research Topics · doi:10.3389/978-2-88963-646-4
Endotoxin in Microbiological Context
Williams, K. L. (2019) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-17148-3_4
Porcelli, S. A. (2013) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-1-4377-1738-9.00018-9 · Cited by 1
Exercise-induced alterations in melanocortin receptor expression and inflammation
Henagan, T. M. (2010) · Louisiana State University · doi:10.31390/gradschool_dissertations.1018
“TLRs are a six member family of transmembrane receptors possessing an extracellular leucinerich repeat (LRR) domain and a cytoplasmic domain [202-204].”
BackgroundRegulation of Neurogenic Ectoderm Specification in Drosophila melanogaster
Liberman, L. M. (2009) · CaltechTHESIS (California Institute of Technology) · doi:10.7907/rnsk-g868
Gazzinelli, R., Fitzgerald, K., & Golenbock, D. (2009) · ASM Press eBooks · doi:10.1128/9781555816650.ch6
TLR Activation Prevents Hematopoietic Chimerism Induced by Costimulation Blockade: A Dissertation
Miller, D. M. (2008) · eScholarship@UMassChan · doi:10.13028/8rk7-hk51
“The toll receptor was demonstrated to control the function of a morphogen protein known as dorsal [112].”
BackgroundThe Central Role of NF-κB in the Regulation of Immunity to Infection
Tato, C., & Hunter, C. (2006) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/0-387-33573-0_8
Association between {221}-Chemokine gene polymorphisms and tuberculosis
Chu, S.-F. (2005) · doi:10.5353/th_b3573613
“TLRs are phylogenetically conserved mediators of innate immunity which are essential for microbial recognition on phagocytes (Belvin and Anderson, 1996; Visintin et al., 2001).”
BackgroundGay, N., Weber, A., & Gangloff, M. (2005) · Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology · doi:10.1007/0-387-24180-9_3
Interleukin-1 Receptor/Toll-Like Receptor Signaling
Wajant, H., Scheurich, P., & Henkler, F. (2007) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/0-387-27445-6_5
Development of Efficient Prophylactic Vaccines and Theracines for Newborns and Infants
Bona, C. (2007) · Humana Press eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-1-59259-825-0_14
Chapter 156 – Mononuclear Phagocyte System
Schibler, K. (2004) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-7216-9654-6.50159-4
Hong, S. (2004) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-1-4419-8999-4_25
Drosophila Responses to Microbial Infection: an Overview
Hoffmann, J., & Ligoxygakis, P. (2004) · doi:10.1128/9781555817671.ch2
Artis, D., & Tschopp, J. (2003) · Infectious Disease · doi:10.1007/978-1-59259-320-0
“Instead, the JAK pathway, which was previously shown to play an important role in hemocyte development and in regulating the immune response in Drosophila (8), appears to regulate the expression of TepJ.”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialCHAPTER 179 – Toll Family Receptors
Bilak, H., Tauszig-Delamasure, S., & Imler, J. (2003) · doi:10.1016/b978-012124546-7/50540-4
Control of Immunity by Rel Proteins in Drosophila
Georgel, P. (2003) · doi:10.1007/978-94-010-0163-2_19
Rupec, R. (2003) · doi:10.1007/978-3-642-55661-6_7
22 Activation of innate immune receptors by bacterial products
Brightbill, H., & Modlin, R. (2002) · doi:10.1016/s0580-9517(02)31023-7
Metadata
- Authors
- Belvin, M. P., & Anderson, K. V.
- Affiliations
- University of California, Berkeley (US)
- Venue
- Annual Review of Cell and Developmental Biology
- Publisher
- Annual Reviews
- Published
- 1996-11
- Volume
- 12
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 393-416
- ISSN
- 1081-0706 (ISSN-L)
- 1530-8995
- OpenAlex
- W2098336582
- Cited by
- 836
- References
- 0
- Citations by year
- 2026: 7 · 2025: 14 · 2024: 24 · 2023: 18 · 2022: 23 · 2021: 22 · 2020: 12 · 2019: 21 · 2018: 23 · 2017: 17 · 2016: 17 · 2015: 24 · 2014: 24 · 2013: 25 · 2012: 19
- FWCI
- 5.77
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Annual Review of Cell and Developmental Biology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Cancer Research › NF-κB Signaling Pathways
- Life Sciences › Immunology and Microbiology › Immunology › Invertebrate Immune Response Mechanisms
- Life Sciences › Immunology and Microbiology › Immunology › Immune Response and Inflammation
- Keywords
- Drosophila, Toll receptor, tubes, dorsoventral patterning, embryonic patterning, innate immunity, interleukin-1 receptor, NF-κB, evolution of signaling pathways, plant disease resistance, conserved signaling pathways
- MeSH terms
- Animals, Drosophila, Signal Transduction, Gene Expression Regulation, Developmental
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
